See also:

• COSSACKS (Russ. Kazak; plural, Kazaki, from the Turki quzzaq, " adventurer, free-hooter ")

COSSACKS (Russ. Kazak; plural, Kazaki, from the See also:

• TURKI

Turki quzzaq, " adventurer, See also:

• FREE

free-hooter ")  , the name given to consider-able portions of the See also:

• POPULATION (Lat. populus, people; populare, to populate)

population of the See also:

• RUSSIAN

Russian See also:

• EMPIRE

empire, endowed with certain See also:

• SPECIAL

special privileges, and See also:

• BOUND, or BOUNDARY (from O. Fr. bonde, Med. Lat. bodena or butina, a frontier line)

bound in return to give military service, all at a certain See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age, under special conditions . They constitute ten See also:

• SEPARATE

separate voiskos, settled along the frontiers: See also:

• DON
• DON (anc. Tanais)

Don, See also:

• KUBAN

Kuban, See also:

• TEREK

Terek, See also:

• ASTRAKHAN

Astrakhan, Ural, See also:

• ORENBURG

Orenburg, Siberian, See also:

• SEMIRYECHENSK

Semiryechensk, See also:

• AMUR
• AMUR (known also as the Sakhalin-ula)

Amur and Usuri . The See also:

• PRIMARY

primary unit of this organizatipn is the stanitsa, or See also:

• VILLAGE

village, which holds its See also:

• LAND

land as a See also:

• COMMUNE (Med. Lat. communia, Lat. communis, common)
• COMMUNE, MEDIEVAL

commune, and may allow persons who are not See also:

• COSSACKS (Russ. Kazak; plural, Kazaki, from the Turki quzzaq, " adventurer, free-hooter ")

Cossacks (excepting See also:

• JEWS
• JEWS (Heb. Y8hudi, man of Judah; Gr. 'Iovbaiot; Lat. Judaei)

Jews) to See also:

• SETTLE
• SETTLE, ELKANAH (1648–1724)

settle on this land for See also:

• PAYMENT (Fr. paiement, from payer, to pay; Lat. pacare, to appease, pax, peace)

payment of a certain See also:

• RENT

rent . The See also:

• ASSEMBLY, UNLAWFUL

assembly of all householders in villages of less than 30 households, and of 30 elected men in villages having from 30 to 300 households (one from each to households in the more populous ones), constitutes the village assembly, similar to the mir, but having wider attributes, which assesses the taxes, divides the land, takes See also:

• MEASURES

measures for the opening and support of See also:

• SCHOOLS

schools, village See also:

• GRAIN (derived through the French from Lat. granum, seed, from an Aryan root meaning " to wear down," which also appears in the common Teutonic word " corn ")

grain-stores, communal cultivation, and so on, and elects its ataman (See also:

• ELDER (0. Eng. ellarn; Ger. Holunder; Fr. sureau)
• ELDER (Gr. 1rpev(3iTepos)

elder) and its See also:

• JUDGES, THE BOOK OF

judges, who settle all disputes up to £10 (or above that sum with the consent of both sides) . Military service is obligatory for all men, for 20 years, beginning with the age of 18 . The first 3 years are passed in the preliminary See also:

• DIVISION (from Lat. dividere, to break up into parts, separate)

division, the next 12 in active service, and the last 5 years in the reserve . Every Cossack is bound to procure his own See also:

• UNIFORM

uniform, equipment and See also:

• HORSE (a word common to Teutonic languages in such forms as hors, hros, ros; cf. the Ger. ross)

horse (if mounted)—the See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government supplying only the arms . Those on active service are divided into three equal parts according to age, and the first third only is in real service, while the two others stay at See also:

• HOME
• HOME, DANIEL DUNGLAS (1833-1886)
• HOME, EARLS OF

home, but are bound to See also:

• MARCH
• MARCH (1) (from Fr. marcher, to walk; the earliest sense in French appears to be " to trample," and the origin has usually been found in the Lat. marcus, hammer; Low Lat. marcare, to hammer; hence to beat the road with the regular tread of a soldier: cf.
• MARCH, AUZIAS (c. "1395-1458)
• MARCH, EARLS OF
• MARCH, FRANCIS ANDREW (1825– )

march out as soon as an See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order is given . The See also:

• OFFICERS

officers are supplied in the usual way by the military schools, in which all Cossack voiskos have their own vacancies, or are non-commissioned Cossack officers, with officers' grades . In return for this service the Cossacks have received from the See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state considerable grants of land for each voisko separately . The See also:

• TOTAL

total Cossack population in 1893 was 2,648,049 (1,331,470 See also:

• WOMEN

women), and they owned nearly 146,500,000 acres of land, of which 105,000,000 acres were arable and 9,400,000 under forests . This land was divided between the stanitsa.s, at the See also:

• RATE

rate of 81 acres per each soul, with special grants to officers (See also:

• PERSONAL

personal to some of them, in lieu of See also:

• PENSIONS

pensions), and leaving about one-third of the land as a reserve for the future .

The income which the Cossack voiskos receive from the lands which they rent to different persons, also from various See also:

• SOURCES

sources (See also:

• TRADE (O. Eng. trod, footstep, from tredan, to tread; in M. Eng. the forms teed, trod and trade appear, the last in the sense of a beaten track)
• TRADE, BOARD OF

trade See also:

• PATENTS

patents, rents of shops, See also:

• FISHERIES

fisheries, permits of See also:

• GOLD
• GOLD [symbol Au, atomic weight 195.7(H = 1),197.2(0 =16)]

gold-digging, &c.), as also from the subsidiesthey receive from the government (about £712,500 in' 1893), is used to See also:

• COVER (from the Fr. convert, from couvrir, to cover, Lat. cooperire)

cover all the expenses of state and See also:

• LOCAL

local See also:

• ADMINISTRATION (Lat. administrare, to serve)

administration . They have besides a special reserve See also:

• CAPITAL (i.e. capital stock or fund)
• CAPITAL (Lat. caput, head)

capital of about £2,600,000 . The See also:

• EXPENDITURE

expenditure of the village administration is covered by village taxes . The See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general administration is kept separately for each voisko, and differs with the different voiskos . The central administration, at the See also:

• MINISTRY

Ministry of See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

War, is composed of representatives of each voisko, who discuss the proposals of all new See also:

• LAWS

laws affecting the Cossacks . In See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time of war the ten Cossack voiskos are bound to See also:

• SUPPLY (through Fr. from Lat. supplere, to fill up)

supply 890 mounted sotnias or squadrons (of 125 men each), zo8 See also:

• INFANTRY

infantry sotnias or companies (same number), and 236 guns, representing 4267 officers and 177,100 men, with 170,695 horses . In time of See also:

• PEACE
• PEACE, BREACH OF THE

peace they keep 314 squadrons, 54 infantry sotnias, and 20 batteries containing 1o8 guns (2574 officers, 60,532 men, 50,054 horses) . Altogether, the Cossacks have 328,705 men ready to take arms in See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case of need . As a See also:

• RULE

rule, popular See also:

• EDUCATION

education amongst the Cossacks stands at a higher level than in the See also:

• REMAINDER, REVERSION

remainder of See also:

• RUSSIA
• RUSSIA (Rossiya)

Russia . They have more schools and a greater proportion of their See also:

• CHILDREN, LAW RELATING TO

children go to school . In addition to See also:

• AGRICULTURE
• AGRICULTURE (from Lat. ages, field, and colere, to cultivate)
• AGRICULTURE, BOARD OF

agriculture, which (with the exception of the Usuri Cossacks) is sufficient to supply their' needs and usually to leave a certain surplus, they"carry on extensive See also:

• CATTLE (Norman Fr. catel, from Late Lat. capitale, wealth or property, a word applied in the feudal system to movable property and particularly to live stock, and surviving in its wider meaning as " chattel " or " chattle ")

cattle and horse breeding, See also:

• VINE

vine culture in See also:

• CAUCASIA
• CAUCASIA, or CAUCASUS

Caucasia, fishing on the Don, the Ural, and the See also:

• CASPIAN

Caspian, See also:

• HUNTING (the verbal substantive from " hunt "; O. Eng. huntian, hunta; apparently connected with O. Eng. hentan, Gothic hinpan, to capture, O.H.G. hunda,booty)

hunting, See also:

• BEE (Sanskrit blza, AS. ben, Lat. apis)

bee-culture, &c . The extraction of See also:

• COAL

coal, gold and other minerals which are found on their territories is mostly rented to strangers, who also own most factories .

A military organization similar to that of the Cossacks has been introduced into certain districts, which supply a number of mounted infantry sotnias . Their peace-footing is as follows:—See also:

• DAGHESTAN

Daghestan, 6 See also:

• REGULAR

regular squadrons and 3 of See also:

• MILITIA (Fr. milice, Ger. Miliz, from Lat. miles, soldier, militia, military service)

militia; Kuban Circassians, 1 sotnia; Terek, 8 sotnias; See also:

• KARS

Kars, 3 sotnias; See also:

• BATUM

Batum, 2 infantry and 1 mounted sotnia; Turkomans, 3 sotnias; total, 25 squadrons and 2 companies . For the origin and See also:

• HISTORY

history of the Cossacks see See also:

• POLAND (Polish Polska, Ger. Polen), (see POLAND, RUSSIAN, below)
• POLAND, RUSSIAN

POLAND: History, and the See also:

• BIOGRAPHIES

biographies of See also:

• RAZIN, STEPHEN TIMOFEEVICH (d. 1671)

Razin, See also:

• CHMIELNICKI, BOGDAN (c. 1593-1657)

Chmielnicki and Mazepa . (P . A .