See also:

• COSMOGONY (from Gr. K6Qµos, world and yiyvevGay to be born)

COSMOGONY (from Gr. K6Qµos, See also:

• WORLD

world and yiyvevGay to be See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born)  , a theory, however incomplete, of the origin of See also:

• HEAVEN (0. Eng. hefen, heofon, heofone; this word appears in O.S. hevan; the High. Ger. word appears in Ger. Himmel, Dutch hemel; there does not seem to be any connexion between the two words, and the ultimate derivation of the word is unknown; the sugges

heaven and See also:

• EARTH
• EARTH (a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Erde, Dutch aarde, Swed. and Dan. jord; outside Teutonic it appears only in the Gr. 'pq'e, on the ground; it has been connected by some etymologists with the Aryan root ar-, to plough, which is seen in
• EARTH, FIGURE OF
• EARTH, FIGURE OF THE

earth, such as is produced by See also:

• PRIMITIVE

primitive races in the myth-making See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age, and is afterwards See also:

• EXPANDED

expanded and systematized by priests, poets or philosophers . Such a theory must be mythical in See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form, and, after gods have arisen, is likely to be a theogony (See also:

• BEHR, WILLIAM JOSEPH (1775–1851)

Behr, See also:

• GOD

god) as well as a See also:

• COSMOGONY (from Gr. K6Qµos, world and yiyvevGay to be born)

cosmogony (Babylonia, See also:

• EGYPT

Egypt, See also:

• PHOENICIA

Phoenicia, See also:

• POLYNESIA, (Gr. iroXi,, many, and vnno-os, island)
• POLYNESIA, MELANESIA, MICRONESIA (q.v.)

Polynesia) 1 . To many the See also:

• INTEREST

interest of such stories will depend on their See also:

• PARALLELISM, PSYCHOPHYSICAL

parallelism to the Biblical See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account in See also:

• GENESIS
• GENESIS (Gr. 'ybeo-es, becoming; the term being used in English as a synonym for origin or process of coming into being)

Genesis i.; the anthropologist, however, will be attracted by them in proportion as they illustrate the more primitive phases of human culture . In spite of the frequent overgrowth of a luxuriant See also:

• IMAGINATION

imagination, the leading ideas of really primitive cosmogonies are extremely See also:

• SIMPLE

simple . Creation out of nothing is nowhere thought of, for this is not at all a simple See also:

• IDEA (Gr. Ibia, connected with i&eiv, to see; cf. Lat. species from specere, to look at)

idea . The pre-existence of See also:

• WORLD

world-See also:

• MATTER

matter is assumed; sometimes too that of heaven, as the seat of the earth-maker, and that of preternatural animals, his coadjutors . The earth-making See also:

• PROCESS

process may, among the less advanced races, be begun by a See also:

• BIRD

bird, or some other See also:

• ANIMAL
• ANIMAL (Lat. animalis, from anima, breath, soul)

animal (whence the See also:

• TERM

term " theriomorphism "), for the high idea of a god is impossible, till See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man has fully realized his own humanity . Of course, the earth-forming animal is a preternaturally gifted one, and is on the See also:

• LINE

line of development towards that magnified man who, in a later See also:

• STAGE (Fr. 6/age; from Lat. stare, to stand)

stage, becomes the See also:

• DEMIURGE (Gr. S'quovpyos, from Si7µeos, of or for the people, and Epyov, work)

demiurge.' Between the two comes the animal—man, i.e. a being who has not yet See also:

• SHED

shed the See also:

• SLOUGH

slough of an animal shape, but combines the See also:

• POWERS, HIRAM (1805-1873)

powers— natural and preternatural—of some animal with those of a man . Let us now collect specimens of the See also:

• EVIDENCE (Lat. evidentia, evideri, to appear clearly)

evidence for different varieties of cosmogony, ranging from those of the Red See also:

• INDIAN

Indian tribes to that of the See also:

• PEOPLE

people of See also:

• ISRAEL (Hebrew for " God strives " or " rules "; see Gen. xxxii. 28; and the allusion in Hosea xii. 4)

Israel . 2 . See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

North See also:

• AMERICAN

American Stories.—Theriomorphic creators are most fully attested for the Red Indian tribes, whose very backwardness renders them so valuable to an anthropologist . There is a painted See also:

• IMAGE (Lat. imago, perhaps from the same root as imitari, copy, imitate)

image from See also:

• ALASKA

Alaska, now in the museum of the university of See also:

• PENNSYLVANIA
• PENNSYLVANIA, UNIVERSITY OF

Pennsylvania, which represents such an one .

We see a See also:

• BLACK
• BLACK, ADAM (1784-1874)
• BLACK, JEREMIAH SULLIVAN (1810–1883)
• BLACK, WILLIAM (1841-1898)

black See also:

• CROW (Dutch, kraal, Ger. Krdhe, Fr. corbeau, Lat. corvus)

crow tightly holding a human See also:

• MASK (Fr. masque, apparently from med. Lat. mascus, masca, spectre, through Ital. maschera, Span. mascara)

mask which he is in the See also:

• ACT (Lat. actus, actum)

act of incubating . Let us pass on to the Thlinkit See also:

• INDIANS, NORTH AMERICAN

Indians of the N.W. See also:

• COAST (from Lat. costa, a rib, side)

coast . A See also:

• CYCLE
• CYCLE (Gr. KUK)^os, a circle)

cycle of tales is devoted to a See also:

• STRANGE, SIR ROBERT (1721-1792)

strange humorous being called Yehl or Yelch, i.e. the See also:

• RAVEN (O.E. hrafn, ,Icel. hrafn, Dan. ravn, Du. raaf, Ger. Rabe)

Raven, miraculously See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born, not to be wounded, and at once a semi-See also:

• DEVELOPED

developed creator and a culture See also:

• HERO (Gr. open)
• HERO, THE YOUNGER

hero.' His See also:

• BITTER, KARL THEODORE FRANCIS (1867– )

bitter foe is his See also:

• UNCLE

uncle; the germs of See also:

• DUALISM (from rare Lat. dualis, containing two, from duo)

dualism appear See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early . Like some other culture-heroes, he steals See also:

• SUN
• SUN (0. Eng. sonne, Ger. sonne. Fr. soleil, Lat. sol, Gr. ijXior, from which comes helio- in various English compounds)

sun, See also:

• MOON (a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Mond, Du. maan, Dan. maane, &c., and cognate with such Indo-Germanic forms as Gr. µlip, Sans. ma's, Irish mi, &c.; Lat. uses luna, i.e. lucna, the shining one, lucere, to shine, for the moon, but preserves the word i
• MOON, SIR RICHARD, 1ST BARONET (1814-1899)

moon and stars out of a See also:

• BOX
• BOX (Gr. irl or, Lat. buxus, box-wood; cf. 2r6Eir, a pyx)

box, so enlightening the dark earth . These people are at any See also:

• RATE

rate above the Greenlanders, but are surpassed by the Algonkins described by See also:

• NICHOLAS
• NICHOLAS (1841– )
• NICHOLAS (or NICLAES), HENRY (or HENDRIK) (c. 1501-C. 158o)
• NICHOLAS, SIR EDWARD (1593-1669)
• NICHOLAS, ST

Nicholas See also:

• PERROT, SIR JOHN (c. 1S27–1592)

Perrot in 1700, and by the See also:

• IROQUOIS

Iroquois, whom the heroic See also:

• FATHER

Father Brebeuf (1593–1649) learned to know so well.' The earth-maker of the former was called Michabo, i.e. the See also:

• GREAT

Great See also:

• HARE
• HARE, SIR JOHN (1844– )

Hare.4 He is the See also:

• LEADER, BENJAMIN WILLIAMS (1831– )

leader of some animals on a raft on a shoreless See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

sea . Three of these in See also:

• SUCCESSION (Lat. successio, from succedere, to follow after)

succession are sent to dive for a little earth . A See also:

• GRAIN (derived through the French from Lat. granum, seed, from an Aryan root meaning " to wear down," which also appears in the common Teutonic word " corn ")

grain of See also:

• SAND
• SAND, GEORGE (1804-1876)

sand is brought; out of it he makes an See also:

• ISLAND (O.E. ieg =isle, +land')

island (See also:

• AMERICA

America?) . Of the carcases of the dead animals he makes the See also:

• PRESENT

present men (N . Americans?) . There is also a See also:

• FLOOD (in O. Eng. flod, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Flut, Dutch vloed, from the same root as is seen in " flow," " float ")
• FLOOD, HENRY (1732-1791)

Flood-See also:

• STORY, JOHN (c. 1510-1571)
• STORY, JOSEPH (1779-1845)
• STORY, ROBERT HERBERT (1835-1907)
• STORY, WILLIAM WETMORE (1819—1895)

story, an See also:

• EPISODE

episode in which has a bearing on the "Cf . See also:

• MISS

Miss See also:

• HARRISON
• HARRISON, BENJAMIN
• HARRISON, FREDERIC (1831— )
• HARRISON, JOHN (1693—1776)
• HARRISON, THOMAS (16o6-166o)
• HARRISON, THOMAS ALEXANDER (1853– )
• HARRISON, WILLIAM (1534–1593)
• HARRISON, WILLIAM HENRY (1773–1841)

Harrison, Prolegomena to the Study of See also:

• GREEK
• GREEK, ETRUSCAN AND

Greek See also:

• RELIGION
• RELIGION, FOLKLORE, CUSTOM

Religion, chaps. vi., vii., " The Making of a Goddess and of a God." 2 See Ratzel, Hist. of Mankind, ii . 147-148; Breysig, See also:

• DIE
• DIE (Fr. de, from Lat. datum, given)

Die Entstehung See also:

• DES

des Gottesgedankens (1905), pp .

10-12 . 2 See See also:

• CHAMBERLAIN (0. Fr. chamberlain, chamberlenc, Mod. Fr. chambellan, from O. H. Ger. Chamarling, Chamarlinc, whence also the Med. Lat. cambellanus, camerlingus, camerlengus; Ital. camerlingo; Span. camerlengo, compounded of 0. H. Ger. Chamara, Kamara [Lat.
• CHAMBERLAIN, JOSEPH (1836— )
• CHAMBERLAIN, JOSHUA LAWRENCE (1828– )
• CHAMBERLAIN, SIR NEVILLE BOWLES (1820-1902)

Chamberlain, Journ. of American See also:

• FOLKLORE

Folklore, iv . 208-209 (See also:

• ANALYSIS (Gr. avci and Meta, to break up into parts)

analysis of Perrot's account) ; See also:

• BRINTON, DANIEL GARRISON (1837-1899)

Brinton, Myths of the New World, pp . 176-179; Breysig, op. cit., pp . 15-20 . 4 On Michabo see Brinton, op. cit . (1876), pp . 176 if., Essays of an Americanist (189o), p . 132 . This See also:

• SCHOLAR, SCHOLARSHIP

scholar holds that " Michabo " has properly nothing to do with " Great Hare," but should be translated " the Great See also:

• WHITE
• WHITE, ANDREW DICKSON (1832– )
• WHITE, GILBERT (1720–1793)
• WHITE, HENRY KIRKE (1785-1806)
• WHITE, HUGH LAWSON (1773-1840)
• WHITE, JOSEPH BLANCO (1775-1841)
• WHITE, RICHARD GRANT (1822-1885)
• WHITE, ROBERT (1645-1704)
• WHITE, SIR GEORGE STUART (1835– )
• WHITE, SIR THOMAS (1492-1567)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM ARTHUR (1824--1891)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM HENRY (1845– )
• WHITE, THOMAS (1628-1698)
• WHITE, THOMAS (c. 1550-1624)

White One," i.e. the See also:

• LIGHT

light of the See also:

• DAWN (the 16th-century form of the earlier " Jawing " or " dawning," from an old verb " daw," O. Eng. dagian, to become day; cf. Dutch dagen, and Ger. tagen)

dawn . The Algonkins, however, thought otherwise, and the myth itself suggests a theriomorphic earth-maker.great See also:

• DRAGON (Fr. dragon, through Lat. draco, from the Greek; connected with SEpeoµay " see," and interpreted as " sharp-sighted "; O.H. Ger. tracho, dracho, M.H.G. trache, Mod. Ger. Drachen; A.S. draca, hence the equivalent English form " drake," " fire-drake,

dragon-myth 5 (see See also:

• DELUGE, THE (through the Fr. from Lat. diluvium, flood, diluere, to wash away)

DELUGE). iThe Iroquois are in advance of the Algonkins; their creator-hero has no See also:

• TOUCH (derived through Fr. toucher from a common Teutonic and Indo-Germanic root, cf. " tug," " tuck," O. H. Ger. zucchen, to twitch or draw)

touch of the animal in him . Above the See also:

• WATERS, TERRITORIAL

waters there existed a heaven, or a heavenly earth (cf .

See also:

• MEXICO
• MEXICO (Span. Mejico, or Mexico,)
• MEXICO, FEDERAL DISTRICT OF
• MEXICO, GULF OF

Mexico, Babylonia, Egypt), through a hole in which Aataentsic See also:

• FELL
• FELL, JOHN (1625-1686)

fell to the See also:

• WATER

water . The broad back of a See also:

• TORTOISE

tortoise (cf . § 6)' on which a diving animal had placed some mud, received her . Here, being already pregnant, she gave See also:

• BIRTH (a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages from the root of the verb " to bear ")

birth to a daughter, who in turn See also:

• BORE

bore the twins Joskeha and Tawiscara (myth of hostile See also:

• BROTHERS, RICHARD (1757-1824)

brothers) . By his violence (cf . Gen. See also:

• XXV

xxv . 22) the latter killed his See also:

• MOTHER

mother, out of whose See also:

• CORPSE (Lat. corpus, the body)

corpse See also:

• GREW, NEHEMIAH (1641-1712)

grew See also:

• PLANTS

plants . Tawiscara fled to the See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

west, where he rules over the dead . Joskeha made the beasts and also men . After acting as culture-giver he disappeared to the See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

east, where he is said to dwell with his grandmother as her See also:

• HUSBAND

husband.6 3 . Mexican.—The most interesting feature in the Mexican cosmology is the theory of the ages of the world . See also:

• GREECE

Greece, See also:

• PERSIA

Persia and probably See also:

• BABYLON (mod. Hillah)

Babylon, knew of four such ages .?

The Priestly Writer in the See also:

• PENTATEUCH

Pentateuch also appears to be acquainted with this See also:

• DOCTRINE

doctrine; it is the first of four ages which begins with the Creation and ends with the Deluge . The Mexicans, however, are said to have assumed five ages called " suns." The first was the sun of earth; the second, of See also:

• FIRE (in O. Eng. f j'r; the word is common to West German languages, cf. Dutch vuur, Ger. Feuer; the pre-Teutonic form is seen in Sanskrit pu, pavaka, and Gr. irup; the ultimate origin is usually taken to be a root meaning to purify, cf. Lat. purus)

fire; the third, of See also:

• AIR (from an Indo-European root meaning " breathe," " blow ")
• AIR, or ASBEN

air; the See also:

• FOURTH

fourth, of water; the fifth (which is the present) was unnamed . Each of these closed with a See also:

• PHYSICAL

physical See also:

• CATASTROPHE (Gr. Karaurpoch, from KaraQrp4ecv, to over-turn)

catastrophe.' The speculations which underlie the Mexican theory have not come down to us . For the Iranian parallel, see § 8, and on the See also:

• HEBREW

Hebrew Priestly Writer, Gunkel, Genesis', pp . 233 if . 4 . Peruvian.—In See also:

• PERU
• PERU (apparently from Biru, a small river on the west coast of Colombia, where Pizarro landed)

Peru, as in Egypt, the sun-god obtained universal See also:

• HOMAGE (from homo, through the Low Lat. hominaticum, which occurs in a document of 1035)

homage . But there were creator-gods in the back-ground . A theoretical supremacy was accorded by the Incas to Pachacamac, whose See also:

• WORSHIP (i.e. " worth-ship," O. Eng. weor8scipe)

worship, like that of Viracocha, they appear to have already found when they conquered the See also:

• LAND

land . Pachacamac means, in See also:

• QUICHUA

Quichua, " world-animator." 9 The " philosophers " of Peru declared that he desired no temples or sacrifices, no worship but that of the See also:

• HEART
• HEART, LUNG

heart . This is conceivable; Maui, too, in New See also:

• ZEALAND (also SEALAND Or SEELAND; Danish Sjaelland)

Zealand had no See also:

• TEMPLE
• TEMPLE, FREDERICK (1821-1902)
• TEMPLE, RICHARD
• TEMPLE, SIR RICHARD, BART
• TEMPLE, SIR WILLIAM, BART

temple or priests . But most probably this deity had another less abstract name, and the horrible worship offered in the one temple which he really had under the Incas, accorded with his true See also:

• COSMIC (from Gr. Kovµos, order or universe)

cosmic significance as the god of the subterranean fire .

Viracocha too had a cosmic position; an old Peruvian hymn calls him " world-former, world-animator."10 He was connected with water . A third creator was Manco Capac (" the mighty man "), whose See also:

• SISTER

sister and wife is called Mama Oello, " the mother-See also:

• EGG (O.E. aeg, cf. Ger. Ei, Swed. aegg, and prob. Gr. u,ov, Lat. ovum)
• EGG, AUGUSTUS LEOPOLD (1816-1863)

egg." Afterwards, the creator and the mother-egg became respectively the sun and the moon, represented by the Inca See also:

• PRIEST (Ger. Priester, Fr. pretre)

priest-See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king and his wife, the supposed descendants of Manco Capac.0 Dualistic tendencies were also developed . See also:

• LAS

Las Casas i2 reports a story that before creation the creator-god had a See also:

• BAD, BCD

bad son who sought, after creation, to undo all that his father had done . Angered at this, his father hurled him into the sea . We need not suspect See also:

• CHRISTIAN
• CHRISTIAN, WILLIAM (1608-1663)

Christian influences, but the parallelism of Rev. xx . 3, Isa. xiv . 12, 15, Ezek. See also:

• XXVIII

xxviii . 16 is obvious . 5 . Polynesian.—Polynesia, that classic land of See also:

• MYTHOLOGY

mythology, is specially See also:

• RICH, BARNABE (c. 1540-1617)
• RICH, CLAUDIUS JAMES (1787-1821)
• RICH, JOHN (1692-1761)
• RICH, PENELOPE, LADY (c. 1562–1607)
• RICH, RICHARD, 1ST BARON RICH (1490?-1567)

rich in myths of creation . The See also:

• MAORI

Maori story, told by See also:

• GREY, CHARLES GREY, 2ND EARL (1764-1845)
• GREY, HENRY GREY, 3RD EARL (1802-1894)
• GREY, LADY JANE (1537-1554)
• GREY, SIR EDWARD
• GREY, SIR GEORGE (1812–1898)

Grey and others, of the rending apart of Rangi (= Langi, heaven) fi See See also:

• SCHOOLCRAFT, HENRY ROWE (1793-1864)

Schoolcraft, Myth of See also:

• HIAWATHA (" he makes rivers ")

Hiawatha (1856), pp . 35-39; and cf. the myth of Manabush, analysed in Journ. of Amer .

Folklore, iv . 210-213 . _ s The latest explanation of Joskeha is " dear little sprout," and of Tawiscara, " the See also:

• ICE (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Eis)

ice-one," while Aataentsic becomes " she of the swarthy See also:

• BODY

body." See also:

• HEWITT, ABRAM STEVENS (1822-1903)

Hewitt, Journ. of Amer . Folklore, x . 68 . Brebeuf (1635) says that Iouskeha gives growth and See also:

• FAIR

fair See also:

• WEATHER (O. Eng. weder; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Du. weder, Dan. veir, Icel. ve8r, and Ger. Wetter and Gewitter, storm; the root is wa- to blow, from which is derived " wind ")

weather (See also:

• TYLOR, EDWARD BURNETT (1832- )

Tylor, See also:

• PRIM, JUAN, MARQUIS DE LOS CASTILLEJOS, COUNT DE REDS (1814-187o)

Prim . Cult. i . 294) . 7 See Jeremias, Das Alte Testament See also:

• IM(K2+a2+h2—2 ah cos 0)

im Lichte des See also:

• ALTEN, SIR CHARLES [Karl] (1764–1840)

Alten Orients, p . 121, I ; Winckler, Die Keilinschriften and das Alte Testament', P . 333 . $ See also:

• REVILLE, ALBERT (1826- )

Reville, Religions of Mexico and Peru, p .

129 . Garcilasso el Inca, Comment. de los Incas, See also:

• LIB

lib. ii. c . 2; cf . See also:

• LANG, ANDREW (1844— )
• LANG, KARL HEINRICH, RITTER VON (1764-1835)

Lang, The Making of Religion, pp . 262-270 . (',f10 Reville, p . 187 . 11 Reville, p . 158 . Garcilasso (lib. i. c . 18) says that Manco Capac " taught the subject nations to be men," and also founded the imperial See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city of See also:

• CUZCO

Cuzco (= See also:

• NAVEL (O. Eng. nafela, a word common to Teutonic languages; of. Ger. Nobel, Swed. nafvel; the Sanskrit is nabhila; the English root is also seen in " nave," the hub of a wheel)

navel) . 12 De las antiquas genies del Peru (ed .

1892), pp . 55, 56 . and Papa (earth) can be paralleled in See also:

• CHINA

China, See also:

• INDIA
• INDIA, FRENCH

India and Greece, and more remotely in Egypt and Babylonia . The son of Rangi and Papa was Tangaloa (also called Tangaroa and Taaroa), the sea-god and the father of fishes and See also:

• REPTILES (Lat. Reptilia, creeping things, from reptilis; ref ere, to creep; Gr. Ep7rety, whence the term " herpetology," for the science dealing with them)

reptiles) . In other parts of Polynesia he is the Heaven God, to whom there is no like, no second . In See also:

• SAMOA

Samoa he is even called Tangaloa-Langi (Tangaloa = heaven) . And if he is the sea-god, we must remember that there is a heavenly as well as an earthly ocean; hence the clouds are sometimes called Tangalpa's See also:

• SHIPS

ships . It is true, the popular imagery is unworthy of such a god . Sometimes he is said to live in a See also:

• SHELL
• SHELL (O. Eng. scell, scyll, cf. Du. sceel, shell, Goth. skalja, tile; the word means originally a thin flake,. cf. Swed. skalja, to peel off; it is allied to " scale " and " skill," from a root meaning to cleave, divide, separate)

shell, by throwing off which from See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time to time he increases the world; or in an egg, which at last he breaks in pieces; the pieces are the islands . We also hear that See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long ago he hovered as an enormous bird over the waters, and there deposited an egg . The egg may be either the earth with the overarching vault of heaven or (as in Egypt—but this is a later view) the sun . The latter received mythical See also:

• REPRESENTATION

representation in that most interesting god (but originallyrather culture-hero) Maui, who, in New Zealand practically supplants Tangaloa, and becomes the god of the air and of the heaven, the creator and the causer of the flood ?

See also:

• SPECULATION

Speculation opened the usual deep problem; whence came the gods ? It was answered that Po, i.e. darkness, was the begetter of all things, even of Tangaloa . 6 . Indian.—India, however, is the natural See also:

• HOME
• HOME, DANIEL DUNGLAS (1833-1886)
• HOME, EARLS OF

home of a mythology recast by speculation . The classical specimen of an advanced cosmogony is to be found in the Rig Veda (x . 129); it is the hymn which begins, " There then was neither Aught nor Naught!" 3 Another such cosmogony is given in Manu . It is " the self-existent See also:

• LORD
• LORD (O. Eng. hldford, i.e. hldfweard, the warder or keeper of bread, hlIf, loaf; the word is not represented in any other Teutonic language)
• LORD, JOHN (1810-1894)

Lord," who, " with a thought, created the waters, and deposited in them a See also:

• SEED (from the root seen in Lat. serere, to sow)

seed which became a See also:

• GOLDEN

golden egg, in which egg he himself is born as Brahma, the progenitor of the worlds."' The doctrine of creation by a thought is characteristically Indian . In the satapatha See also:

• BRAHMANA

Brahmana (cf . DELUGE), we meet again with the primeval waters and the world-egg, and with the famous mythological tortoise-theory,' also found among the Algonkins (§ 2)—See also:

• ANTIQUE (Lat. antiquus, old)

antique beliefs gathered up by the framers of philosophic systems, who See also:

• FELT (cognate with Ger. Filz, Du. vilt, Swed. and Dan. fill; the root is unknown; the word has given Med. Lat. filtrum, " filter ")

felt the importance of maintaining such links with the distant past . 7 . See also:

• EGYPTIAN

Egyptian.—In Egypt too the systematizers were busily engaged in the co-ordination of myths . They retained the belief that the germs of all things slept for ages within the dark flood, personified as See also:

• NUN (O. Eng. nunne, from Lat. nonnus, nonna, familiar terms for an old man or woman)

Nun or Nil .

How they were See also:

• DRAWN

drawn forth was variously told.' In some districts the demiurge was called Khnumu; it was he who modelled the egg (of the world?) and also man.3 Elsewhere he was the artizan-god Ptah, who with his See also:

• HAMMER, FRIEDRICH JULIUS (1810-1862)

hammer See also:

• BROKE, or BROOKE, ARTHUR (d. 1563)
• BROKE, SIR PHILIP BOWES VERE, BART

broke the egg; sometimes See also:

• THOTH

Thoth, the moon-god and principle of intelligence, who spoke the world into existence.' A strange episode in the See also:

• LEGEND (through the French from the med. Lat. legenda, things to be read, from legere, to read)

legend of the destruction of man by the gods tells how Ra (or Re), the first king of the world, finding in his old age that mankind ceased to respect him, first tried the remedy of See also:

• MASSACRE

massacre, and then ascended the heavenly cow, and organized a new world—that of heaven.' 8 . Iranian.—The Iranian account of creation 10 is specially interesting because its religious spirit is akin to that of Genesis i . From a See also:

• LITERARY

literary point of view, indeed, it cannot compare with the dignified Hebrew narrative, but considering the misfortunes which have befallen the collection of Zoroastrian traditions now represented by the Bundahish (the Parsee Genesis) we cannot reasonably be surprised . The See also:

• WORK

work referred to begins by 1 See especially See also:

• WAITZ, GEORG (1813-1886)
• WAITZ, THEODOR (1821-1864)

Waitz-Gerland, Anthropologie der Naturvolker, vi . 229-302; Gill, Myths and Songs of the See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

South Pacific; Schirren, Wandersagen der Neuseelander; also an older work (See also:

• SIR

Sir See also:

• GEORGE
• GEORGE, 8TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (1787-1876)
• GEORGE, HENRY (1839—1897)
• GEORGE, LAKE
• GEORGE, SAINT (d. 303)

George) Grey's Polynesian Mythology . 2 See Schirren, op. cit., pp . 64-89 . 3 J . See also:

• MUIR, JOHN (1810-1882)
• MUIR, SIR WILLIAM (1819-1905)

Muir, Metrical See also:

• TRANSLATIONS

Translations, pp . 188-189 . J . Muir, Sanscrit Texts, iv .

26 . See Tylor, Early See also:

• HISTORY

History of Mankind, p . 34o; Primitive Culture, i . 329; Oldenberg, Religion des Veda, pp . 85 f . ' See See also:

• MASPERO, GASTON CAMILLE CHARLES (1846– )

Maspero, Dawn of See also:

• CIVILIZATION

Civilization, p . 127; also Brugoch, Religion and Mythologie der See also:

• ALIEN (Lat. alienus)

alien Agypter . See See also:

• ILLUSTRATION

illustration in Maspero, p . 157 . 3 See Maspero, pp . 146-147 . Maspero, pp .

16o-169 . 10 See ZOROASTER, and cf . Ency . Bib., " Creation," § 9; " Zoroastrianism," §§ 20, 21.describing the See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state of things in the beginning; the See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good spirit in endless light and omniscient, and the evil spirit in endless darkness and with limited knowledge . Both produced their own creatures, which remained apart, in a spiritual or ideal state, for 3000 years, after which the evil spirit began his opposition to the good creation under an agreement that his See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power was not to last more than 9000 years, of which only the See also:

• MIDDLE

middle 3000 were to see him successful . By uttering a sacred See also:

• FORMULA
• FORMULA (Lat. diminutive of forma, shape, pattern, &c., especially used of rules of judicial procedure)

formula the good spirit throws the evil one into a state of confusion for a second 3000 years, while he produces the archangels and the material creation, including the sun, moon and stars . At the end of that See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period the evil spirit, encouraged by the demons he had produced, once more rushes upon the good creation to destroy it . The demons carry on conflicts with each of the six classes of creation, namely, the See also:

• SKY (M. Eng. skie, cloud; O. Eng. skua, shade; connected with an Indo-European root sku, cover, whence " scum," Lat. obscurus, dark, &c.)

sky, water, earth, plants, animals represented by the primeval ox, and mankind represented by Gayomard or Kayumarth (the "first man"of the Avesta)." Four points to be noticed here: (I) the belief in the four periods of the world, each of 3000 years (cf . § 3); (2) the See also:

• COMPARATIVE

comparative success for a time of See also:

• ANGRA, or ANGRA

Angra Mainyu (the evil principle personified); (3) the See also:

• ABSENCE (Lat. absentia)

absence of any recognition of pre-existent matter; (4) the mention of six classes of good creatures . Each of these deserves a comment which we cannot, however, here give, and the third may seem to suggest See also:

• DIRECT

direct See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence of the Iranian upon the Jewish cosmogony . But though there are in Gen. i. six days of creative activity, and the creative See also:

• WORKS

works are not six, but eight, if not ten in number, and indirect Babylonian influence is more strongly indicated . Jewish thinkers would have been attracted by the emphatic assertion of the creatorship of the One God in the royal See also:

• PERSIAN
• PERSIAN, SYRIAN, EGYPTIAN AND TURKISH

Persian See also:

• INSCRIPTIONS (from Lat. inscribere, to write upon)

inscriptions more than by the traditional cosmogony .

See further Ency . Bib., " Creation," § 9 . g . Phoenician and Greek.—Phoenician cosmogonies would appear, from the notices which have come down to us,12 to have been composite . The traditions are See also:

• PALE (through Fr. pal, from Lat. palms, a stake, for paglus, from the stem pag- of pangere, to fix; " pole " is from the same original source)

pale and obscure . It is clear, however, that the primeval flood and the world-egg (out of which came heaven and earth) are referred to . See Ency . Bib., " Creation " § 7; " Phoenicia " § 15; See also:

• LAGRANGE, JOSEPH LOUIS (1736-1813)

Lagrange, Religions semitiques, pp . 351 if . Greek cosmogonies (the orientalism of which is clear) will be found in See also:

• HESIOD

Hesiod, Theog . 116 ff.; See also:

• ARISTOPHANES
• ARISTOPHANES (c. 448–385 B.e.1)

Aristophanes, Birds, 692 ff.; cf . Clem .

Rom., Homil. vi . 4 . See Miss Harrison, Prolegomena to the Study of Greek Religion, See also:

• CHAP

chap. xii . " Orphic Cosmogony." 1o . Babylonian and Israelitish.—Of the Babylonian and Israelitish cosmogonies we have several more or less See also:

• COMPLETE

complete records . For details as to the former, see BABYLONIAN AND See also:

• ASSYRIAN

ASSYRIAN RELIGION . With regard to thelatter, we may See also:

• NOTICE

notice that in Gen. ii . 4b-25 we have an account of creation which, though in its present form very incomplete, is highly attractive, because it is pervaded by a breath from primitive times . It has, however, been interwoven with an account of the See also:

• GARDEN (from O. Fr. garden, mod. Fr. jardin; this, like our words " garth," a paddock attached to a building, and " yard," comes from a Teutonic word for an enclosure which appears in Gothic as gards and O. H. Ger. gart, cf. Dutch gaarde and Ger. .garten)

Garden of See also:

• EDEN
• EDEN, SIR ASHLEY (1831-1887)

Eden from some other source (see EDEN; See also:

• PARADISE (Gr. lrap6BEwos)

PARADISE), and perhaps in See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order to concentrate the See also:

• ATTENTION (from Lat. ad-tendo, await, expect; the condition of being " stretched " or " tense ")

attention of the reader, the description of the origin of " earth and heaven " as well as of the plants and of the See also:

• RAIN (O.E. regn; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Regen, Swed. and Dan. regn; it has been connected with Lat. rigare, to wet, Gr. 13pixeav)

rain, appears to have been omitted . In fact, both the creation-stories at the opening of Genesis must have undergone much editorial manipulation . Originally, for instance, Gen. i . 26 must have said that man was made out of earth; this point of contact between the two cosmogonic traditions has, however, been effaced .

The other narrative, Gen. i . 1-ii . 4a, is a much more complete cosmogony, and since the theory of P . A . See also:

• LAGARDE, PAUL ANTON DE (1827–1891)

Lagarde (1887), which ascribes it to Iranian influence (see § 8), has no very solid ground, whereas the theory which explains it as largely Babylonian is in a high degree plausible, we must now consider the relations between the Israelitish and Babylonian cosmogonies . The See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short account of creation first translated in 1890 by T . G . Pinches is distinguished by its non-mythical See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character; in particular, the 11 West, See also:

• PAHLAVI, or PEHLEVI

Pahlavi Texts (S.B.E.), vol. i., introd. p. See also:

• XXIII

xxiii . We need not deny that, See also:

• LATE

late as the Bundahish may be as a whole, the traditions which it contains are often old . 12 Fragments of older works are cited by See also:

• PHILO
• PHILO, HERENNIUS

Philo of Byblus (in See also:

• EUSEBIUS
• EUSEBIUS (Gr. EuOi/3tos, from ebaegils, pious, cf. the Latin name Pius)
• EUSEBIUS [OF CAESAREA] (c. 260-c. 340)
• EUSEBIUS [OF EMESA] (d. c. "36o)

Eusebius, Praep . Evang. i . 1o) and Mochas and Endemus (in See also:

• DAMASCIUS

Damascius, De primis principiis, c .

125) . dragon of See also:

• CHAOS

chaos and darkness is conspicuous by her absence . This may illustrate the fact that the dragon is also unmentioned in the Hebrew cosmogony; to some writers the dragon-See also:

• ELEMENT (Lat. elementum)

element may have seemed See also:

• GROTESQUE

grotesque and inappropriate . We must, however, study this element in the most important Babylonian tradition, even if only for its relation to non-Semitic myths and especially to some striking passages in the See also:

• BIBLE
• BIBLE, ENGLISH

Bible (Isa. See also:

• XXVII

xxvii . 1, li . 0; Ps. lxxiv . 14, lxxxix . 10, 11; See also:

• JOB

Job iii . 8, ix . 13, See also:

• XXVI

xxvi . 12, 13; Rev. xii . 3, 4, XX .

1-3) . One may also be permitted to hold that the mythic figure of the dragon, if used poetically, is a highly serviceable one, and consider that " in the beginning God fought with the dragon, and slew him " would have formed an admirable illustration of the passages just now referred to, especially to those in the See also:

• APOCALYPSE
• APOCALYPSE (Gr. aaoKaXvti/hr, disclosure)
• APOCALYPSE, KNIGHTS OF THE

Apocalypse . The student should, however, notice that the dragon-element is not entirely unrepresented even in the priestly Hebrew cosmogony . It is said in Gen. i . 9, 10, 14, 15, that God divided the primeval waters into two parts by an intervening " See also:

• FIRMAMENT

firmament " or " See also:

• PLATFORM (Fr. plateforme, i.e. ground plan)

platform," on which the sun, moon and stars (See also:

• PLANETS, MINOR

planets) were placed to See also:

• MARK
• MARK, CARL (1858– )
• MARK, GOSPEL OF ST
• MARK, ST

mark times and to give light . This See also:

• DIVISION (from Lat. dividere, to break up into parts, separate)

division (cp . Ps. lxxiv . 13) is really a pale version of the old mythic statement respecting the cleaving of the carcase of Tiamat (the Dragon) into two parts, one of which kept the upper waters from coming down.' And we must affirm that the technical term to hom (rendered in the See also:

• ENGLISH

English Bible " the deep "), which evidently signifies the enveloping primeval flood, and which closely resembles Tiamat, the name given to the dragon or See also:

• SERPENT (Lat. serpens, creeping, from serpere; cf. "reptile " from repere, Gr.4 ml-eta)

serpent in the epic (cf. tiamtu and tamtu, Babylonian words for " the ocean "), can only be due to the influence—probably the very early influence—of Babylonia . But we are far from having exhausted the evidence of Babylonian influence on the Hebrew cosmogony . The description of chaos in v . 2 not only mentions the great water (tehom), but the earth, i.e. the earth-matter, out of which the earth and (potentially) its varied products (vv . 9-11), and (as we know from the Babylonian epic) the " firmament " or " platform " of the heaven were to appear .

This earth-matter is called " tohu and bohu "; there is nothing like this phrase in the epic, but we may infer from Jer. iv . 23, where the same phrase occurs, that it means " devoid of living things." For a commentary on this see the opening of the Babylonian account referred to above, which refers to the period of chaos as one in which there were neither reeds nor trees, and where " the lands altogether were sea." As to the creative acts, we may admit that the creation of light does not form one of them in the epic (cf . Gen. i . 3), but the existence of light apart from the sun is presupposed; See also:

• MARDUK (Bib'. MERODACH2)

Marduk the creator is in fact a god of light . Nor ought we to find a discrepancy between the Babylonian and the Hebrew accounts in the creation of the heavenly bodies after the plants, related in Gen. i . 14-18 . For the position of this creative act is due to the See also:

• NECESSITY (Lat. necessitas)

necessity of bringing all the divine acts into the framework of six working days . On the whole, the Hebrew statement of the successive stages of creation corresponds so nearly to that in the Babylonian epic that we are See also:

• BOUND, or BOUNDARY (from O. Fr. bonde, Med. Lat. bodena or butina, a frontier line)

bound to assume that one has been influenced by the other . And if we are asked, " Which is the more See also:

• ORIGINAL

original ? " we See also:

• ANSWER (derived from and, against, and the same root as swear)

answer by appealing to the well-established fact of the profound influence of Babylonian culture upon See also:

• CANAAN, CANAANITES

Canaan in remote times (see CANAAN) . An important element in this culture would be mythic, representations of the origin of things, such as the Babylonian Creation and Deluge-stories in various forms . Indeed,. not only Canaan but all the neighbouring regions must have been pervaded by Babylonian views of the universe and its origin .

Myths of origins there must indeed have been in those countries before Babylonian influence became so overpowering, but, if so, these myths must have become recast when the great Teacher of the Nations See also:

• HALF

half-attracted and half-compelled attention . More than this we need not assert . Zimmern's somewhat different treatment of the subject in Ency . Biblica, " Creation," § 4, may be compared . Popular writers are in some danger of misrepresenting this important result . It is tempting, but incorrect, to suppose that ' See Jastrow, Religion of Babylonia and See also:

• ASSYRIA

Assyria, p . 428 . a docile Israelitish writer accepted one of the See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief forms of the Babylonian cosmogony, merely omitting its polytheism and substituting " Yahweh " for " Marduk." As we have seen, various myths of Creation may have been current both in N . See also:

• ARABIA

Arabia (whence the Israelites may have come) and in Canaan See also:

• PRIOR (from Lat. prior—former, and hence superior, through O. Fr. priour)
• PRIOR, MATTHEW (1664-1721)

prior to the great See also:

• EXTENSION (Lat. ex, out ; tendere, to stretch)

extension of Babylonian influence . These myths doubtless had peculiarities of their own . From one of them may have come that remarkable statement in Gen. i . 2b, " and the spirit of God (Elohim) was hovering over the See also:

• FACE (from Lat. fades, derived either from facere, to make, or from a root fa-, meaning " appear "; cf. Gr. cbatvstv)

face of the waters," which, until we find some similar myth nearer home, is best illustrated and explained by a Polynesian myth (see See also:

• CHEYNE, THOMAS KELLY (1841— )

Cheyne, Traditions and Beliefs of See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

Ancient Israel, ad loc.) .

It is also probably to a non-Babylonian source that we owe the See also:

• PRESCRIPTION

prescription of vegetarian or See also:

• HERB (Lat. herba, grass, food for cattle, generally taken to represent the Old Lat. forbea, Gr. 4op(3i1, pasture, <0p/3Ew, to feed, Sans. bharb, to eat)

herb See also:

• DIET

diet in Gen. i . 29, 30, which has a Zoroastrian parallel2 and is evidently based on a myth of the Golden Age, See also:

• INDEPENDENT

independent of the Babylonian cosmogony . Gen. i., therefore, has not, as it stands, been directly borrowed from Babylonia, and yet the infused Babylonian element is so considerable that the story is, in a purely formal aspect, much more Babylonian than either Israelitish or Canaanitish or N . Arabian . We say " in a purely formal aspect," because the strictness with which Babylonian mythic elements have been adapted in Gen. i. to the wants of a virtually monotheistic community is in the highest degree remarkable . On the literary See also:

• SCHEME (Lat. schema, Gr. oxfjya, figure, form, from the root axe, seen in exeiv, to have, hold, to be of such shape, form, &c.)

scheme of the Creation-story in Gen. i. see the commentaries (e.g . Dillman's and See also:

• DRIVER, SAMUEL ROLLES (1846– )

Driver's) . On the other Old Testament references to creation, and on the prophetic doctrine of creation, see Ency . Bib., " Creation," §§ 27-29 . On the traces of dragon and serpent myths in the Old Testament and their significance, see Gunkel, Schopfung and Chaos (1895)—a pioneering work of the highest merit—and Ency . Bib., " See also:

• BEHEMOTH (the intensive plural of the Hebrew b'hernah, a beast)

Behemoth," " Dragon," Rahab," " Serpent." On the connexion of the Creation and the Deluge-stories, see DELUGE . Cf. also the See also:

• ARTICLE (from Lat. articulus, a joint)

article on BABYLONIAN AND ASSYRIAN RELIGION; and Cheyne, Traditions and Beliefs of Ancient Israel (1907) ..

(T . K .