See also:

• CORONA (Lat. for " crown ")

CORONA (See also:

• LAT

Lat. for " See also:

• CROWN

crown ")  , in See also:

• ASTRONOMY (from Gr. &arpov, a star, and v ,usiv, to classify or arrange)

astronomy, the exterior envelope of the See also:

• SUN
• SUN (0. Eng. sonne, Ger. sonne. Fr. soleil, Lat. sol, Gr. ijXior, from which comes helio- in various English compounds)

sun, being beyond the photosphere and See also:

• CHROMOSPHERE (from Gr. xpwµa, colour, and vqSaipa, a sphere)

chromosphere, invisible in the See also:

• TELESCOPE

telescope and unrecognized by the spectroscope, except during a See also:

• TOTAL

total See also:

• ECLIPSE (Gr. €uheo,tis, falling out of place, failing)

eclipse (see SUN; ECLIPSE) . See also:

• CORONA (Lat. for " crown ")

Corona Borealis, also known as the Corona septentrionalis, and the See also:

• NORTHERN

Northern See also:

• CROWN

Crown or See also:

• GARLAND, JOHN (fl. 1202—1252)

Garland, is a See also:

• CONSTELLATION (from the Lat. constellatus, studded with stars; co'n, with, and Stella, a star)

constellation of the Northern hemisphere, mentioned by See also:

• EUDOXUS

Eudoxus (4th cent . B.C.) and See also:

• ARATUS

Aratus (3rd cent . B.C.) . In the catalogues of See also:

• PTOLEMY (CLAUDIUS PTOLEMAEUS)

Ptolemy, Tycho See also:

• BRAHE, PER, COUNT (1602-1680)
• BRAHE, TYCHO (1546-1601)

Brahe, and See also:

• HEVELIUS [HEVEL or H6WELCKE], JOHANN (1611—1687)

Hevelius, eight stars are mentioned; but See also:

• RECENT

recent uranographic surveys have greatly increased this number . The most interesting members are: v Coronae, a binary consisting of a yellow See also:

• STAR

star of the 6th magnitude, and a bluish star of the 7th magnitude ; R Coronae, an irregular variable star ; and T Coronae or Nova Coronae, a temporary or new star, first observed in 1866 . Corona Australis, also known as Corona meridionalis, or the See also:

• SOUTHERN

Southern Crown, is a constellation of the Southern hemisphere, mentioned by Eudoxus and Aratus . In Ptolemy's See also:

• CATALOGUE (a Fr. adaptation of the Gr. KaraXoyos, a register, from Karalyety, to enrol or pick out)

catalogue thirteen stars are described . In See also:

• PHYSICAL

physical See also:

• SCIENCE (Lat. scientia, from scire; to learn, know)

science, coronae (or " glories ") are the coloured rings frequently seen closely encircling the sun or See also:

• MOON (a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Mond, Du. maan, Dan. maane, &c., and cognate with such Indo-Germanic forms as Gr. µlip, Sans. ma's, Irish mi, &c.; Lat. uses luna, i.e. lucna, the shining one, lucere, to shine, for the moon, but preserves the word i
• MOON, SIR RICHARD, 1ST BARONET (1814-1899)

moon . Formerly classified by the See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient Greeks with halos, rainbows, &c., under the See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general See also:

• GROUP

group of "meteors," they came to receive considerable See also:

• ATTENTION (from Lat. ad-tendo, await, expect; the condition of being " stretched " or " tense ")

attention at the hands of See also:

• DESCARTES, RENE (1596-1650)

Descartes, Christiaan See also:

• HUYGENS, CHRISTIAAN (1629-1695)
• HUYGENS, SIR CONSTANTIJN (1596-1687)

Huygens, and See also:

• SIR

Sir See also:

• ISAAC (Hebrew for " he laughs," on explanatory references to the name, see ABRAHAM)

Isaac See also:

• NEWTON
• NEWTON, ALFRED (1829–1907)
• NEWTON, JOHN (1725-1807)
• NEWTON, JOHN (1823-1895)
• NEWTON, SIR CHARLES THOMAS (1816-1894)
• NEWTON, SIR ISAAC (1642-1727)

Newton ; but the correct explanation of coronae was reserved until the beginning of the loth See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century, when See also:

• THOMAS
• THOMAS (c. 1654-1720)
• THOMAS (d. 110o)
• THOMAS, ARTHUR GORING (1850-1892)
• THOMAS, CHARLES LOUIS AMBROISE (1811-1896)
• THOMAS, GEORGE (c. 1756-1802)
• THOMAS, GEORGE HENRY (1816-187o)
• THOMAS, ISAIAH (1749-1831)
• THOMAS, PIERRE (1634-1698)
• THOMAS, SIDNEY GILCHRIST (1850-1885)
• THOMAS, ST
• THOMAS, THEODORE (1835-1905)
• THOMAS, WILLIAM (d. 1554)

Thomas See also:

• YOUNG
• YOUNG, A
• YOUNG, ARTHUR (1741-1820)
• YOUNG, BRIGHAM (1801-1877)
• YOUNG, CHARLES MAYNE (1777–1856)
• YOUNG, EDWARD (1683–1765)
• YOUNG, JAMES (1811-1883)
• YOUNG, THOMAS (1773-1829)

Young applied the theories of the diffraction and interference of See also:

• LIGHT

light to this phenomenon . See also:

• PRIOR (from Lat. prior—former, and hence superior, through O. Fr. priour)
• PRIOR, MATTHEW (1664-1721)

Prior to Young, halos and coronae had not been clearly differentiated ; they were both regarded as caused by the See also:

• REFRACTION
• REFRACTION (Lat. refringere, to break open or apart)

refraction of light by atmospheric moisture and See also:

• ICE (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Eis)

ice, although observation had shown that important distinctions existed between these phenomena . Thus, while halos have certain definite radii, viz .

22° and 46°, the radii of coronae vary very considerably ; also, halos are coloured red on the inside, whereas coronae are coloured red on the outside (see See also:

• HALO

HALO) . It has now been firmly established, both experimentally and mathematically, that coronae are due to diffraction by the See also:

• MINUTE
• MINUTE (Lat. minutes, small; minuere, to make less)

minute particles of moisture and dust suspended in the See also:

• ATMOSPHERE (Gr. fir µ6r, vapour; orkaipa, a sphere)

atmosphere, and the radii of the rings depend on the See also:

• SIZE

size of the diffracting particles . (See DIFFRACTION OF LIGHT.) Other meteorological phenomena caused by the diffraction of light include the anthelia, and the See also:

• CHROMATIC (Gr. xpcoµaruc6s, coloured, from xpwµa, colour)

chromatic rings seen encircling shadows thrown on a See also:

• BANK

bank of clouds, mist or See also:

• FOG

fog . These appear- ances differ from halos and coronae inasmuch as their centres are at the See also:

• ANTI, or CAMPA

anti-See also:

• SOLAR, SOLLER (Lat. solarium, Fr.• galetas, Ital. solaio)

solar point; they thus resemble the See also:

• RAINBOW

rainbow . The anthelia (from the See also:

• GREEK
• GREEK, ETRUSCAN AND

Greek &vat, opposite, and ')Xtos, the sun) are coloured red on the inside, the outside being generally See also:

• COLOUR (Lat. color, connected with celare, to hide, the root meaning, therefore, being that of a covering)

colour-less owing to the continued overlapping of many spectra . The See also:

• DIAMETER (from the Cr. &a, through, µErpov, measure)

diameter increases with the size of the globules making up the mist . The chromatic rings seen encircling the " spectre of the See also:

• BROCKEN
• BROCKEN, SPECTRE OF THE (so named from having been first observed in 178o on the Brocken)

Brocken " are similarly explained . The See also:

• BLUE (common in different forms to most European languages)

blue colour of the See also:

• SKY (M. Eng. skie, cloud; O. Eng. skua, shade; connected with an Indo-European root sku, cover, whence " scum," Lat. obscurus, dark, &c.)

sky (q.v.), supernumerary rainbows, and the gorgeous sunsets observed of ter intense volcanic disturbances, when the atmosphere is charged with large quantities of extremely minute dust particles (e.g . See also:

• KRAKATOA (KRAKATAO, KRAKATAU)

Krakatoa), are also explicable by the diffraction of light . (See DuaT) See E . Mascart, Traite d'optique (1899–1903) ; J . Pernter, Meteorologische Optik (1902–1905) .

In See also:

• ARCHITECTURE (Lat. architectura, from the Gr. ap)(LTEKrwv, a master-builder)

architecture, the See also:

• TERM

term " corona " is used of that See also:

• PART

part of a See also:

• CORNICE (Fr. corniche, Ital. cornice)

cornice which projects over the See also:

• BED
• BED (a common Teutonic word, cf. German Bett, probably connected with the Indo-European root bhodh, seen in the Lat. fodere, to dig; so " a dug-out place " for safe resting, or in the same sense as a garden " bed ")

bed See also:

• MOULD

mould and constitutes the See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief See also:

• PROTECTION

protection to the See also:

• WALL (O. Eng. weal, weall, Mid. Eng. wal, wane, adapted from Lat. vallum, rampart; the original O. Eng. word for a wall was wag or tenth)
• WALL, RICHARD (1694-1778)

wall from See also:

• RAIN (O.E. regn; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Regen, Swed. and Dan. regn; it has been connected with Lat. rigare, to wet, Gr. 13pixeav)

rain; it is always throated, and its See also:

• SOFFIT (from Fr. soffite, Ital. soffitta, a ceiling, formed as if from su. fjictus for suff xus, Lat. suffigere, to fix underneath)

soffit rises towards the wall . The term is also given to the See also:

• APSE
• APSE (Gr. alkir, a fastening, especially the felloe of a wheel; Lat. absis)

apse or semicircular termination of the See also:

• CHOIR (0. Fr. cuer from Lat. chorus; pronounced quire, and until the end of the 17th century so spelt, the spelling being altered to agree with the Fr. chceur)

choir; as at See also:

• CANTERBURY
• CANTERBURY, CHARLES

Canterbury in the part called " See also:

• BECKET, THOMAS (c. 1118—1170)

Becket's crown." The large circular See also:

• CHANDELIER

chandelier suspended in churches, of which the finest example is that given by See also:

• BARBAROSSA ("Redbeard")

Barbarossa to See also:

• AIX

Aix-la-Chapelle, is often called a corona . The term is also used in See also:

• BOTANY (from Gr. l3or6v17, plant; ,66vicety, to graze)

botany of the crown-like appendage at the See also:

• TOP (cf. Dan. top, Ger. Topf, also meaning pot)

top of See also:

• COMPOUND
• COMPOUND (from Lat. componere, to combine or put together)

compound See also:

• FLOWERS, ARTIFICIAL

flowers, the diminutive being coronule .