See also:

• CORSICA (Fr. Corse)

CORSICA (Fr. See also:

• CORSE

Corse)  , a large See also:

• ISLAND (O.E. ieg =isle, +land')

island of the Mediterranean, forming a See also:

• DEPARTMENT (Fr. departement, from departir, to separate into parts)

department of See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France . It is situated immediately to the See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north of See also:

• SARDINIA (Gr. 'IXs'o"uva, from a fancied resemblance to a footprint in its shape, Ital. Sardegna)

Sardinia (from which it is separated by the narrow strait of See also:

• BONIFACIO

Bonifacio), between 410 21' and 430 N. and 8° 30' and 90 30' E . See also:

• AREA

Area, 3367 sq.m . Pop . (1906) 291,160 . See also:

• CORSICA (Fr. Corse)

Corsica lies within 54 M . W. of the See also:

• COAST (from Lat. costa, a rib, side)

coast of See also:

• TUSCANY
• TUSCANY (Toscana)

Tuscany, 98 m . S. of See also:

• GENOA (anc. Genua, Ital. Genova, Fr. GPnes)

Genoa and io6 m . S.E. of the See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French coast at See also:

• NICE

Nice . The extreme length of the island is 114 M. and its breadth 52 M . The greater See also:

• PART

part of the See also:

• SURFACE

surface of Corsica is occupied by See also:

• FOREST

forest-clad mountains, whose central See also:

• RIDGE (a word. common to many Teutonic languages, meaning " back," whether of a man or an animal, cf. German Rucke)
• RIDGE, WILLIAM PETT (1864- )

ridge describes a See also:

• CURVE (Lat. curvus, bent)

curve from N.W. to S.W., presenting its convexity towards the E . Secondary chains diverge in all directions from this See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

main range, enclosing small basins both geographically and socially isolated; on the See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

west and.See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south of the island they either terminate abruptly on the See also:

• SHORE

shore or run out to a See also:

• GREAT

great distance into the See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

sea, forming picturesque bays and gulfs, some of which afford excellent harbours .

The highest peaks are the Monts Cinto (8881 ft.), Rotondo (8612), Paglia Orba (8284), Padro (7851) and d'Oro (7845) . On the eastern See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side of the island, between See also:

• BASTIA

Bastia and See also:

• PORTO

Porto Vecchio, there intervenes between the mountains and the sea a considerable See also:

• TRACT (from Lat. tractare, to treat of a matter, through Provencal tractat and Ital. trattato)

tract of See also:

• LOW, SETH (1850- )
• LOW, WILL HICOK (1853- )

low and unhealthy, but fertile See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country, and the coast is fringed in places by lagoons . See also:

• GEOLOGY (from Gr. yp7, the earth, and Abyor, science)

Geology.—Corsica may be divided into two parts, which are geologically distinct, by a See also:

• LINE

line See also:

• DRAWN

drawn from Belgodere through See also:

• CORTE

Corte to the See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

east coast near Favone . West of this line the island is composed chiefly of See also:

• GRANITE (adapted from the Ital. granite, grained; Lat. granum, grain)

granite, with a large See also:

• MASS (O.E. maesse; Fr. messe; Ger. Messe; Ital. messa; from eccl. Lat. missa)
• MASS, IN

mass of granophyres, See also:

• QUARTZ

quartz porphyries and similar rocks forming the high mountains around Mt . Cinto; but between the Gulfs of Porto and Galeria, See also:

• SCHISTS (Gr. vxq'ecv, to split)

schists, limestones and See also:

• ANTHRACITE (Gr. avOpaE, coal)

anthracite, containing fossils of Upper Carboniferous See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age, occur . The famous orbicular See also:

• DIORITE (from the Gr. S&oi4eiv to distinguish, from hA through, Epos, a boundary)

diorite of Corsica is found near Sta . See also:

• LUCIA (or LucY), ST

Lucia-di-Tallano in the See also:

• ARRONDISSEMENT (from arrondir, to make round)

arrondissement of Sartene . In the eastern part of the island the predominant rocks are schists of unknown age, with intrusive masses of See also:

• SERPENTINE

serpentine and euphotide . Folded amongst the schists are strips of Upper Carboniferous beds similar to those of the west coast . Overlying these more See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient rocks are limestones with See also:

• RHAETIC (Fr. Rhetien or Rhcetien; Ger. Rhdt or Rhktisch; It. Retico)

Rhaetic and Liassic fossils, occurring in small patches at Oletta, Morosaglia, &c . Nummulitic See also:

• LIMESTONE

limestone of See also:

• EOCENE (Gr. *In, dawn, icauvos, recent)

Eocene age is found near St Florent, and occupies several large basins near the boundary between the granite and the schist . See also:

• MIOCENE

Miocene molasse with Clypeaster, &c., forms the See also:

• PLAIN (O. Fr. plain, from Lat. plenum)

plain of Aleria on the east coast, and occurs also at St Florent in the north and Bonifacio in the south .

A small patch of See also:

• PLIOCENE (from the Gr. sr?eiov, mere, and xatvbs, recent)

Pliocene has been found near Aleria . The caves of Corsica, especially in the neighbourhood of Bastia, contain numerous mammalian remains, the commonest of which belong to Lagomys corsicanus, Cuv . See Hollande, " Geologie de la See also:

• CORSE

Corse," See also:

• ANN

Ann. sci. geol., vol. ix . (1877); Nentien, " Etudes sur See also:

• LES

les gites mineraux de la Corse," Ann . Mines See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris, See also:

• SER

ser . 9, vol. xii. pp . 231-296, pl . V . (1897) . Corsica is well watered by See also:

• RIVERS
• RIVERS, ANTHONY WOODVILLE, or WYDEVILLE, 2ND EARL (c. 1442—1483)
• RIVERS, EARL
• RIVERS, RICHARD SAVAGE, 4TH EARL (c. 1660—1712)

rivers and torrents, which, though See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short in their course, bring down large volumes of See also:

• WATER

water from the mountains . The longest is the Golo, which rises in the See also:

• PASTORAL (from Lat. pastor, a shepherd)

pastoral region of Niolo, isolated among the mountains to the west of Corte and inhabited by a distinct See also:

• POPULATION (Lat. populus, people; populare, to populate)

population of obscure origin . It enters the sea on the east coast to the south of the See also:

• SALT (a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch zout, Ger. Salz, Scand. salt; cognate with Gr. &Xs, Lat. sal)
• SALT, SIR TITUS, BART

salt-water See also:

• LAKE
• LAKE, GERARD LAKE, 1ST VISCOUNT (1744-1808)

lake of Biguglia; farther south, on the same side of the island, is the Tavignano, while on the west there are the Liamone, the Gravone and the Taravo .

The other streams are all comparatively small . Owing to the rugged and indented outline of the western coast there are an unusual number of bays and harbours . Of the bays the most important are199' Porto, Sagone, See also:

• AJACCIO

Ajaccio and Valinco; of the ports, St Florent (See also:

• SAN

San Fiorenzo), Ile Rousse (Isola Rossa), See also:

• CALVI

Calvi, Ajaccio and Propriano . On the eastern side, which is much less rugged and broken, the only harbours See also:

• WORTH
• WORTH, CHARLES FREDERICK (1825-1895)

worth mentioning are those of Bastia and Porto Vecchio (the See also:

• PORTUS

Portus Syracusanus of the ancients), and the only gulfs those of Porto Vecchio and See also:

• SANTA

Santa Manza . At the extreme south are the See also:

• HARBOUR (from M.E. hereberge, here, an army; cf. Ger. Heer and -beorg, protection or shelter. Other early forms in English were herberwe and haiborow, as seen in various place names, such as Market Harborough.. The French auberge, an inn, derived through

harbour and See also:

• TOWN

town .of Bonifacio, giving name to the strait which separates Corsica from Sardinia . The See also:

• CLIMATE

climate of the island ranges from warmth in the low-lands to extreme rigour in the mountains . The intermediate region is the most temperate and healthy . The mean See also:

• ANNUAL

annual temperature at Ajaccio is 63° F . The dominant winds are those from the south-west and south-east . There are mines of anthracite, See also:

• ANTIMONY (symbol Sb, atomic weight 120.2)

antimony and See also:

• COPPER (symbol Cu, atomic weight 63.1, H=1, or 63.6, O = 16)

copper; the island produces granite, See also:

• BUILDING

building See also:

• STONE
• STONE (0. Eng. shin; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Stein, Du. steen, Dan. and Swed. sten; the root is also seen in Gr. aria, pebble)
• STONE, CHARLES POMEROY (1824-1887)
• STONE, EDWARD JAMES (1831-1897)
• STONE, FRANK (1800-1859)
• STONE, GEORGE (1708—1764)
• STONE, LUCY [BLACKWELL] (1818-1893)
• STONE, MARCUS (184o— )
• STONE, NICHOLAS (1586-1647)

stone, See also:

• MARBLE (from Lat. marmor, Gr. pApµapos, shining stone)

marble, and See also:

• AMIANTHUS

amianthus, and there are salt marshes . Among other places Guagno, Pardina Guitera, and Orezza have See also:

• MINERAL

mineral springs . The See also:

• AGRICULTURE
• AGRICULTURE (from Lat. ages, field, and colere, to cultivate)
• AGRICULTURE, BOARD OF

agriculture of Corsica suffers from scarcity of labour, due partly to the apathy of the inhabitants, and from scarcity of See also:

• CAPITAL (i.e. capital stock or fund)
• CAPITAL (Lat. caput, head)

capital .

The cultivation of cereals, despite the fertility of the See also:

• SOIL

soil, is neglected; See also:

• WHEAT
• WHEAT (Triticum)

wheat is grown to some extent, but in this respect, the population is dependent to a large degree on outside supplies . The culture of See also:

• FRUIT (through the French from the Lat. fructus; frui, to enjoy)

fruit, especially of the See also:

• VINE

vine, cedrates, citrons and See also:

• OLIVES, MOUNT OF, or MOUNT OLIVET ("Opus 'EXc uwos or riov 'EXauav; mod. Jebel-et-Tur)

olives (for which the Balagne region, in the north-west, is noted), of vegetables and of See also:

• TOBACCO

tobacco, and See also:

• SHEEP
• SHEEP (from the Anglo-Saxon sceap, a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages; e.g. the German Schaf)

sheep and See also:

• GOAT (a common Teut. word; O. Eng. gat, Goth. gaits, Mod. Ger. Geiss, cognate with Lat. haedus, a kid)

goat rearing are the main rural See also:

• INDUSTRIES

industries, to which may be added the rearing of See also:

• SILK

silk-See also:

• WORMS

worms . The exploitation of the See also:

• FINE

fine forests, which contain the well-known Corsican See also:

• PINE (Lat. Pinus, Gr. srlrur)

pine, beeches, oaks and chestnuts, is also an important resource, but tends to proceed too rapidly . Chestnuts are exported, and, ground into See also:

• FLOUR

flour, are used as See also:

• FOOD
• FOOD (like the verb " to feed," from a Teutonic root, whence O. Eng. foda; cf. " fodder "; connected with Gr. lrareicOae, to feed)

food by the mountaineers . Most of the inhabitants are proprietors of See also:

• LAND

land, but often the properties are so split up that many See also:

• HOURS, CANONICAL

hours, or even a whole See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day, are spent in going from the vineyard or See also:

• OLIVE (Olea europaea)

olive See also:

• PLANTATION (Lat. plantare, to plant)

plantation to the arable land in the plain or the See also:

• CHESTNUT (nux Castanea)

chestnut-See also:

• WOOD, ANTHONY A2 (1632-1695)
• WOOD, JOHN GEORGE (1827—1889)
• WOOD, MRS HENRY [ELLEN] (1814—1887)
• WOOD, SEARLES VALENTINE (1798—188o)

wood in the See also:

• MOUNTAIN (0. Fr. montaigne; popular Lat. montanea, an adjectival form from the classical mons, montis, whence Eng. " mount," a form usually used along with the name of an individual mountain, e.g. Mt Everest)
• MOUNTAIN, THE (La Montagne)

mountain . A great part of the agricultural labour is performed by labourers from Tuscany and See also:

• LUCCA (anc. Luca)
• LUCCA, BAGNI DI (Baths of Lucca, formerly Bagno a Corsena)

Lucca, who periodically visit the island for that purpose . Sheep of a See also:

• PECULIAR

peculiar breed, resembling See also:

• CHAMOIS

chamois and known as mouflons, inhabit the more inaccessible parts of the mountains . The uncultivated districts are generally overgrown with a thick tangled underwood, consisting of arbutus, See also:

• MYRTLE

myrtle, See also:

• THORN (O. Eng. porn, cf. Du. doorn, Ger. Dorn, &c)
• THORN (Polish Torun)

thorn, See also:

• LAUREL

laurel See also:

• BROOM

broom and other fragrant shrubs, and known as the maquis, the fragrance of which can be distinguished even from the sea . Fishing and See also:

• SHOOTING

shooting are allowed almost everywhere to the possessor of a See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government See also:

• LICENCE (through the French from Lat. licentia, licere, to be lawful)

licence; See also:

• SPECIAL

special permission, where it is necessary, is easily obtained . See also:

• WILD, JONATHAN (c. 1682-1725)

Wild boars, stags, in the eastern districts, and See also:

• HARES

hares as well as the See also:

• MOUFLON
• MOUFLON, or MUFLON

mouflon are found, while partridges, See also:

• QUAIL (0. Fr. Quaille, Mod. Fr. Caille, Ital. Quaglia, Low Lat. Quaquila, Du. Kwakkel and Kwartel, Ger. Wachtel, Dan. Vagtel)

quail, See also:

• WOODCOCK (O. Eng. wude-cocc, wudu-coc, and wudu-snite)

woodcock, wild See also:

• DUCK

duck and water-See also:

• FOWL (Dan. Fugl, Ger. Vogel)

fowl are abundant . See also:

• TROUT (Salmo trutta)

Trout and eels are the See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief See also:

• FISH (O. Eng. fist, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dutch visch, Ger. Fisch, Goth. fisks, cognate with the Lat. piscis)
• FISH, HAMILTON (1808-1893)

fish . The flesh of the Corsican See also:

• BLACKBIRD (Turdus merula)

blackbird is considered a delicacy .

The See also:

• FISHERIES

fisheries of See also:

• TUNNY (Thunnus thynnus)

tunny, See also:

• PILCHARD (in earlier 16th century forms pylcher, pilchar; of unknown origin; the Fr. pilseir is adapted from Eng.)

pilchard and See also:

• ANCHOVY (Engraulis encrasicholus)

anchovy are extensively prosecuted for the See also:

• SUPPLY (through Fr. from Lat. supplere, to fill up)

supply of the See also:

• ITALIAN

Italian markets; but comparatively few of the natives are engaged in this See also:

• INDUSTRY (Lat. industria, from indu-, a form of the pre, position in, and either stare, to stand, or struere, to pile up)

industry . The Corsican is See also:

• SIMPLE

simple and sober but unenterprising; dignified and proud, he is possessed of a native See also:

• COURTESY (O. Fr. curtesie, later courtoisie)

courtesy, manifested in his hospitality to strangers, the refusal of which is much resented . He is, however, implacable towards his own countrymen when his enmity is once aroused, and the practice of the See also:

• BLOOD

blood-See also:

• FEUD

feud or See also:

• VENDETTA (Ital. from Lat. vindicta, revenge, vindicare, to defend oneself)

vendetta has not died out . Each individual is attached to some powerful See also:

• FAMILY

family, and the See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence of this usage is specially marked in politics, the individual voting with his See also:

• CLAN (Gaelic clann, O. Ir. cland, connected with Lat. planta, shoot or scion, the ancient Gaelic or Goidelic substituting k for p)

clan on See also:

• PAIN (from Lat. poena, Gr. robin, penalty, that which must be paid: O. Fr. peine)
• PAIN, BARRY (1867– )

pain of arousing the vindictiveness of his See also:

• FELLOW

fellow-members . Another dominant See also:

• FACTOR (from Lat. facere, to make or do)

factor in social See also:

• LIFE

life in Corsica is the almost universal ambition on the part of the natives towards an See also:

• OFFICIAL (Late Lat. QJicialis, for class. Lat. apparitor, from officium, office, duty)

official career, a tendency from which See also:

• COMMERCE
• COMMERCE (Lat. commercium, from, cum, together, and rnerx, merchandise)

commerce and agriculture inevitably suffer . The manufactures of the island are of small importance . They include the extraction of gallic See also:

• ACID (from the Lat. root ac-, sharp; acere, to be sour)

acid from chestnut-bark, the preparation of preserved citrons and other delicacies, and of See also:

• MACARONI (from dialectic Ital. maccare, to bruise or crush)

macaroni and similar foods and the manufacture of See also:

• FANCY (a shortened form, dating from the 15th century, of " fantasy," which is derived through the O. Fr. fantasie, modern fantaisie. from the Latinized form of the Gr. cbavraoia, Oavrai'ecv, Oat Pais, to show)

fancy goods and cigars . The chief ports are Bastia, Ajaccio and Ile Rousse . A railway runs from Bastia to Ajaccio with branches to Calvi and Ghisonaccia, but, in See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general, lack of means of communication as well as of capital are a barrier to commercial activity . In 1905 imports reached a value of £113,000 . The chief were tobacco, See also:

• FURNITURE (from " furnish," Fr. fournir)

furniture and wooden goods, See also:

• WINE (Lat. vinum, Gr. oivos)

wine, cereals, See also:

• COAL

coal, See also:

• CHEESE (Lat. caseus)

cheese and See also:

• BRAN

bran . Exports were valued at £336,000, and included chestnut-See also:

• EXTRACT (from Lat. extrahere, to draw out)

extract, See also:

• CHARCOAL

charcoal, See also:

• TIMBER

timber, citrons and other fruits, seeds, casks, skins, chestnuts and tanning bark .

Corsica is divided into five arrondissements (chief towns—Ajaccio, Bastia, Calvi, Corte and Sartene), with 62 cantons and 364 communes . It forms part of the See also:

• ACADEMIC

academic (educational circumscription) and archiepiscopal See also:

• PROVINCE
• PROVINCE (Lat. provincia; perhaps a contraction of providentia)

province of See also:

• AIX

Aix (Bouches-du-See also:

• RHONE
• RHONE (Fr. Rhone, Lat. Rhodanus)

Rhone) and of the region of the XV. See also:

• ARMY
• ARMY (from Fr. armee, Lat. armata)

army See also:

• CORPS (pronounced as in French, from which it is taken, being a late spelling of tors, from Lat. corpus, a body; cf. " corpse ")

corps . The See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal towns are Ajaccio, the capital and the seat of the See also:

• BISHOP (A.S. bisceop, from Lat. episcopus, Gr. irio-Korros, " overlooker " or " overseer ")
• BISHOP, ISABELLA (1832-1904)
• BISHOP, SIR HENRY ROWLEY (1786-1855)

bishop of the island and of the See also:

• PREFECT (prefet)

prefect; Bastia, the seat of the See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

court of See also:

• APPEAL

appeal and of the military See also:

• COMMANDER

commander; Calvi, Corte and Bonifacio . Other places of See also:

• INTEREST

interest are St .Florent, near which stand the ruins of the See also:

• CATHEDRAL

cathedral (12th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century) of the vanished town of Nebbio; Murato, which has a See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

church (12th or 13th century) of See also:

• PISAN, CHRISTINE DE (1364-c. 1430)

Pisan See also:

• ARCHITECTURE (Lat. architectura, from the Gr. ap)(LTEKrwv, a master-builder)

architecture, which is exemplified in other Corsican churches; and Cargese, where there is a See also:

• GREEK
• GREEK, ETRUSCAN AND

Greek See also:

• COLONY (Lat. colonia, from colonus, a cultivator)

colony, dating from the 17th century . Near Lucciana are the ruins of a fine Romanesque church called La Canonica . Megalithic monuments are numerous, chief among them being the dolmen of Fontanaccia in the arrondissement of Sartene . See also:

• HISTORY

History.—The earliest inhabitants of Corsica were probably Ligurian . The Phocaeans of See also:

• IONIA

Ionia were the first civilized See also:

• PEOPLE

people to establish settlements there . About 56o B.C. they landed in the island and founded the town of Alalia . By the end of the 6th century, however, their See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power had dwindled before that of the Etruscans, who were in their turn driven out by the Carthaginians . The latter were followed by the See also:

• ROMANS
• ROMANS, EPISTLE TO THE

Romans, who gained a footing in the island at the See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time of the First Punic See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

War, but did not establish themselves there till the See also:

• MIDDLE

middle of the 2nd century B.C . Both See also:

• MARIUS, GAIUS (r55–86 B.c.)

Marius and See also:

• SULLA, LUCIUS CORNELIUS (138–78 B.C.)

Sulla founded colonies—the one' at See also:

• MARIANA, JUAN DE (1536-1624)

Mariana (near Lucciana) in 104, the second at Aleria in 88 .

In the See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early centuries of the See also:

• CHRISTIAN
• CHRISTIAN, WILLIAM (1608-1663)

Christian era Corsica formed one of the senatorial provinces of the See also:

• EMPIRE

Empire, but though it was in continuous commercial communication with See also:

• ITALY
• ITALY (Italia)

Italy, it was better known as a See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place of banishment for See also:

• POLITICAL

political offenders . One of the most distinguished of those was the younger See also:

• SENECA

Seneca, who spent in See also:

• EXILE (Lat. exsilium or exilium, from exsul or exul, which is derived from ex, out of, and the root sal, to go, seen in salire, to leap, consul, &c.; the connexion with solum, soil, country is now generally considered wrong)

exile there the eight years ending A.D . 49 . During the break-up of the See also:

• ROMAN

Roman empire in the West the See also:

• POSSESSION
• POSSESSION (Lat. possessio, possidere, to possess)

possession of Corsica was for a while disputed between the See also:

• VANDALS (Lat. Vandili or Vandilii)

Vandals and the See also:

• GOTHIC

Gothic See also:

• ALLIES, THOMAS WILLIAM (1813-1903)

allies of the Roman emperors, until in 469 Genseric finally made himself See also:

• MASTER (Lat. magister, related to tnagis, more, as the corresponding minister is to minus, less; the English form is due partly to the O. Eng. maegister, and partly to O. Fr. maistre, mod. maitre; cf. Du. meester, Ger. Meister, Ital. maestro)

master of the island . For 65 years the Vandals maintained their domination, the Corsican forests supplying the wood for the fleets with which they terrorized the Mediterranean . After the destruction of the Vandal power in See also:

• AFRICA
• AFRICA, ROMAN

Africa by See also:

• BELISARIUS (c. 505–565)

Belisarius, his See also:

• LIEUTENANT

lieutenant See also:

• CYRIL (376-444)
• CYRIL (827-869)
• CYRIL (c. 315–386)

Cyril conquered Corsica (534) which now, under the exarchate of Africa, became part of the East Roman empire . The succeeding See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period was one of great misery . Goths and See also:

• LOMBARDS, or LANGOBARDI

Lombards in turn ravaged the island, which in spite of the prayers of See also:

• POPE (Gr. irarraas, post-classical Lat. papa, father)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1688–1744)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1763-1835)
• POPE, JANE (1742-1818)
• POPE, JOHN (1822-1892)
• POPE, SIR THOMAS (c. 1507-1559)

Pope See also:

• GREGORY
• GREGORY (Gregorius)
• GREGORY (Grigorii) GRIGORIEVICH ORLOV, COUNT (1734-1783)
• GREGORY, EDWARD JOHN (1850-19o9)
• GREGORY, OLINTHUS GILBERT (1774—1841)
• GREGORY, ST (c. 213-C. 270)
• GREGORY, ST, OF NAZIANZUS (329–389)
• GREGORY, ST, OF NYSSA (c.331—c. 396)
• GREGORY, ST, OF TOURS (538-594)

Gregory the Great ' the See also:

• EXARCH (EEapxos, a chief person or leader)

exarch of Africa did nothing to defend; the See also:

• RULE

rule of the Byzantines was effective only in grinding excessive taxes out of the wretched population; and, to See also:

• CROWN

crown all, in 713 the Mussulmans from the See also:

• NORTHERN

northern coast of Africa made their first descent upon the island . Corsica remained nominally attached to the East Roman empire until See also:

• CHARLEMAGNE [CHARLES THE GREAT] (c. 742-814)
• CHARLEMAGNE, JEAN ARMAND (1753–1838)

Charlemagne, having overthrown the Lombard power in Italy (774), proceeded to the See also:

• CONQUEST

conquest of the island, which now passed into the hands of the See also:

• FRANKS
• FRANKS, SIR AUGUSTUS WOLLASTON (1826-1897)

Franks . In 8o6, however, occurred the first of a See also:

• SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series of Moorish incursions from See also:

• SPAIN
• SPAIN (Espana)

Spain . Several times defeated by the See also:

• EMPEROR (Fr. empereur, from the Lat. imperator)

emperor's lieutenants, the See also:

• MOORS (Lat. Mauri; Gr. Mavpot, dark men)
• MOORS, KABYLES, MZABITES

Moors continually returned, and in 810 gained temporary possession of the island . They were crushed and exterminated by an expedition under the emperor's son See also:

• CHARLES
• CHARLES (1270-1325)
• CHARLES (1421-1461)
• CHARLES (1525-1574)
• CHARLES (c. 1319-1364)
• CHARLES (Fr. Charles; Span. Carlos; Ital. Carlo; Ger. Karl; derived from O.H.G. Charal,latinized as Carolus, meaning originally " man ": cf. Mod.Ger., Kerl," fellow," A.S. ceorl, Mod. Eng. " churl ")
• CHARLES (KARL EITEL ZEPHYRIN LUDWIG; in Rum. CAROL)
• CHARLES [KARL ALEXANDER] (1712-1780)
• CHARLES, ELIZABETH (1828-1896)
• CHARLES, JACQUES ALEXANDRE CESAR (1746-1823)
• CHARLES, THOMAS (1755-1814)

Charles, but none the less returned again and again .

In 828 the See also:

• DEFENCE
• DEFENCE (Lat. defendere, to defend)

defence of Corsica was entrusted to See also:

• BONIFACE (Bonifacius)
• BONIFACE, SAINT (680-754)

Boniface II., See also:

• COUNT (Lat. comes, gen. comitis, Fr. comte, Ital. conte, Span. conde)

count of the Tuscan See also:

• MARCH
• MARCH (1) (from Fr. marcher, to walk; the earliest sense in French appears to be " to trample," and the origin has usually been found in the Lat. marcus, hammer; Low Lat. marcare, to hammer; hence to beat the road with the regular tread of a soldier: cf.
• MARCH, AUZIAS (c. "1395-1458)
• MARCH, EARLS OF
• MARCH, FRANCIS ANDREW (1825– )

march, who conducted a successful expedition against the See also:

• AFRICAN

African Mussulmans, and returning to Corsica built a fortress in the south of the island which formed the See also:

• NUCLEUS (Lat. for the kernal of a nut, nux, the stone of fruit)

nucleus of the town (Bonifacio) that bears his name . Boniface's war against the See also:

• SARACENS

Saracens was continued by his son See also:

• ADALBERT (originally VOYTECH), (c. 950-997)
• ADALBERT, or ADELBERT (c. 1000-1072)

Adalbert, after he had been restored to his See also:

• FATHER

father's dignities in 846; but, in spite of all efforts, the Mussulmans seem to have remained in possession of part of the island until about'93o . Corsica, of which Berengar II., See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king of Italy, had made himself master, became in 962, after his dethronement by See also:

• OTTO

Otto the Great, a place of See also:

• REFUGE

refuge for his son Adalbert, who succeeded in holding the island and in passing it on to his son, another Adalbert . This latter was, however, defeated by the forces of Otto II., and Corsica was once more attached to the marquisate of Tuscany, of which Adalbert was allowed to hold part of the island in See also:

• FEE

fee . The period of feudal anarchy now began, a general mellay of See also:

• PETTY, SIR WILLIAM (1623-1687)

petty lords each eager to expand his domain . The See also:

• COUNTS

counts of Cinarca, especially, said to be descended from Adalbert, aimed at establishing their supremacy over the whole island . To counteract this and similar ambitions, in the 11th century, a sort of See also:

• NATIONAL

national See also:

• DIET

diet was held, and Sambucuccio, See also:

• LORD
• LORD (O. Eng. hldford, i.e. hldfweard, the warder or keeper of bread, hlIf, loaf; the word is not represented in any other Teutonic language)
• LORD, JOHN (1810-1894)

lord of Alando, put himself at the See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head of a See also:

• MOVEMENT

movement which resulted in confining the feudal lords to less than See also:

• HALF

half of the island to the south, and in establishing in the See also:

• REST (O. Eng. rest, reste, bed, cognate with other Teutonic forms, e.g. Ger. Rast, Riiste, rest, and probably Gothic Rasta, league, i.e. resting or stopping place)

rest, henceforth known as the Terra di Comune, a sort of See also:

• REPUBLIC (Lat. respublica, a commonweal or common-wealth)

republic composed of autonomous parishes . This See also:

• SYSTEM

system, which survived till the Revolution, is thus described by See also:

• JACOBI, FRIEDRICH HEINRICH (1743-1819)
• JACOBI, JOHANN GEORG (1740-1814)
• JACOBI, KARL GUSTAV JACOB (1804-1851)

Jacobi (tom. i. p . 137) . " Each See also:

• PARISH (Gr. irapouda, district, neighbourhood; 7r&poucos, one dwelling near or beside, from crap&, OtKOS, house; Lat. paroecur, Late Lat. parochia; cf. Fr. paroisse)

parish or See also:

• COMMUNE (Med. Lat. communia, Lat. communis, common)
• COMMUNE, MEDIEVAL

commune nominated a certain number of councillors who, under the name of ` fathers of the commune,' were charged with the See also:

• ADMINISTRATION (Lat. administrare, to serve)

administration of See also:

• JUSTICE (Lat. justitia)

justice under the direction of a podestd, who was as it were their See also:

• PRESIDENT (Fr. president, from Lat. praesidens, post-Augustan Lat. for praeses, director, ruler, from praesidere, to sit in front of, preside)

president . The podestas of each of the states or enfranchised districts See also:

• CHOSE (Fr. for " thing ")

chose a member of the supreme See also:

• COUNCIL (Lat. concilium, from cum, together, and the root cal, to call)

council charged with the making of See also:

• LAWS

laws and regulations for the Terra di Comune . This council or magistracy was called the Twelve, from the number of districts taking a See also:

• SHARE (O. Eng. scearu, chiefly in compounds, e.g. land-scearu, a share of land, from sceran to cut; cf. " shear" )

share in its nomination .

Finally, in each See also:

• DISTRICT

district the fathers of the commune elected a See also:

• MAGISTRATE (Lat. magistratus, from magister, master, properly a public office, hence the person holding such an office)

magistrate who, under the name of caporale, was entrusted with the defence of the interests of the poor and weak, with seeing that justice was done to them, and that they were not made the victims of the powerful and See also:

• RICH, BARNABE (c. 1540-1617)
• RICH, CLAUDIUS JAMES (1787-1821)
• RICH, JOHN (1692-1761)
• RICH, PENELOPE, LADY (c. 1562–1607)
• RICH, RICHARD, 1ST BARON RICH (1490?-1567)

rich." Meanwhile the south remained under the sway of the counts of Cinarca, while in the north feudal barons maintained their See also:

• INDEPENDENCE
• INDEPENDENCE, DECLARATION OF
• INDEPENDENCE, WAR OF

independence in the promontory of Cape Corso . See also:

• INTERNAL

Internal feuds continued; See also:

• WILLIAM
• WILLIAM (1143-1214)
• WILLIAM (1227-1256)
• WILLIAM (1J33-1584)
• WILLIAM (A.S. Wilhelm, O. Norse Vilhidlmr; O. H. Ger. Willahelm, Willahalm, M. H. Ger. Willehelm, Willehalm, Mod.Ger. Wilhelm; Du. Willem; O. Fr. Villalme, Mod. Fr. Guillaume; from " will," Goth. vilja, and " helm," Goth. hilms, Old Norse hidlmr, meaning
• WILLIAM (c. 1130-C. 1190)
• WILLIAM, 13TH

William, See also:

• MARQUIS

marquis of See also:

• MASSA

Massa, of the family known later as the Malaspina, was called in by the communes (1020), drove out the count of Cinarca, reduced the barons to See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order, and in See also:

• HARMONY (Gr. dpµovia, a concord of musical sounds, dpA'ew to join; &plan midi (sc. TeXvil)

harmony with the communes established a dominion which he was able to See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand on to his son . Towards the end of the 11th century, however, the popes laid claim to the island in virtue of the donation of Charlemagne, though the Frankish conqueror had promised at most the reversion of the lands of the Church . The Corsican See also:

• CLERGY (M.E. clergie, O. Fr. clergie, from Low Lat. form clericia [Skean, by assimilation with O. Fr. clergie, Fr. clerge,from Low Lat. clericatus)
• CLERGY, BENEFIT OF

clergy sup-ported the claim, and in 1077 the Corsicans declared themselves subjects of the See also:

• HOLY

Holy See in the presence of the apostolic See also:

• LEGATE (Lat. legatus, past part. of legare, to send as deputy)
• LEGATE, BARTHOLOMEW (c. 1575-1612)

legate Landolfo, bishop of See also:

• PISA
• PISA, COUNCIL OF (1409)

Pisa . Pope Gregory VII. thereupon invested the bishop and his successors with the island, an See also:

• INVESTITURE (Late Lat. investitura)

investiture confirmed by See also:

• URBAN
• URBAN (Urbanus)

Urban II. in 1190 and extended into a concession of the full See also:

• SOVEREIGNTY

sovereignty . The Pisans now took See also:

• SOLEMN (Lat. sollemnis, sollemnis, less correctly solennis, yearly, annual; from sollus = totus, whole, entire, Gr. Mos., and annus, year)

solemn possession of the island and their " See also:

• GRAND

grand See also:

• JUDGES, THE BOOK OF

judges " (judices) took the place of the papal legates . Corsica, valued by the Pisans as by Rule of for their See also:

• FLEET

fleet, flourished exceedingly under the en- lightened rule of the great commercial republic . Causes of dissension remained, however, abundant . The Corsican bishops repented their subjection to the Pisan See also:

• ARCHBISHOP (Lat. archiepiscopus, from Gr. apxceatorcoros)

archbishop; the Genoese intrigued at See also:

• ROME
• ROME (Roma)

Rome to obtain a reversal of the papal See also:

• GIFT (a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. die Gift, gift, das Gift, poison, formed from the Teut. stem gab-, to give, cf. Dutch geven, Ger. geben; in O. Eng. the word appears with initial y, the guttural of later English is due to Scandinavian influence)

gift to the rivals with whom they were disputing the supremacy of the seas . Successive popes followed conflicting policies in this respect; until in 1138 See also:

• INNOCENT (INNOCENTIUS)
• INNOCENT (POPES)

Innocent II., by way of See also:

• COMPROMISE (pronounced compromize; through Fr. from Lat. compromittere)

compromise, divided the ecclesiastical See also:

• JURISDICTION
• JURISDICTION, CRIMINAL LAW, DIVORCE

jurisdiction of the island between the archbishops of Pisa and Genoa . This gave the Genoese great influence in Corsica, and the contest between the Pisans and Genoese began to distract the island . It was not, however, till 1195 that the Genoese, by capturing Bonifacio—a See also:

• NEST

nest of pirates preying on the The Terra di Commune .

Papal sovereignty . the Vandals as an inexhaustible storehouse of materials Pisa commerce of both republics—actually gained a footing in the country . For twenty years the Pisans fought to recover the fortress for themselves, until in 1217 the pope settled the See also:

• MATTER

matter by taking it into his own hands . Throughout the 13th century the struggle between Pisans and Genoese continued, reproducing in the island the feud of Ghibellines and Guelphs that was desolating Italy . In order to put a stop to the ruinous anarchy the chiefs of the Terra di Comune called in the marquis See also:

• ISNARD, MAXIMIN (1758-1825)

Isnard Malaspina; the Pisans set up the count of Cinarca once more; and the war between the marquis, the Pisans and Genoese dragged on with varying fortunes, neither succeeding in gaining the mastery . Then, in 1298, Pope Boniface VIII. added to the complication by investing King See also:

• JAMES
• JAMES (Gr. 'IlrKw,l3or, the Heb. Ya`akob or Jacob)
• JAMES (JAMES FRANCIS EDWARD STUART) (1688-1766)
• JAMES, 2ND EARL OF DOUGLAS AND MAR(c. 1358–1388)
• JAMES, DAVID (1839-1893)
• JAMES, EPISTLE OF
• JAMES, GEORGE PAYNE RAINSFOP
• JAMES, HENRY (1843— )
• JAMES, JOHN ANGELL (1785-1859)
• JAMES, THOMAS (c. 1573–1629)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (1842–1910)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (d. 1827)

James of See also:

• ARAGON, or ARRAGON (in Span. Aragon)

Aragon with the sovereignty of Corsica and of Sardinia . - In 1325, after See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long delay, the Aragonese attacked and reduced Sardinia, with the result that the Pisans, their sea-power shattered, were unable to hold their own in Corsica . A fresh period of anarchy followed until, in 1347, a great See also:

• ASSEMBLY, UNLAWFUL

assembly of caporali and barons decided to offer the sovereignty of the island to Genoa . A See also:

• REGULAR

regular See also:

• TRIBUTE (Lat. tributurn, a stated payment, contribution)

tribute was to be paid to the re-public; the Corsicans were to preserve their laws and customs, under the council of Twelve in the north and a council of Six in the south; Corsican interests were to be represented at Genoa by an orator . The Genoese domination, which began under evil auspices— for the See also:

• BLACK
• BLACK, ADAM (1784-1874)
• BLACK, JEREMIAH SULLIVAN (1810–1883)
• BLACK, WILLIAM (1841-1898)

Black See also:

• DEATH

Death killed off some two-thirds of the population— was not destined to bring See also:

• PEACE
• PEACE, BREACH OF THE

peace to the island . The Genoese feudal barons of the south and the hereditary caporali domina- tion. of the north alike resisted the authority of the Genoese See also:

• GOVERNORS

governors; and King See also:

• PETER
• PETER (Lat. Petrus from Gr. irfpos, a rock, Ital. Pietro, Piero, Pier, Fr. Pierre, Span. Pedro, Ger. Peter, Russ. Petr)
• PETER (PEDRO)
• PETER, EPISTLES OF
• PETER, ST

Peter of Aragon took See also:

• ADVANTAGE

advantage of their feuds to reassert his claims . In 1372 Arrigo, count of La Rocca, with the assistance of Aragonese troops, made himself master of the island; but his very success stirred up against him the barons of Cape Corso, who once more appealed to Genoa .

The republic, busied with other affairs, See also:

• HIT

hit upon the luckless expedient of investing with the governorship of the island a :sort of chartered See also:

• COMPANY

company, consisting of five persons, known as the See also:

• MANNA

Manna . They attempted to restore order by taking Arrigo della Rocca into See also:

• PARTNERSHIP (earlier forms, partener, parcener, from Late Lat. partionarius for partitionarius, from partitio, sharing, pars, part)

partnership, with disastrous results . In 1380 four of the " governors of the Maona " resigned their rights to the Genoese republic, and Leonello Lomellino was See also:

• LEFT

left as See also:

• SOLE (Solea)

sole See also:

• GOVERNOR (from the Fr. gouverneur, from gouverner, O. Fr. governer, Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, to direct, guide)

governor . It was he who, in 1383, built Bastia on the north coast, which became the See also:

• BULWARK (a word probably of Scandinavian origin, from bol or bole, a tree-trunk, and werk, work, in Ger. Bollwerk, which has also been derived from an old German bolen, to throw, and so a machine for throwing missiles)

bulwark of the Genoese power in the island . It was not till 1401, after the death of Count Arrigo, that the Genoese domination was temporarily re-established . Meanwhile Genoa itself had fallen into the hands of the French, and in 1407 Leonello Lomellino returned as governor with the See also:

• TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title of count of Corsica bestowed on him by Charles VI. of France . But Vincentello d' See also:

• ISTRIA (Ger. Istrien)

Istria, who had gained distinction in the service of the king of Aragon, had captured Cinarca, rallied See also:

• ROUND (O. Fr. rond, Lat. rotundus, the Fr. is the source also of Du. rond; Ger., Swed., Dan. and Nor. rond)

round him all the communes of the Terra di Comune, proclaimed him-self count of Corsica at Biguglia and even seized Bastia . Lomellino was unable to make headway against him, and by 1410 all Corsica, with the exception of Bonifacio and Calvi, was lost to Genoa, now once more See also:

• INDEPENDENT

independent of France . A feud of Vincentello with the bishop of Mariana, however, led to the loss of his authority in the Terra di Comune; he was compelled to go to Spain in See also:

• SEARCH, or VISIT AND SEARCH

search of assistance, and in his See also:

• ABSENCE (Lat. absentia)

absence the Genoese reconquered the island . Not, however, for long . The Great See also:

• SCHISM

Schism was too obvious an opportunity for quarrelling for the Corsicans to neglect; and the Corsican bishops and clergy were more ready with the carnal than with spiritual weapons . The suffragans of Genoa fought for See also:

• BENEDICT (BENEDICTUS)
• BENEDICT, SIR JULIUS (1804-1885)

Benedict XIII., those of Pisa for See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John See also:

• XXIII

XXIII.; and when Vincentello returned with an Aragonese force he was able to fish profitably in troubled See also:

• WATERS, TERRITORIAL

waters .

He easily captured Cinarca and Ajaccio, came to terms with the Pisan bishops, mastered the Terra di Comune and built a strong See also:

• CASTLE
• CASTLE (Lat. castellum, a fort, diminutive of castra, a camp; Fr. chateau and chdtel)

castle at Corte; by 1419 the Genoese possessions in Corsica were again reduced to Calvi and Bonifacio . At this juncture See also:

• ALPHONSO

Alphonso of Aragon arrived, with a large fleet, to take possession of the island . Calvi See also:

• FELL
• FELL, JOHN (1625-1686)

fell to him; but Bonifacio held out, and its resistance gave time for the Corsicans, aroused by the tyranny and exactions of the Aragonese, to organize revolt . In the end the See also:

• SIEGE (0. Fr. sege, siege, mod. siege, seat, ultimately from sedere, to sit, cf. Class. Lat. obsidium, a siege)

siege of Bonifacio was raised, and the town, confirmed in its privileges, became practically an independent republic tt°nese under Genoese See also:

• PROTECTION

protection . As for Vincentello he vention., managed to hold his own for a while; but ultimately the country See also:

• ROSE
• ROSE (Rosa)
• ROSE, GEORGE (1744-1818)
• ROSE, HUGH JAMES (1795—1838)
• ROSE, WILLIAM STEWART (1775-1843)

rose against him, and in 1435 he was executed as a See also:

• REBEL, JOHANN PETER (176o-1826)

rebel by the Genoese, who had captured him by surprise in the See also:

• PORT

port of Bastia . The anarchy continued, while See also:

• RIVAL

rival factions, nominal adherents of the Aragonese and Genoese, contended for the mastery . Profiting by the disturbed situation, the Genoese See also:

• DOGE

doge, See also:

• JANUS

Janus da Fregoso, succeeded in reducing the island, his See also:

• ARTILLERY (the O. Fr. artiller, to equip with engines of war, probably comes from Late Lat. articulum, dim. of ars, art, cf. " engine " from ingenium, or of artus, joint)

artillery securing him an easy victory over the forces of Count See also:

• PAOLO (GIROLAMO GASPARE)5 (1532-1600)

Paolo della Rocca (1441) . To secure his authority he built and fortified the new See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city of San Fiorenzo, near the ruins of Nebbio . But again the Aragonese intervened, and the anarchy reached its height . An appeal to Pope See also:

• EUGENIUS

Eugenius IV. resulted in the despatch of a pontifical army of 14,000 men (1444), which was destroyed in detail by a See also:

• LEAGUE

league of some of the caporali and most of the barons under the bold leadership of Rinuccio da Leca . A second expedition was more fortunate, and Rinuccio was killed before Biguglia . In 1447 Eugenius was succeeded on the papal See also:

• THRONE

throne by See also:

• NICHOLAS
• NICHOLAS (1841– )
• NICHOLAS (or NICLAES), HENRY (or HENDRIK) (c. 1501-C. 158o)
• NICHOLAS, SIR EDWARD (1593-1669)
• NICHOLAS, ST

Nicholas V., a Genoese, who promptly made over his rights in Corsica, with all the strong places held by his troops, to Genoa .

The island was now, in effect, divided between the Genoese republic; the lords of Cinarca, who held their lands in the south under the nominal See also:

• SUZERAINTY

suzerainty of Aragon; and Galeazzo da Campo Fregoso, who was supreme in the Terra di Comune . An assembly of the chiefs of the Terra di Comune now decided to offer the government of the island to the Company or See also:

• BANK

Bank of San Giorgio, a powerful commercial See also:

• CORPORATION (from Lat. corporare, to form into a body, corpus, corporis)

corporation established at Genoa in the 14th century.' The bank accepted; the Spaniards were driven from the country; and , a government was organized . But the bank soon fell foul of the barons, and began a war of extermination against them . Their resistance was finally broken in 1460, when the survivors took refuge in Tuscany . But order had scarcely been established when the Genoese Tommasinoda Campo Fregoso, whose See also:

• MOTHER

mother was a Corsican, revived the claims of his family and succeeded in mastering the interior of the island (1462) . Two years later the See also:

• DUKE (corresponding to Fr. duc, Ital. duca, Ger. Herzog)

duke of See also:

• MILAN
• MILAN (Ital. Milano, Ger. Mailand, anc. Mediolanum, q.v.)

Milan, See also:

• FRANCESCO
• FRANCESCO, 210

Francesco See also:

• SFORZA
• SFORZA, CATERINA (1463-1509)

Sforza, overthrew the power of the Fregoso family at Genoa, and promptly proceeded to See also:

• LAY

lay claim to Corsica . His lieutenant had no difficulty in making the island accept the overlordship of the duke of Milan; but when, in 1466, Francesco Sforza died, a See also:

• QUARREL

quarrel See also:

• BROKE, or BROOKE, ARTHUR (d. 1563)
• BROKE, SIR PHILIP BOWES VERE, BART

broke out, and Milanese suzerainty became purely nominal See also:

• SAVE, or SAVA (Ger. Sau; Hungarian Szdva; Lat. Savus)

save in the coast towns . Finally, in 1484, Tommasino da Campo Fregoso persuaded the duke to Milanese rant him the government of the island . The strong venHoa . places were handed over to him; he entered into See also:

• MARRIAGE

marriage relations with Gian Paolo da Leca, the most powerful of the barons, and was soon supreme in the island . Within three years the Corsicans were up in arms again . A descendant of the Malaspinas who had once ruled in Corsica, Jacopo IV .

(d'Appiano), was now See also:

• PRINCE
• PRINCE (Lat. princeps, from primus capio, " I am the first to take "; Ital. principe, Fr. prince)

prince of See also:

• PIOMBINO

Piombino, and to him the malcontents applied . His See also:

• BROTHER

brother Gherardo, count of Montagnano, accepted the See also:

• CALL (from Anglo-Saxon ceallian, a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch kallen, to talk or chatter)

call, proclaimed himself count of Corsica, and, landing in the island, captured Biguglia and San Fiorenzo; whereupon Tommasino da Campo Fregoso discreetly sold his rights to the bank of San Giorgio .. No sooner, however, had the bank—with the assistance of the count of Leca—beaten Count Gherardo than the Fregoso family tried to repudiate their bargain . Their claims were supported by the count of Leca, and it cost the agents of the bank some hard fighting before the turbulent See also:

• BARON
• BARON (1835-1895)
• BARON, MICHEL (1653—1729)

baron was beaten and exiled to Sardinia . Twice he returned, and he was not finally expelled from the country till 1501; it was not till 1511 that the other barons were crushed and ' See " Conventions entre quelques seigneurs Corses et 1'See also:

• OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")

office de St Georges (1453)," in Bulletin sot. scientif . Corse (1881-1882), pp . 286, 305, 413, 501, 549 and (1883) 147; also the See also:

• REPORT (O.Fr. report or raport, modern rapport, from O.Fr. reporter, mod. rap porter, Lat. reportare, to bring back, in poetical use only, of bringing back an account, news, &c.)

report of the deputies sent by the bank to Pope Nicholas V. in 1453, ib. p . 141 . The bank of San Giorgio . that the bank could consider itself in secure possession of the island . If the See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character of the Corsicans has been distinguished in See also:

• MODERN

modern times for a certain wild intractableness and ferocity, the cause lies in their unhappy past, and not least in the character of the rule established by the bank of San Giorgio . The power which the bank had, won by ruthless See also:

• CRUELTY (through the O. Fr. crualte, mod. cruaute, from the Lat. crudelitas)

cruelty, it exercised in the spirit of the narrowest and most short-sighted selfishness .

Only a See also:

• SHADOW (0. Eng. Schadewe, sceadu; a form of " shade "; connected with Gr. 6-Ore's, darkness)

shadow of the native institutions was suffered to survive, and no adequate system of administration was set up in the place of that which had been suppressed . In the absence of justice the blood-feud or vendetta See also:

• GREW, NEHEMIAH (1641-1712)

grew and took See also:

• ROOT (late O.E. rot, adopted from Scand., cf. Norw. and Swed. rot, Dan. rod; the true O.E. word was wyrt, plant, represented in Ger. Wurz or Wurzel; the ultimate root is the same in both words, and is seen in Lat. radix)
• ROOT, ELIHU (1845– )

root in Corsica just at the time when, elsewhere in See also:

• EUROPE

Europe, the progress of See also:

• CIVILIZATION

civilization was making an end of private war . The agents of the bank, so far from discouraging these internecine quarrels, looked on them as the surest means for preventing a general rising . Concerned, moreover, only with squeezing taxes out of a recalcitrant population, they neglected the defence of the coast, along which the See also:

• BARBARY

Barbary pirates harried and looted at will; and to all these woes were added, in the 16th century, pestilences and disastrous floods, which tended still further to impoverish and barbarize the country . In these circumstances King See also:

• HENRY
• HENRY (1129-1195)
• HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
• HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
• HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
• HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
• HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
• HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
• HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
• HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
• HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
• HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
• HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
• HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)

Henry II. of France conceived the project of conquering the island . From Corsican mercenaries in First French service, men embittered by wrongs suffered at French the hands of the Genoese, he obtained all the necessary interven- See also:

• INFORMATION (from Lat. informare, to give shape or form to, to represent, describe)

information; by a treaty of See also:

• ALLIANCE

alliance concluded at Contion, 1553. stantinople (See also:

• FEBRUARY

February 1, 1553) with See also:

• SULTAN (an Arabic word meaning " victorious " or " a ruler," sultat, dominion)

Sultan See also:

• SULEIMAN

Suleiman the Magnificent he secured the co-operation of the See also:

• TURKISH

Turkish fleet . The combined forces attacked the island the same See also:

• YEAR

year; the citadel of Bastia fell almost without a See also:

• BLOW, JOHN (1648-1708)

blow, and siege was at once laid simultaneously to all the other fortresses . The See also:

• CAPITULATION (Lat. capitulum, a little head or division; capitulare, to treat upon terms)

capitulation of Bonifacio to the See also:

• TURKS

Turks, after an obstinate resistance, was followed by the treacherous See also:

• MASSACRE

massacre of the See also:

• GARRISON
• GARRISON, WILLIAM LLOYD (1805-1879)

garrison; soon, of all the strong places, the Genoese held Calvi alone . At this juncture the emperor Charles V. intervened; a strong force of imperial troops and Genoese was poured into the island, and the See also:

• TIDE (O. Eng. lid, cf. Ger. Zeit, time or season, connected with root of Sanskrit a-diti, endless)

tide of war turned . The details of the struggle that followed, in which the Corsican national See also:

• HERO (Gr. open)
• HERO, THE YOUNGER

hero Sampiero da Bastelica gained his first laurels, are of little general importance . Fortresses were captured and recaptured; and for three years French, Germans, Spaniards, Genoese and Corsicans indulged in a See also:

• CARNIVAL (Med. Lat. carnelevarium, from taro, tarns, flesh, and levare, to lighten or put aside; the derivation from valere, to say farewell, is unsupported)

carnival of mutual slaughter and See also:

• OUTRAGE (through O. Fr. ultrage, oltrage, oultrage, from Lat. ultra, beyond, exceeding, cf. Ital. oltraggio; the meaning has been influenced by connexion with " rage," anger)

outrage . The outcome of all this was a futile reversion to the status quo .

In 1556, indeed, the conclusion of a truce left Corsica—with the exception of Bastia—in the hands of the French, who proceeded to set up a tolerable government; but in 1559, by the treaty of Cateau-Cambresis, the island was restored to the bank of San Giorgio, from which it was at once taken over by the Genoese republic . Trouble at once began again . The Genoese attempted to See also:

• LEVY (Fr. levee, from lever, Lat. levare, to lift, raise)
• LEVY, AMY (1861–1889)
• LEVY, AUGUSTE MICHEL (1844– )

levy a tax which the Corsicans refused to pay; in violation of the terms of the treaty, which had stipulated for a uni- versal See also:

• AMNESTY (from the Gr. &µvrly-ria, oblivion)

amnesty, they confiscated the See also:

• PROPERTY

property of Sampiero da Bastelica . Hereupon Sampiero again put himself at the head of the national movement . The suzerainty of the Turk seemed preferable to that of Genoa, and, armed with letters from the king of France, he went to Constanti- nople to ask the aid of a fleet for the purpose of reducing Corsica to the status of an See also:

• OTTOMAN

Ottoman province.' All his efforts to secure See also:

• FOREIGN

foreign help were, however, vain; he determined to See also:

• ACT (Lat. actus, actum)

act alone, and in See also:

• JUNE

June 1564 landed at Valinco with only fifty followers . His success was at first extraordinary, and he was soon at the head of 8000 men; but ultimate victory was rendered impossible by the indiscipline among the Corsicans and by the internecine feuds of which the Genoese well knew how to take advantage . For over two years a war was waged in which See also:

• QUARTER (through Fr. from Lat. quartarius, fourth part)

quarter was given on neither side; but after the assassination of Sampiero in 1567 the spirit of the insurgents was broken . In 1568 an See also:

• HONOURABLE (Fr. honorable, from Lat. honorabilis, worthy of honour)

honourable peace, including a general amnesty, was arranged with the Genoese commander Giorgio See also:

• DORIA, ANDREA (1466-156o)

Doria by Sampiero's son Alphonso 1 See also:

• HAMMER, FRIEDRICH JULIUS (1810-1862)

Hammer-Purgstall, Gesch. See also:

• DES

des Osmanischen Reichs (Pest, 184o), ii . 288 . d'Ornano, who with 300 of his See also:

• FRIENDS, SOCIETY
• FRIENDS, SOCIETY OF

friends emigrated to Fiance, where he rose to be a See also:

• MARSHAL (med. Lat. marescalcus, from O.H.Ger. marah, horse, and scalc, servant)

marshal under Henry IV . From this time until 1729 Corsica remained at peace under the government of Genoa . It was, however, a peace due to lassitude and despair rather than contentment .

The See also:

• SETTLEMENT
• SETTLEMENT, ACT OF

settlement of 1568 had reserved a large measure of See also:

• AUTONOMY (Gr. abr6s, self, and v6pos, law)

autonomy to the Corsicans; during the years that followed this was withdrawn piecemeal, until, disarmed and powerless, they were excluded from every office in the administration . Nor did the Genoese substitute any efficient system for that which they had destroyed . In the absence of an effective judiciary the vendetta increased; in the absence of effective protection the sea-See also:

• BOARD (O. Eng. bord)

board was exposed to the ravages of the Barbary pirates, so that the coast villages and towns were abandoned and the inhabitants withdrew into the interior, leaving the most fertile part of the country to fall into the See also:

• CONDITION (Lat. condicio, from condicere, to agree upon, arrange; not connected with conditio, from condere, conditum, to put together)

condition of a malarious See also:

• WASTE (O. Fr. wast, guast, gast, gaste; Lat. vastus, vast, desolate)

waste . To add to all this, in 1576 the population had been decimated by a pestilence . See also:

• EMIGRATION (from Lat. emigrare; e, ex, out of, and migrare, to depart)

Emigration en masse continued, and an See also:

• ATTEMPT (Lat. adtemptare, attentare, to try)

attempt to remedy this by introducing a colony of Greeks in 1688 only added one more See also:

• ELEMENT (Lat. elementum)

element of discord to the luckless island . To the Genoese Corsica continued to be merely an area to be exploited for their profit; they monopolized its See also:

• TRADE (O. Eng. trod, footstep, from tredan, to tread; in M. Eng. the forms teed, trod and trade appear, the last in the sense of a beaten track)
• TRADE, BOARD OF

trade; they taxed it up to and beyond its capacity; they made the issue of licences to carry firearms a source of See also:

• REVENUE
• REVENUE (0. Fr. revenu, from revenir, to return)

revenue, and studiously avoided interfering with the See also:

• CUSTOM (from O. Fr. costume, costume or coustume; Low Lat. costuma, a shortened form of consuetudo)

custom of the vendetta which made their fiscal expedient so profitable ? In 1729 the Corsicans, irritated by a new See also:

• HEARTH (a word which appears in various forms in several Teutonic languages, cf. Dutch haard, German Herd, in the sense of " floor ")

hearth-tax known as the due seini, rose in revolt, their leaders being See also:

• ANDREA, GIOVANNI (1275-1348)

Andrea See also:

• COLONNA
• COLONNA, GIOVANNI PAOLO (circa 1637—1695)
• COLONNA, VITTORIA (1490-1547)

Colonna Ceccaldi 'and See also:

• LUIGI

Luigi Giafferi . As usual, the Genoese Revolt were soon confined to a few coast towns; but the of 1729. intervention of the emperor Charles VI. and the despatch of a large force of See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German mercenaries turned the tide of war, and in 1732 the authority of Genoa was re-established . Two years later, however, Giacinto See also:

• PAOLI, CESARE (1840-1902)
• PAOLI, PASQUALE (1725-1807)

Paoli once more raised the See also:

• STANDARD
• STANDARD, BATTLE OF THE

standard of revolt; and in 1735 an assembly at Corte proclaimed the independence of Corsica, set up a constitution, and entrusted the supreme leadership to Giafferi, Paoli and Ceccaldi . Though the Genoese were again driven into the fortresses, lack of arms and provisions made any decisive success of the insurgents impossible, and when, on the 12th of March 1736, the German adventurer Baron Theodor von See also:

• NEUHOF, THEODORE STEPHEN, BARON VON (e. 16:90-1756)

Neuhof arrived with a shipload of muskets and stores and the assurance of further help King to come, leaders and people were glad to accept his aid See also:

• THEODORE
• THEODORE (602-690)
• THEODORE (Fedor) GRIGORIEVICH ORLOV, COUNT (1741–1796)
• THEODORE (Rus. Fedor, or Feodor)

Theodore on his own conditions, namely that he should be of acknowledged as king of Corsica . On the 15th of Corsica . See also:

• APRIL

April, at Alesani, an assembly of clergy and of representatives of the communes, solemnly proclaimed Corsica an independent See also:

• KINGDOM

kingdom under the sovereignty of Theodore "I." and his heirs .

The new king's reign was not fated to last long . The See also:

• OPERA (Italian for " work ")

opera bouffe nature of his entry on the See also:

• STAGE (Fr. 6/age; from Lat. stare, to stand)

stage—he was clad in a See also:

• SCARLET

scarlet See also:

• CAFTAN, or KAFTAN (a Turkish word, also in use in Persia)

caftan, Turkish See also:

• TROUSERS

trousers and a See also:

• SPANISH

Spanish See also:

• HAT

hat and See also:

• FEATHER (0. Eng. (ether, Ger. Feder, from an Indo-European root seen also in Gr. lrrepov, and aEreo-Oat, to fly)

feather, and girt with a See also:

• SCIMITAR

scimitar—did not, indeed, offend the unsophisticated islanders; they were even ready to take seriously his lavish bestowal of titles and his knightly order "della Liberazione"; they appreciated his See also:

• PERSONAL

personal bravery; and the fact that the Genoese government denounced him as an impostor and set a See also:

• PRICE
• PRICE, BARTHOLOMEW (1818–1898)
• PRICE, BONAMY (1807-1888)
• PRICE, RICHARD (1723-1791)

price on his head could only confirm him in their See also:

• AFFECTION (Lat. ad, and facere, to do something to, sc. a person)

affection . But it was otherwise when the See also:

• EUROPEAN

European help that he had promised failed to arrive, and, still worse, the governments with which he had boasted his influence disclaimed him . In See also:

• NOVEMBER (Lat. novem, nine)

November he thought it expedient to proceed to the See also:

• CONTINENT (from Lat. continere, "to hold together "; hence " connected," " continuous ")

continent, ostensibly in search of aid, leaving Giafferi, Paoli and Luca d'Ornano as regents . In spite of several attempts, he never succeeded in returning to the island . The Corsicans, weary of the war, opened negotiations with the Genoese; but the refusal of the latter to regard the islanders as other than rebels made a mutual agreement impossible . Finally the republic decided to seek the aid of France, and in See also:

• JULY

July 1737 a treaty was signed by which the French king See also:

• BOUND, or BOUNDARY (from O. Fr. bonde, Med. Lat. bodena or butina, a frontier line)

bound himself to reduce the Corsicans to order . 2 Father Cancellotti, who visited every part of the island, estimated the number of murders committed in 20 years at 28,000 (quoted in the See also:

• ARTICLE (from Lat. articulus, a joint)

article on Corsica in La Grande Encyclopedia) . Sampiero da Baste/ca . The See also:

• OBJECT

object of the French in assisting the Genoese was not the acquisition of the island for themselves so much as to obviate Inter- the danger, of which they had long been aware, of its ventlon of falling into the hands of another power, notably Great France, See also:

• BRITAIN (Gr. Hperavuml vi7vot, Bperravia; Lat. Britannia, rarely Britannia)

Britain . The Corsicans, on the other hand, though 1738. ready enough to come to terms with the French king, refused to acknowledge the sovereignty of Genoa even when backed by the power of France . A powerful French force, under the See also:

• COMTE, AUGUSTE [ISIDORE AUGUSTE MARIE FRANCOIS XAVIER] (1798-1857)

comte de Boissieux, arrived in the See also:

• SPRING (from " to spring," " to leap or jump up," " burst out," O. Eng., springau, a common Teut. word, cf. Ger. springer, possibly allied to Gr. QnrFpxecOac, to move rapidly)

spring of 1738, and for some months negotiations proceeded .

But the effect of the French See also:

• GUARANTEE (sometimes spelt " guarantie " or " guaranty "; an O. Fr. form of " warrant," from the Teutonic word which appears in German as wahren, to defend or make safe and binding)

guarantee of Corsican liberties was nullified by the demand that the islanders should surrender their arms, and the attempt of Boissieux to enforce the order for disarmament was followed, in the See also:

• WINTER, JOHN STRANGE
• WINTER, PETER (c. 1755-1825)

winter of 1738-39, by his defeat at the hands of the Corsicans and by the cutting up of several isolated French detachments . In February 1739 Boissieux died . His successor, the marquis de Maillebois, arrived in March with strong reinforcements, and by a See also:

• COMBINATION (Lat. combinare, to combine)

combination of severity and conciliation soon reduced the island to order . Its See also:

• MAINTENANCE (Fr. maintenance, from maintenir, to maintain, support, Lat. manu tenere, to hold in the hand)

maintenance, however, depended on the presence of the French troops, and in See also:

• OCTOBER

October 1740 the death of the emperor Charles VI. and the outbreak of the War of the See also:

• AUSTRIAN

Austrian See also:

• SUCCESSION (Lat. successio, from succedere, to follow after)

Succession necessitated their withdrawal . Genoese and Corsicans were once more left See also:

• FACE (from Lat. fades, derived either from facere, to make, or from a root fa-, meaning " appear "; cf. Gr. cbatvstv)

face to face, and the perennial struggle began anew . In 1743 " King Theodore," supported by a See also:

• BRITISH

British See also:

• SQUADRON

squadron, made a descent on the island, but finding that he no longer Sardinian possessed a following, departed never to return . The and Corsicans, assembled in diet at Casinca, now elected British Giampietro Gaffori and Alerio Matra as generals and intery Bon ie- it protectors of the fatherland " (protettori della patria), 746 . and began a vigorous onslaught on the Genoese strong-holds . They were helped now by the sympathy and active aid of European See also:

• POWERS, HIRAM (1805-1873)

powers, and in 1746 Count Domenico Rivarola, a Corsican in Sardinian service, succeeded in capturing Bastia and San Fiorenzo with the aid of a British squadron and Sardinian troops . The factious spirit of the Corsicans themselves was, however, their worst enemy . The British commander judged it inexpedient to intervene in the affairs of a country of which the leaders were at loggerheads; Rivarola, left to himself, was unable to hold Bastia—a place of Genoese sympathies—and in spite of the collapse of Genoa itself, now in Austrian hands, the Genoese governor succeeded in maintaining himself in the island . By the time of the See also:

• SIGNATURE (through Fr. from Lat. signature, signare, to sign, signum, mark, token, sign)

signature of the peace of Aix-la-Chapelle, in 1748, the situation of the island had again changed .

Rivarola and Matra had departed, and Gaffori was left nominally supreme over a people torn by See also:

• INTESTINE (Lat. intestinus, internal, usually in neuter plural intestina. from intus, within)

intestine feuds . Genoa, too, had expelled the Austrians with French aid, and, owing to a report that the king of Sardinia was meditating a fresh attempt to conquer the island, a strong French expedition under the marquis de Cursay had, at the See also:

• REQUEST, LETTERS OF

request of the republic, occupied Calvi, Bonifacio, Ajaccio and Bastia . By the terms of the treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle, Renewed Corsica was once more assigned to Genoa, but the French French garrison remained, pending a settlement °inter- between the republic and the islanders . In view of the ventlon. intractable See also:

• TEMPER (from Lat. temperare, to mingle or compound in due proportion, to qualify, rule, regulate, to be moderate, formed from tempos, time, fit or due season)

temper of the two parties no agreement could be reached; but Cursay's personal popularity served to preserve the peace for a while . His withdrawal in 1752, however, was the See also:

• SIGNAL

signal for a general rising, and once more, at a diet held at Orezza, Gaffori was elected general and See also:

• PROTECTOR

protector . In October of the following year, however, he fell victim to a vendetta and the nation was once more leaderless . His place was taken for a while 'by Clemente Paoli, son of Giacinto, who for a year or two succeeded, with the aid of other lieutenants of Gaffori, in holding the Genoese at See also:

• BAY

bay . He was, however, by temperament unfitted to See also:

• LEAD
• LEAD (pronounced iced)

lead a turbulent and undisciplined people in time of stress, and in 1755, at his See also:

• SUGGESTION

suggestion, his brother Pasquale was invited to come from See also:

• NAPLES
• NAPLES (Ital. Napoli, and Lat. Neapolis)
• NAPLES, KINGDOM OF

Naples and assume the command . The first task of Pasquale Paoli, elected general in April at an assembly at San See also:

• ANTONIO
• ANTONIO (1429—1498)
• ANTONIO, NICOLAS (1617-1684)

Antonio della See also:

• CASABIANCA, RAPHAEL, COMTE DE (1738–1825)

Casabianca, was to suppress the rival See also:

• FACTION (through the French, from Lat. factio, a company of persons combined for action, facere, to do; from the other French derivative facon comes " fashion ")

faction led by Emanuele Matra, son of Gaffori's former colleague . By the spring of 1756 this was done, and the Corsicans were able to turn a See also:

• UNITED

united front against the Genoese . See also:

• ATTHIS (an adjective meaning " Attic ")

Atthis juncture the French, alarmed by a supposed understanding between Paoli and the British, once more intervened, and occupied Calvi, Ajaccio and San Fiorenzo until 1757, when their forces were once more called away by the See also:

• WARS

wars on the continent . In 1758 Paoli renewed the attack on the Genoese, See also:

• FOUNDING (from Lat. fundere, to pour)

founding the new port of Isola Rossa as a centre whence the Corsican See also:

• SHIPS

ships could attack the trading vessels of Genoa .

The republic, indeed, was now too weak to attempt seriously to re-assert its sway over the island, which, with the exception of the coast towns, Paoli ruled with See also:

• ABSOLUTE (Lat. absolvere, to loose, set free)

absolute authority and with conspicuous See also:

• WISDOM, BOOK OF, or WISDOM OF SOLOMON (Sept. Io4ia IaXwµwvos; Lat. Vulg. Liber sapientiae)

wisdom . In the intervals of fighting he was occupied in reducing Corsican anarchy into some sort of civilized order . The vendetta was put down, partly by religious influence, partly with a stern hand; the surviving oppressive rights of the feudal signori were abolished; and the traditional institutions of the Terra di Comune were made the basis of a democratic constitution for the whole island . As regarded the relations of Corsica all now depended on the attitude of France to which both Paoli and the republic made overtures . In 1764 a French expedition under the comte de Marbeuf arrived, and, by agreement with Genoa, garrisoned three of the Genoese fortresses . Though Genoese sovereignty had been expressly recognized in the agreement authorizing this, it was in effect non-existent . French and Corsicans remained on amicable terms, and the inhabitants of the nominally Genoese towns actually sent representatives to the national consulta or See also:

• PARLIAMENT (Anglo-Lat. parliamentum, Fr. parlement, from parler, to speak)

parliament . The See also:

• CLIMAX, JOHN (c. 525–600 A.D.)

climax came early in 1767 when the Corsicans captured the Genoese island of Capraja, and occupied Ajaccio and other places, evacuated by the French as a protest against the See also:

• ASYLUM (from Gr. b.-, privative, arid earl, right'of seizure)
• ASYLUM, RIGHT OF (Fr. droit d'asile; Ger. Asylrecht)

asylum given to the See also:

• JESUITS

Jesuits exiled from France . .Genoa now recognized that she had been worsted in the long contest, and on the 15th of May 1768 signed a treaty selling the sovereignty of the island to France . The Corsicans, See also:

• INTENT (from Lat. intend ere, to stretch out, extend, particularly in the phrase intendere animum, to turn one's mind to, purpose)

intent on independence, were now faced with a more formidable enemy than the decrepit republic of Genoa . A See also:

• SECTION
• SECTION (Lat. sectio, cutting, secare, to cut)

section of the people indeed, were in favour of submission; but Paoli himself declared for resistance; and among those who supported him at the consulta summoned to discuss the question was his secretary Carlo Buonaparte, father of See also:

• NAPOLEON

Napoleon See also:

• BONAPARTE

Bonaparte, the future emperor of the French . Into the details of the war that followed, it is impossible to enter here; in the absence of the hoped-for help from Great Britain its issue could not be doubtful; and, though the task of the French was a hard one, by the summer of 1769 they were masters of the island .

On the 16th of June Pasquale and Clemente Paoli, with some 400 of their followers, embarked on a British See also:

• SHIP

ship for French conquest . See also:

• LEGHORN (Ital. Livorno, Fr. Livourne)

Leghorn . On the 15th of See also:

• SEPTEMBER (Lat. septem, seven)

September 1770, a general assembly of the Corsicans was summoned and the deputies swore See also:

• ALLEGIANCE (Mid. Eng. ligeaunce; med. Lat. ligeantia, &c.; the al- was probably added through confusion with another legal term, allegeance, an allegation; the Fr. allegeance comes from the English; the word is formed from " liege," of which the derivatio

allegiance to King See also:

• LOUIS
• LOUIS (804–876)
• LOUIS (893–911)
• LOUIS, JOSEPH DOMINIQUE, BARON (1755-1837)
• LOUIS, or LEWIS (from the Frankish Chlodowich, Chlodwig, Latinized as Chlodowius, Lodhuwicus, Lodhuvicus, whence-in the Strassburg oath of 842-0. Fr. Lodhuwigs, then Chlovis, Loys and later Louis, whence Span. Luiz and—through the Angevin kings—Hungarian

Louis XV . For twenty years Corsica, while preserving many of its old institutions, remained a dependency of the French crown . Then came the Revolution, and the island, conformed Corsica to the new See also:

• MODEL (0. Fr. modelle, mod. modele; It. modello, pattern, mould; from Lat. modus, measure, standard)

model, was incorporated in France as a and the See also:

• SEPARATE

separate department (see Renucci, ii. p . 271 seq.). revolution Paoli, recalled from exile by the National Assembly of1789. on the See also:

• MOTION (Lat. motio, from movere, to move)
• MOTION, LAWS OF

motion of See also:

• MIRABEAU, ANDRE BONIFACE LOUIS RIQUETI, VICOMTE DE (1754-1792)
• MIRABEAU, HONORS GABRIEL RIQUETI, COMTE DE (1749-1791)
• MIRABEAU, VICTOR RIQUETI, MARQUIS DE (1715-1789)

Mirabeau, after a visit to Paris, where he was acclaimed as "the hero and See also:

• MARTYR (Gr. pimp or µaprvs)

martyr of See also:

• LIBERTY (Lat. libertas, from liber, free)

liberty " by the National Assembly and the Jacobin See also:

• CLUB (connected with " clump ")

Club, returned in 1790 to Corsica. where he was received with immense See also:

• ENTHUSIASM

enthusiasm and acclaimed as " father of the country." With the new order in the island, however, he was little in sympathy . In the towns branches of the Jacobin Club had been established, and these tended, as elsewhere, to usurp the functions of the regular See also:

• ORGANS

organs of government and to introduce a new element of discord into a country which it had been Paoli's life's See also:

• WORK

work to unify . Suspicions of his See also:

• LOYALTY

loyalty to revolutionary principles had already been spread at Paris by Bartolomeo See also:

• ARENA (Lat. for " sand ")

Arena, a Corsican See also:

• DEPUTY (through the Fr. from a Late Lat. use of deputare, to cut off, allot; putare having the original sense of to trim, prune)

deputy and ardent Jacobin, so early as 1791; yet in 1792, after the fall of the See also:

• MONARCHY (Fr. monarchic, from Lat. monarchia, Gr. uovapXia, rule of one, µbvos, alone, apXi7, rule)

monarchy, the French government, in its anxiety to secure Corsica, was rash enough to appoint him lieutenant-general of the forces and governor (cap comandante) of the island . Paoli accepted an office which he had refused two years before at the Pasquale Paola Corsica sold to France . 20+ hands of Louis XVI . With the men and methods of the Terror, however, he was wholly out of sympathy . Suspected of throwing obstacles in the way of the expedition despatched in 1793 against Sardinia, he was summoned, with the See also:

• PROCURATOR (Lat. procurare, to take care of)

procurator-general Pozzo di Borgo, to the See also:

• BAR
• BAR (0. Fr. barre, Late Lat. barra, origin unknown)
• BAR, CONFEDERATION OF
• BAR, FRANCOIS DE (1538-1606)
• BAR, THE

bar of the See also:

• CONVENTION (Lat. conventio, an assembly or agreement, from convenire, to come together)
• CONVENTION, THE NATIONAL

Convention .

Paoli now openly defied the Convention by summoning the representatives of the com- munes to meet in diet at Corte on the 27th of May . Revolt To the remonstrances of See also:

• SALICETI, ANTOINE CHRISTOPHE (1757-1809)

Saliceti, who attended the under Paoli. See also:

• MEETING (from " to meet," to come together, assemble, 0. Eng. metals ; cf. Du. moeten, Swed. mota, Goth. gamotjan, &c., derivatives of the Teut. word for a meeting, seen in O. Eng. Wit, moot, an assembly of the people; cf. witanagemot)

meeting, he replied that he was rebelling, not against France, but against the dominant faction of whose actions the See also:

• MAJORITY (Fr. majorite; Med. Lat. majoritas; Lat. major, greater)

majority of Frenchmen disapproved . Saliceti thereupon hurried to Paris, and on his motion Paoli and his sympathizers were declared by the Convention hors la loi (June 26) . Paoli had already made up his mind to raise the standard of revolt against France . But though the consulta at Corte British elected him president, Corsican See also:

• OPINION (Lat. opinio, from opinari, to think)

opinion was by no occupa- 'means united . Napoleon Bonaparte, whom Paoli had tion, 1794- expected to win over to his views, indignantly rejected 1796' the See also:

• IDEA (Gr. Ibia, connected with i&eiv, to see; cf. Lat. species from specere, to look at)

idea of a See also:

• BREACH (Mid. Eng. breche, derived from the common Teutonic root brec, which appears in " break," Ger. brechen, &c.)

breach with France, and the Bonapartes were henceforth ranked with his enemies . Paoli now appealed for assistance to the British government, which despatched a considerable force . By the summer of 1794, after hard fighting, the island was reduced, and in June the Corsican assembly formally offered the sovereignty to King See also:

• GEORGE
• GEORGE, 8TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (1787-1876)
• GEORGE, HENRY (1839—1897)
• GEORGE, LAKE
• GEORGE, SAINT (d. 303)

George III . The British occupation lasted two years, the island being administered by See also:

• SIR

Sir See also:

• GILBERT
• GILBERT (KINGSMILL) ISLANDS
• GILBERT (or GYLBERDE), WILLIAM (1544-1603)
• GILBERT, ALFRED (1854– )
• GILBERT, ANN (1821-1904)
• GILBERT, GROVE KARL (1843– )
• GILBERT, J
• GILBERT, JOHN (1810-1889)
• GILBERT, MARIE DOLORES ELIZA ROSANNA [" LOLA MONTEZ "] (1818-1861)
• GILBERT, NICOLAS JOSEPH LAURENT (1751–1780)
• GILBERT, SIR HUMPHREY (c. 1539-1583)
• GILBERT, SIR JOSEPH HENRY (1817-1901)
• GILBERT, SIR WILLIAM SCHWENK (1836– )

Gilbert Elliot . Paoli, whose presence was considered inexpedient, was invited to return to See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England, where he remained till his death . In 1796 Bonaparte, after his victorious Italian See also:

• CAMPAIGN

campaign, sent an expedition against Corsica . The British, weary of a somewhat thankless task, made no great resistance, and in October the island was once more in French hands .

It was again occupied by Great Britain for a short time in 1814, but in the settlement of 1815 was restored to the French crown . Its history henceforth is part of that of France . See F . Girolami-See also:

• CORTONA

Cortona, Geographie generale de la Corse (Ajaccio, 1893) ; A . Andrei, A 'ravers la Corse (Paris, 1893) ; Forcioli-See also:

• CONTI, NICOLO
• CONTI, PRINCES OF

Conti, Notre Corse (Ajaccio, 1897) ; R . Le Joindre, La Corse et les Gorses (Paris, 1904) ; F . 0 . Renucci, Storia di Corsica (2 vols., Bastia, 1833), fervidly Corsican, but useful; Antonio Pietro Filippini, Istoria di Corsica (1st ed., 1594; 2nd ed., corrected and illustrated with unpublished documents by G . C . Gregori, 5 vols., Pisa, 1827–1832) ; J . M . Jacobi, Hist. gen. de la Corse, 2 vols., Paris, 1833–1835), with many unpublished documents; L .

H . See also:

• CAIRD, EDWARD (1835-1908)
• CAIRD, JOHN (182o–1898)

Caird, History of Corsica (See also:

• LONDON

London, 1899) . Further See also:

• WORKS

works and references to articles in reviews, &c., are given in Ulysse See also:

• CHEVALIER, ALBERT (1861– )
• CHEVALIER, MICHEL (1806-1879)
• CHEVALIER, ULYSSE (1841– )

Chevalier's Repertoire des See also:

• SOURCES

sources, &c., Topo-bibliographie, t. ii. s.v .