CORNIFICIUS  , the author of a See also:

• WORK

work on rhetorical figures, and perhaps of a See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general See also:

• TREATISE

treatise (ars, rExvrt) on the See also:

• ART

art of See also:

• RHETORIC (Gr. psroperctj TEXvq, the art of the orator)

rhetoric (See also:

• QUINTILIAN [MARCUS FABIUS QUINTILIANUS] (C. A.D. 35-95)

Quintilian, Instil., iii . I . 21, ix . 3 . 89) . He has been identified with the author of the four books of Rhetorica dedicated to a certain Q . Herennius and generally known under the See also:

• TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title of Auctor ad Herennium . The See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief See also:

• ARGUMENT

argument in favour of this identity is the fact that many passages quoted by Quintilian from Cornificius are reproduced in the Rhetorica . See also:

• JEROME, JEROME KLAPKA (1859– )
• JEROME, ST (HIERONYMUS, in full EUSEBIUS SOPHRONIUS HIERONYMUS) (c. 340–420)

Jerome, See also:

• PRISCIAN [PRISCIANUS CAESARIENSIS]

Priscian and others attributed the work to See also:

• CICERO

Cicero (whose De inventione was called Rhetorica prima, the Auctor ad Herennium, Rhetorica secunda) , while the claims of L . Aelius Stilo, M . See also:

• ANTONIUS

Antonius Gnipho, and Ateius Praetextatus to the authorship have been supported by See also:

• MODERN

modern scholars . But it seems improbable that the question of authorship will ever be satisfactorily settled .

See also:

• INTERNAL

Internal indications point to the date of compositions as 86–82 n.c., the See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period of Marian domination in See also:

• ROME
• ROME (Roma)

Rome . The unknown author, as may be inferred from the treatise itself, did not write to make See also:

• MONEY

money, but to oblige his relative and friend Herennius, for whose instruction he promises to See also:

• SUPPLY (through Fr. from Lat. supplere, to fill up)

supply other See also:

• WORKS

works on ( See also:

• GRAMMAR (from Lat. grammatica, sc. ars; Gr. ypaµ)

grammar, military matters and See also:

• POLITICAL

political See also:

• ADMINISTRATION (Lat. administrare, to serve)

administration . He newly invented pistons of Stoelzel and Bluemel patented in 1815 . It was introduced into See also:

• GREAT

Great See also:

• BRITAIN (Gr. Hperavuml vi7vot, Bperravia; Lat. Britannia, rarely Britannia)

Britain and See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France about 1830 . There were at first only two pistons—for a whole See also:

• TONE, THEOBALD WOLFE (1763-1798)

tone and for a See also:

• HALF

half tone—from which there naturally resulted gaps in the See also:

• CHROMATIC (Gr. xpcoµaruc6s, coloured, from xpwµa, colour)

chromatic See also:

• SCALE
• SCALE (1) A

scale of the See also:

• INSTRUMENT (Lat. instrumentum, from insincere, to build up, furnish, arrange, prepare)

instrument . The use of a See also:

• COMBINATION (Lat. combinare, to combine)

combination of pistons (see See also:

• BOMBARDON, or BASS TUBA

BOMBARDON and VALVES) fails to give acoustically correct intervals, because the length of tubing thus thrown open is not of the theoretical length required to produce the See also:

• INTERVAL

interval . A See also:

• TUBE (Lat. tuba)

tube about 4 ft. See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long, such as that of the Bb See also:

• CORNET,

cornet, needs an additional length of about 3 in. to See also:

• LOWER

lower the See also:

• PITCH
• PITCH, MUSICAL

pitch a semitone ; but, if this cornet has already been lowered one tone to the See also:

• KEY
• KEY (in O. Eng. tang; the ultimate origin of the word is unknown; it appears only in Old Frisian kei of other Teutonic languages; until the end of the 17th century the pronunciation was kay, as in other words in O. Eng. ending in aeg; cf. daeg, day; clang
• KEY (the phraseograms being indicated by hyphens)
• KEY, SIR ASTLEY COOPER (1821-1888)
• KEY, THOMAS HEWITT (1799-1875)

key of Ab, the length of tube has increased some 6 in., and the 3-in. semitone See also:

• PISTON (through Fr. from Ital. pistone or pestone, a great pestle, from Late Lat. pistare, to pound, a frequentative form of classical Lat. pinsere)

piston no longer adds sufficient tubing to produce a semitone of correct intona- tion . To the per- former falls the task of concealing the shortcomings of his instrument, and he therefore corrects the intonation by varying the See also:

• LIP (a word common in various forms, to Teutonic languages, cf Ger. Lippe, Dan. laebe; Lat. labium is cognate)

lip ten- See also:

• SION [Ger. Sitten]

sion . At first the cornet was supplied expresses his .contempt for the See also:

• ORDINARY (med. Lat. ordinarius, Fr. ordinaire)

ordinary school rhetorician, the See also:

• HAIR (a word common to Teutonic languages)

hair-splitting dialecticians and their " sense of inability to speak, since they dare not even pronounce their own name for fear of expressing themselves ambiguously." Finally, he admits that rhetoric is not. the highest accomplishment, and that See also:

• PHILOSOPHY (Gr. gthos, fond of, and vo4 (a, wisdom)

philosophy is far more deserving of See also:

• ATTENTION (from Lat. ad-tendo, await, expect; the condition of being " stretched " or " tense ")

attention . Politically, it is evident that he was a staunch supporter of the popular party . The first and second books of the Rhetorica treat of inventio and forensic rhetoric; the third, of dispositio, pronuntiatio, memoria, deliberative and See also:

• DEMONSTRATIVE

demonstrative rhetoric; the See also:

• FOURTH

fourth, of elocutio . The chief aims of the author are conciseness and clearness (breviter et dilucide scribere) .

In accordance with this, he ignores all rhetorical subtleties, the useless and irrelevant See also:

• MATTER

matter introduced by the Greeks to make the art appear more difficult of acquisition; where possible, he uses See also:

• ROMAN

Roman terminology for technical terms, and supplies his own examples of the various rhetorical figures . The work as a whole is considered very valuable . The question of the relation of Cicero's De invention to the Rhetorica has been much discussed . Three views were held: that the Auctor copied from Cicero; that they were See also:

• INDEPENDENT

independent of each other, parallelisms being due to their having been taught by the same rhetorician at Rome; that Cicero made extracts from the Rhetorica, as well as from other authorities, in his usual eclectic See also:

• FASHION (adapted from Fr. facon, agon, Lat. factio, making, facere, to do or make)

fashion . The latest editor, F . See also:

• MARX, HEINRICH KARL (1818-1883)

Marx, puts forward the theory that Cicero and the Auctor have not produced See also:

• ORIGINAL

original works, but have merely given the substance of two TEXvat (both emanating from the Rhodian school); that neither used the TEXvat. directly, but reproduced the revised version of the rhetoricians whose school they attended, the introductions alone being their own work; that the lectures on which the Ciceronfan treatise was based were delivered before the lectures attended by the Auctor . The best modern See also:

• EDITIONS

editions are by C . L . See also:

• KAYSER, FRIEDRICH HEINRICH EMANUEL (1845- )

Kayser (186o), in the See also:

• TAUCHNITZ

Tauchnitz, and W . See also:

• FRIEDRICH, JOHANN (1836— )

Friedrich (1889), in the Teubner edition of Cicero's works, and separately by F . Marx (1894) ; see also De scholiis Rhetorices ad Herennium, by M . Wisen (1905) .

Full references to authorities will be found in the articles by Brzoska in Pauly-Wissowa, Realencyclopadie (1901); M . Schanz, Geschichte der romischen Litt., i . (2nd ed., pp: 387-394) ; and See also:

• TEUFFEL, WILHELM SIEGMUND (1820–1878)

Teuffel-See also:

• SCHWABE, SAMUEL HEINRICH (1789–1875)

Schwabe, Hist. of Roman Lit . (Eng. trans., p . 162) see also See also:

• MOMMSEN, THEODOR (1817–1903)

Mommsen, Hist. of Rome, bk. iv. ch . 13 .