See also:

• COSTA, GIOVANNI (1826–1903)
• COSTA, LORENZO (146o-r535)
• COSTA, SIR MICHAEL ANDREW AGNUS (1808-1884)

COSTA RICA  , a See also:

• REPUBLIC (Lat. respublica, a commonweal or common-wealth)

republic of Central See also:

• AMERICA

America, bounded on the N. by See also:

• NICARAGUA

Nicaragua, E. by the Caribbean See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

Sea, S.E. and S.by See also:

• PANAMA

Panama, S.W., W. and N.W. by the Pacific Ocean . (For See also:

• MAP
• MAP (or MAPES), WALTER (d. c. 1208/9)

map, see CENTRAL AMERICA.) The territory thus enclosed has an See also:

• AREA

area of about 18,5oo sq. m., and may be roughly described as an elevated tableland, intersected by lofty See also:

• MOUNTAIN (0. Fr. montaigne; popular Lat. montanea, an adjectival form from the classical mons, montis, whence Eng. " mount," a form usually used along with the name of an individual mountain, e.g. Mt Everest)
• MOUNTAIN, THE (La Montagne)

mountain ranges, with their See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

main See also:

• AXIS (Lat. for " axle ")

axis trending from N.W. to S.E . It is fringed, along the coasts, by See also:

• LOW, SETH (1850- )
• LOW, WILL HICOK (1853- )

low-lying marshes and lagoons, alternating with tracts of See also:

• RICH, BARNABE (c. 1540-1617)
• RICH, CLAUDIUS JAMES (1787-1821)
• RICH, JOHN (1692-1761)
• RICH, PENELOPE, LADY (c. 1562–1607)
• RICH, RICHARD, 1ST BARON RICH (1490?-1567)

rich See also:

• SOIL

soil and wastes of See also:

• SAND
• SAND, GEORGE (1804-1876)

sand . See also:

• PHYSICAL

Physical Description.—The See also:

• NORTHERN

northern frontier, See also:

• DRAWN

drawn 2 M . S. of the See also:

• SOUTHERN

southern shores of the See also:

• RIVER

river See also:

• SAN

San Juan and of See also:

• LAKE
• LAKE, GERARD LAKE, 1ST VISCOUNT (1744-1808)

Lake Nicaragua.. terminates at Salinas See also:

• BAY

Bay on the Pacific; its southern frontier skirts the valley of the Sixola or Tiliri, strikes See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south-See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

east along the crests of the Talamanca Mountains as far as 9° N., and then turns sharply south, ending in Burica Point . The monotonous See also:

• ATLANTIC

Atlantic littoral is unbroken by any large inlet or See also:

• ESTUARY (from the Lat. aestuarium, a place reached by aestus, the tide)

estuary, and thus contrasts in a striking manner with the varied outlines of the Pacific See also:

• COAST (from Lat. costa, a rib, side)

coast, which includes the three bold promontories of Nicoya, Golfo Dulce and Burica, besides the broad sweep of Coronada Bay and several small harbours . The Gulf of Nicoya, a shallow landlocked inlet, containing a whole See also:

• ARCHIPELAGO

archipelago of richly-wooded islets, derives its name from Nicoya, an See also:

• INDIAN

Indian See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief who, with his tribe, was here converted to See also:

• CHRISTIANITY

Christianity in the 16th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century . It is famous for its See also:

• PURPLE

purple-yielding murex, pearls and See also:

• MOTHER

mother-of-See also:

• PEARL
• PEARL, THE

pearl . The Golfo Dulce has an See also:

• AVERAGE

average See also:

• DEPTH

depth of too fathoms and contains no islands . Two volcanic Cordilleras or mountain chains, separated from one another by the central See also:

• PLATEAU (a French term, older platel, for a flat piece of wood, metal, &c., from plat, flat)
• PLATEAU, JOSEPH ANTOINE FERDINAND (1801-1883)

plateau of San Jose and See also:

• CARTAGO

Cartago, See also:

• TRAVERSE

traverse the interior of See also:

• COSTA, GIOVANNI (1826–1903)
• COSTA, LORENZO (146o-r535)
• COSTA, SIR MICHAEL ANDREW AGNUS (1808-1884)

Costa Rica, and See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form a single See also:

• WATERSHED

watershed, often precipitous on its Pacific slope, but descending more gradually towards the Atlantic, where there is a broad expanse of See also:

• PLAIN (O. Fr. plain, from Lat. plenum)

plain in the See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north-east . The more northerly range, in which volcanic disturbances on a See also:

• GREAT

great See also:

• SCALE
• SCALE (1) A

scale have been comparatively See also:

• RECENT

recent, extends transversely across the See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country, from a point a little south of Salinas Bay, to the headland of Carreta, the southern extremity of the Atlantic seaboard, also known as See also:

• MONKEY

Monkey Point . Its direction changes from south-east to east-south-east opposite to the entrance into the Gulf of Nicoya, where it is cut into two sections by a depression some 20 M. wide .

At first it is rather a See also:

• SUCCESSION (Lat. successio, from succedere, to follow after)

succession of isolated volcanic cones than a continuous See also:

• RIDGE (a word. common to many Teutonic languages, meaning " back," whether of a man or an animal, cf. German Rucke)
• RIDGE, WILLIAM PETT (1864- )

ridge, the most conspicuous peaks being Orosi (5185 ft.), the four-crested Rincon de la Vieja (4500), Miravalles (4698) and Tenorio (6800) . In this region it is known as the Sierra de Tilaran . Then succeed the Cerros de los See also:

• GUATUSOS

Guatusos, a highland stretching for more than 5o M. without a single See also:

• VOLCANO

volcano . Poas (8895), the See also:

• SCENE (Fr. scene, Lat. scaena, Gr. oflvil, a tent or booth, a stage or scene)

scene of a violent eruption in 1834, begins a fresh See also:

• SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series of igneous peaks, some with flooded craters, some with a See also:

• CONSTANT, BENJAMIN (1845-1902)

constant See also:

• ESCAPE (in mid. Eng. eschape or escape, from the O. Fr. eschapper, modern echapper, and escaper, low Lat. escapium, from ex, out of, and cappa, cape, cloak; cf. for the sense development the Gr. iichueoOat, literally to put off one's clothes, hence to sli

escape of See also:

• SMOKE (from O. Eng. smeocan, to smoke, reek, cf. Dutch meek, Ger. Schmauch, probably allied to Gr. vol9caiv)

smoke and vapour . From Irazu (II,200), the culminating point of the range, both oceans and the whole of Costa Rica are visible; its See also:

• ALTITUDE (Lat. altitudo, from altus, high)

altitude exceeds that of Aneto, the highest point in the See also:

• PYRENEES [Span. Pirineos, Fr. Pyrenees]

Pyrenees, but so See also:

• GRADUAL (Med. Lat. gradualis, of or belonging to steps or degrees; gradus, step)

gradual is its acclivity that the See also:

• SUMMIT

summit can easily be reached by a See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man on horseback . Turialba (1o,gro), adjoining Irazd on the east, was in eruption in 1866 . Its name, though probably of Indian origin, is sometimes written Turrialba, and connected with the Latin Turris See also:

• ALBA

Alba, " See also:

• WHITE
• WHITE, ANDREW DICKSON (1832– )
• WHITE, GILBERT (1720–1793)
• WHITE, HENRY KIRKE (1785-1806)
• WHITE, HUGH LAWSON (1773-1840)
• WHITE, JOSEPH BLANCO (1775-1841)
• WHITE, RICHARD GRANT (1822-1885)
• WHITE, ROBERT (1645-1704)
• WHITE, SIR GEORGE STUART (1835– )
• WHITE, SIR THOMAS (1492-1567)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM ARTHUR (1824--1891)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM HENRY (1845– )
• WHITE, THOMAS (1628-1698)
• WHITE, THOMAS (c. 1550-1624)

White See also:

• TOWER (Lat. turris; Fr. tour, clocker; Ital. torre; Ger. Thurm)

Tower." The more southerly of the two Costa Rican ranges, known as the See also:

• CORDILLERA

Cordillera de Talamanca, rises south of the Gulf of Nicoya, and extends midway between the two oceans towards the south-east . It follows exactly the See also:

• CURVE (Lat. curvus, bent)

curve of the mainland, and is continued into Panama, under the name of the Cordillera de Chiriqui . Its chief summits are Chirripo Grande (11,485), the loftiest in the whole country, Buena Vista (ro,820), Ujum (8695), See also:

• PICO

Pico Blanco (9645) and Rovalo (7050), on the See also:

• BORDERS, THE

borders of Panama . Throughout the volcanic area earthquakes and landslides are of frequent occurrence." The narrowness of the level ground between the mountains and the sea renders almost impossible the formation of any navigable river . The most important streams are those of the Atlantic seaboard, notably the San Juan, which drains Lake Nicaragua . Issuing from the lakewithin Nicaraguanterritory, the San Juan has a course of 95 m., mostly along the frontier, to the See also:

• COLORADO

Colorado Mouth, which is its main outfall, and belongs wholly to Costa Rica .

Its chief right-See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand tributaries are the San See also:

• CARLOS, DON (1545-1568)
• CARLOS, DON (1788-1855)
• CARLOS, DON (CHARLES MARIA DE LOS DOLORES JUAN ISIDOR.E JOSEPH FRANCIS QUIRIN ANTONY MICHAEL GABRIEL RAPHAEL) (1848—1909)

Carlos and Sarapiqui . The Reventazon, or Parismina, flows from the central plateau to the Caribbean Sea; despite the shortness of its valley, its See also:

• VOLUME

volume is considerable, owing to the prevalence of moist See also:

• TRADE (O. Eng. trod, footstep, from tredan, to tread; in M. Eng. the forms teed, trod and trade appear, the last in the sense of a beaten track)
• TRADE, BOARD OF

trade-winds near its See also:

• SOURCES

sources . Six small streams and one large river, the Rio Frio, flow across the northern frontier into Lake Nicaragua . On the Pacific coast all the See also:

• RIVERS
• RIVERS, ANTHONY WOODVILLE, or WYDEVILLE, 2ND EARL (c. 1442—1483)
• RIVERS, EARL
• RIVERS, RICHARD SAVAGE, 4TH EARL (c. 1660—1712)

rivers are rapid and liable to sudden floods . None is large, although three See also:

• BEAR
• BEAR, BLACK
• BEAR, BROWN
• BEAR, GRIZZLY
• BEAR, ISABELLINE
• BEAR, WHITE

bear the prefix Rio Grande, "great river." The Tempisque enters the Pacific at the See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head of the Gulf of Nicoya, and tends to silt up that already shallow inlet (5-10 fathoms) with its alluvial deposits . The Rio Grande de Tarcoles also enters the gulf, and the Rio Grande de Pirris and Rio Grande de Terrabis or Diquis flow into Coronada Bay . The Rio Grande de Tarcoles rises See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close to the Ochomogo Pass and the sources of the Reventazon, at the See also:

• BASE

base of Irani; and the headwaters of these two streams indicate precisely the depression in the central plateau which severs the northern from the southern mountains . Costa Rica is not differentiated from the neighbouring lands by any very marked peculiarities of See also:

• GEOLOGICAL

geological formation, or of plant and See also:

• ANIMAL
• ANIMAL (Lat. animalis, from anima, breath, soul)

animal See also:

• LIFE

life . Its See also:

• GEOLOGY (from Gr. yp7, the earth, and Abyor, science)

geology, See also:

• FLORA

flora and See also:

• FAUNA

fauna are therefore described under CENTRAL AMERICA (q.v.) . See also:

• CLIMATE

Climate.—Owing to the proximity of two oceans, and the varied configuration of the See also:

• SURFACE

surface of Costa Rica, an area of a few square See also:

• MILES, NELSON APPLETON (1839— )

miles may exhibit the most striking extremes of climate; but, over the entire country, it is possible to distinguish three See also:

• CLIMATIC

climatic zones—tropical, temperate and See also:

• COLD (in O. Eng. cald and ceald, a word coming ultimately from a root cognate with the Lat. gelu, gelidus, and common in the Teutonic languages, which usually have two distinct forms for the substantive and the adjective, cf. Ger. Kolte, kalt, Dutch koude

cold . These generally succeed one another as the altitude increases, although the See also:

• HEAT (0. E. haktu, which like " hot," Old Eng. hat, is from the Teutonic type haita, hit, to be hot; cf. Ger. hitze, heiss; Dutch, hitte, heet, &c.)

heat is greater at the same See also:

• ELEVATION

elevation on the Pacific than on the Atlantic coast . It is, however, less oppressive, as cool breezes prevail and See also:

• DAMP

damp is comparatively rare .

The tropical See also:

• ZONE (Gr. 'WV77, a girdle, from 'wvvLvay to gird)

zone comprises the coast and the foothills, and ranges, in its mean See also:

• ANNUAL

annual temperature, from 72° F. to 82° . In the San Jose plateau (3000-500o ft.), which is the most densely populated portion of the temperate zone, the average is 68°, with an average variation for all seasons of only 5° . Above 7500 ft. frosts are frequent, but See also:

• SNOW (in O. Eng. sndw; a common Indo-European word; cf. in Teutonic languages, Ger. Schnee, Du. sneeuw; in Slavonic snieg', Lith. snegas; Gr. vi4a, Lat. nix, nivis, whence the Romanic forms, Ital. neve, Fr. neige, &c.; Ir. and Gael. sneachd; the original

snow rarely falls . The wet See also:

• SEASON (0. Fr. seson, seison, mod. saison, Lat. satio, sowing time, the spring, from serere, to sow; in Late Lat. the word is found with its present meaning, the spring being considered as particularly the season of the year)

season, lasting during the prevalence of the south-See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

west See also:

• MONSOON
• MONSOON (Arabic Mausim, season)

monsoon, from See also:

• APRIL

April to See also:

• DECEMBER (Lat. decent, ten)

December, is clearly defined on the Pacific slope . It is curiously interrupted by a fortnight of dry See also:

• WEATHER (O. Eng. weder; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Du. weder, Dan. veir, Icel. ve8r, and Ger. Wetter and Gewitter, storm; the root is wa- to blow, from which is derived " wind ")

weather, known as the Veranillo de San Juan, in See also:

• JUNE

June . Towards the Atlantic the trade-winds may bring See also:

• RAIN (O.E. regn; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Regen, Swed. and Dan. regn; it has been connected with Lat. rigare, to wet, Gr. 13pixeav)

rain in any See also:

• MONTH
• MONTH (a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Mond, Du. maand, Dan. maaned, &c., and cognate with Lat. mensis, Gr. µi7v, &c., in other branches of the Indo-Germanic family; all ultimately from the root seen in the word for the moon in nearly all those languages

month . See also:

• WINTER, JOHN STRANGE
• WINTER, PETER (c. 1755-1825)

Winter lasts from December to See also:

• FEBRUARY

February . The normal rainfall is about 8o in., but as See also:

• CLOUD (from the same root, if not the same word, as " clod," a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages for a mass or lump; it is first applied in the usual sense in the late 13th century; the Anglo-Saxon chid is only used in the sense of " a ma

cloud-bursts are See also:

• COMMON

common, it may rise to 150 in. or even more . See also:

• RHEUMATISM (from Gr. /56µa, flux)

Rheumatism on the Atlantic seaboard, and See also:

• MALARIA

malaria on both coasts, are the commonest forms of disease; but, as a whole, Costa Rica is one of the healthiest of tropical lands . See also:

• POPULATION (Lat. populus, people; populare, to populate)

Population.—In 1904, according to the See also:

• OFFICIAL (Late Lat. QJicialis, for class. Lat. apparitor, from officium, office, duty)

official returns, the See also:

• TOTAL

total population numbered 331340; having increased by more than one-See also:

• FOURTH

fourth in a See also:

• DECADE (from Gr. Oka, ten)

decade . See also:

• SPANISH

Spanish, with various modifications of See also:

• DIALECT (from Gr. Sia stcror, conversation, manner of speaking, &aXeyec6at, to converse)

dialect, and the introduction of many Indian words, is the See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal See also:

• LANGUAGE (adapted from the Fr. langage, from langue, tongue, Lat. lingua)

language; and the See also:

• MAJORITY (Fr. majorite; Med. Lat. majoritas; Lat. major, greater)

majority of the inhabitants claim descent from the Spanish colonists—chiefly Galicians—who came hither during the 16th and subsequent centuries . The percentage of Spanish See also:

• BLOOD

blood is greater than in the other Central See also:

• AMERICAN

American republics; but there is also a large population of See also:

• HALF

half-castes (ladinos or mestizos) due to intermarriage with native See also:

• INDIANS, NORTH AMERICAN

Indians .

The See also:

• RESIDENT

resident foreigners, who are mostly Spaniards, Italians, Germans and See also:

• BRITISH

British subjects, numbered less than 8000 in 1904; See also:

• IMMIGRATION (from Lat. in, into, and tnigrare, to depart)

immigration is, however, encouraged by the easy terms on which See also:

• LAND

land can be See also:

• PURCHASED

purchased from the See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state . The native Indians, though exterminated in many districts, and civilized in others, remain in a See also:

• CONDITION (Lat. condicio, from condicere, to agree upon, arrange; not connected with conditio, from condere, conditum, to put together)

condition of See also:

• COMPLETE

complete savagery along parts of the Nicaraguan border, where they are known as Prazos or Guatusos, in the Talamanca country and elsewhere . Their See also:

• NUMBERS, BOOK OF
• NUMBERS, PARTITION OF

numbers may be estimated at 4000 . They are a quiet and in-offensive folk, who dwell in stockaded encampments, and preserve their ancestral language and customs . For an See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account of See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early Indian See also:

• CIVILIZATION

civilization in Costa Rica, see CENTRAL AMERICA: See also:

• ARCHAEOLOGY (from Gr. &pxa1a, ancient things, and Xoyos, theory or science)

Archaeology . The See also:

• MOSQUITO (Span. mosquito, a gnat, diminutive of mosca, a fly)

Mosquito Indians come every summer to See also:

• FISH (O. Eng. fist, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dutch visch, Ger. Fisch, Goth. fisks, cognate with the Lat. piscis)
• FISH, HAMILTON (1808-1893)

fish for turtle off the Atlantic coast . As only 200 negroes were settled in Costa Rica when See also:

• SLAVERY

slavery was abolished in 1824, and no important increase ever took See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place through immigration, the See also:

• BLACK
• BLACK, ADAM (1784-1874)
• BLACK, JEREMIAH SULLIVAN (1810–1883)
• BLACK, WILLIAM (1841-1898)

black population is remarkably small, amounting only to some 1200 . Chief Towns and Communications.—The whites are congregated in or near the chief towns, which include the See also:

• CAPITAL (i.e. capital stock or fund)
• CAPITAL (Lat. caput, head)

capital, San Jose (pop . 1904 about 24,500), the four provincial capitals of See also:

• ALAJUELA

Alajuela (486o), Cartago (4536), See also:

• HEREDIA, JOSE MARIA DE (1842-1905)

Heredia (7151) and See also:

• LIBERIA

Liberia or Guanacaste (2831), with the seaports of See also:

• PUNTARENAS, or PUNTA ARENAS

Puntarenas (3569), 011 the Pacific, and See also:

• LIMON, or PORT LIMON

Limon (3171) on the Atlantic . These, with the exception of Heredia and Liberia, are described in See also:

• SEPARATE

separate articles . The transcontinental railway from Limon to Puntarenas. was begun in 1871, and forms the See also:

• NUCLEUS (Lat. for the kernal of a nut, nux, the stone of fruit)

nucleus of a See also:

• SYSTEM

system intended ultimately to connect all the fertile parts of the country, and to join the See also:

• RAILWAYS

railways of Nicaragua and Panama . It skirts the Atlantic coast as far as the small See also:

• PORT

port of Matina; thence it passes inland to Reventazon, and bifurcates to See also:

• CROSS

cross the northern mountains; one See also:

• BRANCH (from the Fr. branche, late Lat. branca, an animal's paw)

branch going north of Irazfl, while the other traverses the Ochomogo Pass .

At San Jose these lines reunite, and the railway is continued to Alajuela, the small Pacific port of Tivives, and Puntarenas . The railways are owned partly by the state, partly by the Costa Rica railway See also:

• COMPANY

company, which, in 1904, arranged to build several branch lines through the See also:

• BANANA

banana districts of the Atlantic littoral . Apart from the main lines of communication the roads are very rough, often See also:

• MERE
• MERE, ADALBERT (1838-1909)

mere tracks; and the principal means of transport are ox-carts or See also:

• PACK (apparently from the root pak-, paq-, seen in Lat. pangere, to fasten; cf. " compact ")
• PACK, OTTO VON (c. 1480-1537)

pack-mules . The postal and telegraphic services are also somewhat inadequate . See also:

• AGRICULTURE
• AGRICULTURE (from Lat. ages, field, and colere, to cultivate)
• AGRICULTURE, BOARD OF

Agriculture and See also:

• INDUSTRIES

Industries.—The name " Costa Rica," meaning " rich coast," is well deserved; for, owing to the See also:

• COMBINATION (Lat. combinare, to combine)

combination of ample See also:

• SUNSHINE

sunshine and moisture with a wonderfully fertile soil, almost any See also:

• KIND (O. E. ge-cynde, from the same root as is seen in " kin," supra)

kind of See also:

• FRUIT (through the French from the Lat. fructus; frui, to enjoy)

fruit or See also:

• FLOWER (Lat. flos, floris; Fr. fleur)
• FLOWER, SIB

flower can be successfully cultivated; while the vast tracts of virgin See also:

• FOREST

forest, which remain along the Atlantic slopes, contain an abundance of See also:

• CEDAR (Lat. cedrus, Gr. iapos)

cedar, See also:

• MAHOGANY

mahogany, See also:

• ROSEWOOD

rosewood, See also:

• RUBBER, INDIARUBBER

rubber and See also:

• EBONY (Gr. E(3evos)

ebony, with See also:

• FUSTIC (Fr. fusloc, from Arab. fustuq, Gr. =rw-r&Krl, pistachio) YELLOW

fustic and other See also:

• PRECIOUS (O. Fr. precios, mod. precieux, Lat. pretiosus, of high value or price, pretium)

precious dye-See also:

• WOODS, LEONARD (1774-1854)
• WOODS, SIR ALBERT (1816-1904)

woods . The country is essentially agricultural, and owes its See also:

• POLITICAL

political stability to the presence of a large class of See also:

• PEASANT (O. Fr. paysant, Mod. paysan; Lat. pagensis, belonging to the pagus or country; cf. " pagan ")

peasant proprietors, who number more than two-thirds of the population . See also:

• COFFEE (Fr: cafe, Ger. Kaffee)

Coffee, first planted in 1838, is grown chiefly on the plateau of San Jose . The See also:

• SPECIAL

special adaptability of this region to its growth is attributed to the nature of the soil, which consists of layers of black or dark-See also:

• BROWN
• BROWN, CHARLES BROCKDEN (1771-181o)
• BROWN, FORD MADOX (1821-1893)
• BROWN, FRANCIS (1849- )
• BROWN, GEORGE (1818-188o)
• BROWN, HENRY KIRKE (1814-1886)
• BROWN, JACOB (1775–1828)
• BROWN, JOHN (1715–1766)
• BROWN, JOHN (1722-1787)
• BROWN, JOHN (1735–1788)
• BROWN, JOHN (1784–1858)
• BROWN, JOHN (1800-1859)
• BROWN, JOHN (1810—1882)
• BROWN, JOHN GEORGE (1831— )
• BROWN, ROBERT (1773-1858)
• BROWN, SAMUEL MORISON (1817—1856)
• BROWN, SIR GEORGE (1790-1865)
• BROWN, SIR JOHN (1816-1896)
• BROWN, SIR WILLIAM, BART
• BROWN, THOMAS (1663-1704)
• BROWN, THOMAS (1778-1820)
• BROWN, THOMAS EDWARD (1830-1897)
• BROWN, WILLIAM LAURENCE (1755–1830)

brown volcanic ash, varying in depth from r to 6 yds . Bananas are grown over a large and increasing area; See also:

• RICE (Greek 6p6 a, Latin oryza, French riz, Italian riso, Spanish arroz, derived from the Arabic)
• RICE, EDMUND IGNATIUS (1762-1844)
• RICE, JAMES (1843-1882)

rice, See also:

• MAIZE, or INDIAN CORN

maize, See also:

• BARLEY (Hordeum sativum)

barley, potatoes and beans are cultivated to some extent in the interior; See also:

• COCOA

cocoa, See also:

• VANILLA

vanilla, See also:

• SUGAR

sugar-See also:

• CANE

cane, See also:

• COTTON
• COTTON (Fr. coton; from Arab. qutun)
• COTTON, CHARLES (163o–1687)
• COTTON, GEORGE EDWARD LYNCH (1813–1866)
• COTTON, JOHN (1585–1652)
• COTTON, SIR ROBERT BRUCE

cotton and See also:

• INDIGO (earlier indico, from Lat. indicum, the Indian sub-stance or dye; the Sans. name was niti, from nila, dark blue, and this through Arab. al-nil, annil, gives " aniline ")

indigo are products of the warm coast-lands, but are hardly raised in sufficient quantities to meet the See also:

• LOCAL

local demand . Stock-farming, a relatively undeveloped See also:

• INDUSTRY (Lat. industria, from indu-, a form of the pre, position in, and either stare, to stand, or struere, to pile up)

industry, tends to become more important, owing to the assistance which the state renders by the importation of horses, See also:

• CATTLE (Norman Fr. catel, from Late Lat. capitale, wealth or property, a word applied in the feudal system to movable property and particularly to live stock, and surviving in its wider meaning as " chattel " or " chattle ")

cattle, See also:

• SHEEP
• SHEEP (from the Anglo-Saxon sceap, a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages; e.g. the German Schaf)

sheep and See also:

• SWINE

swine, from See also:

• EUROPE

Europe and the See also:

• UNITED

United States, in See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order to improve the native breeds . In the south-east farmers are often compelled to retire with their flocks and herds before the thousands of huge, migratory vampires, which descend suddenly on the pastures and are able in one See also:

• NIGHT

night to bleed the strongest animal to See also:

• DEATH

death . The manufactures are insignificant; and although See also:

• SILVER

silver, See also:

• COPPER (symbol Cu, atomic weight 63.1, H=1, or 63.6, O = 16)

copper, See also:

• IRON [symbol Fe, atomic weight 55.85 (0=16)]

iron, See also:

• ZINC

zinc, See also:

• LEAD
• LEAD (pronounced iced)

lead and See also:

• MARBLE (from Lat. marmor, Gr. pApµapos, shining stone)

marble are said to exist in considerable quantities, the only ores that have been worked are See also:

• GOLD
• GOLD [symbol Au, atomic weight 195.7(H = 1),197.2(0 =16)]

gold, silver and copper .

At the beginning of the 20th century the silver and copper mines had been abandoned . The goldfields are exploited with American capital, and yield a See also:

• FAIR

fair return . See also:

• COMMERCE
• COMMERCE (Lat. commercium, from, cum, together, and rnerx, merchandise)

Commerce.-The exports, which comprise coffee, bananas, cocoa, See also:

• CABINET

cabinet-woods and dye-woods, with hides and skins, mother-of-pearl, See also:

• TORTOISESHELL

tortoiseshell and gold, were officially valued at £1,398,000 in 1904; and in the same See also:

• YEAR

year the imports, including foodstuffs, dry goods and hardware, were valued at £1,229,000 . Over £1,250,000 See also:

• WORTH
• WORTH, CHARLES FREDERICK (1825-1895)

worth of the exports consisted of coffee and bananas, and these commodities were of almost equal value . Nearly 85 % of the coffee, or more than 20,000,000 lb, were sent to Great See also:

• BRITAIN (Gr. Hperavuml vi7vot, Bperravia; Lat. Britannia, rarely Britannia)

Britain . The development of the banana trade See also:

• DATES

dates from 1881, when 3500 bunches of fruit were exported to New See also:

• ORLEANS
• ORLEANS, CHARLES, DUKE OF (1391-1465)
• ORLEANS, DUKES OF
• ORLEANS, FERDINAND PHILIP LOUIS CHARLES HENRY, DUKE OF (1810-1842)
• ORLEANS, HENRI, PRINCE
• ORLEANS, HENRIETTA, DUCHESS
• ORLEANS, JEAN BAPTISTE GASTON, DUKE
• ORLEANS, LOUIS
• ORLEANS, LOUIS PHILIPPE JOSEPH
• ORLEANS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ROBERT, DUKE
• ORLEANS, LOUIS PHILIPPE, DUKE OF (1725–1785)
• ORLEANS, LOUIS, DUKE OF (1372–1407)
• ORLEANS, PHILIP I
• ORLEANS, PHILIP II

Orleans . This total increased very rapidly, and in 1902 a monthly service of steamers was established from Limon to See also:

• BRISTOL
• BRISTOL, EARLS AND MARQUESSES OF
• BRISTOL, GEORGE DIGBY, 2ND EARL OF1 (1612-1677)
• BRISTOL, JOHN DIGBY, 1ST EARL OF 6 (1580-1653)

Bristol and See also:

• MANCHESTER
• MANCHESTER (popularly Manchester-by-the-Sea)
• MANCHESTER, EARLS AND DUKES OF

Manchester . The service to See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England soon became a weekly one, while there are at least three weekly sailings to the United States . In 1904 the number of bunches sent abroad exceeded 6,000,000 . So important is this See also:

• CROP (a word common. in various forms, such as Germ. Kropf, to many Teutonic languages for a swelling, excrescence, round head or top of anything; it appears also in Romanic languages derived from Teutonic, in Fr. as troupe, whence the English " crupper "

crop that the See also:

• RATE

rate of See also:

• WAGES (the plural of " wage," from Late Lat. wadium, a pledge, O. Fr. wagier, gagier)

wages to labourers in the banana districts is nearly 3S. daily, as compared with an average of 1s . 8d. in the coffee plantations . The bulk of the imports comes from the United States (52 % in 1904), Great Britain (19%) and See also:

• GERMANY
• GERMANY (Ger. Deutschland)

Germany (13%) .

Almost the whole See also:

• FOREIGN

foreign trade passes through Limon and Puntarenas . In 1904, exclusive of banana steamers, there were See also:

• REGULAR

regular steamship services weekly from Limon to the United States and Germany, fortnightly to Great Britain, and monthly to See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France, See also:

• ITALY
• ITALY (Italia)

Italy and See also:

• SPAIN
• SPAIN (Espana)

Spain; while at Puntarenas four American liners called monthly on the voyage between San Francisco and Panama . See also:

• FINANCE

Finance.—The valuable resources of the republic, and its See also:

• COMPARATIVE

comparative See also:

• IMMUNITY (from Lat. immunis, not subject to a munus or public service)

immunity from revolution, formerly attracted the See also:

• ATTENTION (from Lat. ad-tendo, await, expect; the condition of being " stretched " or " tense ")

attention of See also:

• EUROPEAN

European and American investors, who supplied the capital for See also:

• INTERNAL

internal development . In 1871 the See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government contracted aloanof £1,00o,000in See also:

• LONDON

London, and in 1872 it borrowed an additional £2,400,000 for railway construction . The outstanding foreign See also:

• DEBT (Lat. debitum, a thing owed)

debt amounted in 1887 to £2,691,300, while the arrears of See also:

• INTEREST

interest were no less than L2,119,500 . An arrangement with the creditors was concluded in 1888; but in 1895 the republic again became bankrupt, and a fresh arrangement was sanctioned in See also:

• MARCH
• MARCH (1) (from Fr. marcher, to walk; the earliest sense in French appears to be " to trample," and the origin has usually been found in the Lat. marcus, hammer; Low Lat. marcare, to hammer; hence to beat the road with the regular tread of a soldier: cf.
• MARCH, AUZIAS (c. "1395-1458)
• MARCH, EARLS OF
• MARCH, FRANCIS ANDREW (1825– )

March 1897, by which the interest on £1,475,000 was reduced to 2z % and that on £525,000 to 3 % . It was provided that See also:

• AMORTIZATION (derived through the French from Lat. ad, and mortem, to death)

amortization, at £1o,000 yearly, should begin in 1917 . In 1904 the service of the See also:

• EXTERNAL

external debt, which then amounted to £2,500,000, including £500,000 arrears of interest, was again suspended; the total of the internal debt was £815,000 . About one-half of the See also:

• NATIONAL

national See also:

• REVENUE
• REVENUE (0. Fr. revenu, from revenir, to return)

revenue is derived from customs, the See also:

• REMAINDER, REVERSION

remainder being principally furnished by railways, stamps, and the See also:

• SALT (a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch zout, Ger. Salz, Scand. salt; cognate with Gr. &Xs, Lat. sal)
• SALT, SIR TITUS, BART

salt and See also:

• TOBACCO

tobacco monopolies . In the See also:

• FINANCIAL

financial year 1904–1905 the revenue was £503,000, the See also:

• EXPENDITURE

expenditure £390,000 . See also:

• EDUCATION

Education, internal development and the service of the internal debt were the chief sources of expenditure . See also:

• MONEY

Money and See also:

• CREDIT (Lat. credere, to believe)

Credit.—There are three important See also:

• BANKS, GEORGE LINNAEUS (1821-1881)
• BANKS, NATHANIEL PRENTISS (1816–1894)
• BANKS, SIR JOSEPH
• BANKS, THOMAS (1735-1805)

banks, the Anglo-Costa Rican See also:

• BANK

Bank, with a capital of £120,000, the Bank of Costa Rica (£200,000), and the Commercial Bank of Costa Rica (£roo,000), founded in 1905 .

On the 25th of April 1900 a See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law was enacted for the regulation of the constitution, capital, See also:

• NOTE
• NOTE (Lat. nota, mark, sign, from noscere, to know)

note emission and metallic reserves of banks . On the 24th of See also:

• OCTOBER

October 1896 an See also:

• ACT (Lat. actus, actum)

act was passed for the See also:

• ADOPTION (Lat. adoptio, for adoptalio, from adoptare, to choose for oneself)

adoption of a gold coinage, and the See also:

• EXECUTION (from Lat. ex-sequor, exsecutus, follow or carry out)

execution of this act was decreed on the 17th of April 1900 . The monetary unit is the gold See also:

• COLON
• COLON (formerly known as ASPINWALL)

colon weighing •778 gramme, .900 See also:

• FINE

fine, and thus worth about 23d . It is legally See also:

• EQUIVALENT

equivalent to the silver peso, which continues in circulation . The gold coins of the United States, Great Britain, France and Germany are legally current . The metric system of weights and See also:

• MEASURES

measures was introduced by law in 1884, but the old Spanish system is still in use . Constitution and Government.—Costa Rica is governed under a constitution of 187o, which, however, only came into force in 1882, and has often been modified . The legislative See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power resides in a See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

House of Representatives, consisting of about 30 to 40 deputies, or one for every 8000 inhabitants . The deputies are chosen for aterm of four years by local electoral colleges, whose members are returned by the votes of all self-supporting citizens . One-half of the chamber retires automatically every two years . The See also:

• PRESIDENT (Fr. president, from Lat. praesidens, post-Augustan Lat. for praeses, director, ruler, from praesidere, to sit in front of, preside)

president and three See also:

• VICE

vice-presidents constitute the executive . They are assisted by a cabinet of four ministers, representing the departments of the interior, See also:

• POLICE (Fr. police, government, civil administration, a police force, Gr. sroXumeia, constitution, condition of a state, roars, city, state)

police and public See also:

• WORKS

works; foreign affairs, See also:

• JUSTICE (Lat. justitia)

justice, See also:

• RELIGION
• RELIGION, FOLKLORE, CUSTOM

religion and education; finance and commerce; See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war and marine .

For purposes of local See also:

• ADMINISTRATION (Lat. administrare, to serve)

administration the state is divided into five provinces, Alajuela, Cartago, Guanacaste, Heredia and San Jose, and two maritime districts (comarcas), Limon and Puntarenas . All these divisions except Guanacaste —which takes its name from a variety of See also:

• MIMOSA (so named from the movements of the leaves in many species which " mimic " animal sensibility)

mimosa very common in the See also:

• PROVINCE
• PROVINCE (Lat. provincia; perhaps a contraction of providentia)

province—are synonymous with their chief towns; and each is controlled by a See also:

• GOVERNOR (from the Fr. gouverneur, from gouverner, O. Fr. governer, Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, to direct, guide)

governor or See also:

• PREFECT (prefet)

prefect appointed by the president . Justice is administered by a supreme See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

court, two courts of See also:

• APPEAL

appeal, and the court of cassation, which sit in San Jose, and are supplemented by various inferior tribunals . Religion and Education.—The See also:

• ROMAN

Roman See also:

• CATHOLIC (Gr. KcaBoXuK6s, general, universal)

Catholic See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

Church is supported by the state, and the vast majority of the See also:

• PEOPLE

people accept its doctrines; but complete religious See also:

• LIBERTY (Lat. libertas, from liber, free)

liberty is guaranteed by the constitution . The See also:

• JESUITS

Jesuits, who formerly exercised wide-spread See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence, were expelled in 1884 . Of the other religious communities, the most important are the Protestants, numbering 3000, and the Buddhists, about 250 . See also:

• PRIMARY

Primary education is See also:

• FREE

free and compulsory; the See also:

• STANDARD
• STANDARD, BATTLE OF THE

standard of attendance is high and the instruction fair, but a large proportion of the older inhabitants were illiterate at the beginning of the loth century . In the See also:

• MATTER

matter of secondary education considerable neglect has been shown . In 1904 there were only six secondary See also:

• SCHOOLS

schools, including the See also:

• INSTITUTE (from Lat. instituere, to establish or set up)

institute of law and See also:

• MEDICINE

medicine and the training-school for teachers at San Jose . The state grants scholarships tenable at European See also:

• UNIVERSITIES

universities to promising pupils, and there are three important public See also:

• LIBRARIES

libraries . See also:

• DEFENCE
• DEFENCE (Lat. defendere, to defend)

Defence.—Military service in See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time of war is compulsory for all able-bodied citizens aged 18-5o . There are a permanent See also:

• ARMY
• ARMY (from Fr. armee, Lat. armata)

army, of about 60o; a See also:

• MILITIA (Fr. milice, Ger. Miliz, from Lat. miles, soldier, militia, military service)

militia, comprising an active service branch to which all under 40 belong, with a reserve for those between 40 and 5o; and a national guard, including all See also:

• MALES

males under 18 and over 50 who are capable of bearing arms .

On a war footing these forces would number about 36,000 . A gunboat and a See also:

• TORPEDO

torpedo See also:

• BOAT (0. Eng. bdt; the true etymological connexion with Dutch and Ger. boot, Fr. bateau, Ital. battello presents great difficulties; Celtic forms are from O. Eng.)

boat constitute the See also:

• NAVY

navy, which, however, requires the services of an See also:

• ADMIRAL

admiral, subordinate to the See also:

• MINISTRY

ministry of marine . See also:

• HISTORY

History.—The origin of the name Costa Rica (Spanish for " Rich Coast ") has been much disputed . It is often stated that the territories to which the name is now applied were first known as Nueva Cartago, while Costa Rica was used in a wider sense to designate the whole south-western coast of the Caribbean Sea, from the supposed See also:

• MINERAL

mineral See also:

• WEALTH

wealth of this region . Then, in 1540, the name was restricted to an area approximately equal to that of See also:

• MODERN

modern Costa Rica . In such a See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case it must have been bestowed ironically, for the country proved very unprofitable to the gold-seekers, who were its earliest European settlers . See also:

• COL
• COL (Fr. for " neck," Lat. collum)

Col . Church, in the See also:

• PAPER
• PAPER (Fr. papier, from Lat. papyrus)

paper cited below, derives it from Costa de Oreja, " Earring Coast," in allusion to the earrings worn by the Indians and remarked by their conquerors . He quotes See also:

• EVIDENCE (Lat. evidentia, evideri, to appear clearly)

evidence to show that this name was known to 16th-century cartographers . With the See also:

• REST (O. Eng. rest, reste, bed, cognate with other Teutonic forms, e.g. Ger. Rast, Riiste, rest, and probably Gothic Rasta, league, i.e. resting or stopping place)

rest of Central America, Costa Rica remained a province of the Spanish captaincy-See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general of See also:

• GUATEMALA (sometimes incorrectly written GUATIMALA)
• GUATEMALA, or GUATEMALA LA NUEVA (i.e. " New Guatemala," sometimes written Nueva Guatemala, and formerly Santiago de los Caballeros de Guatemala)

Guatemala until 1821 . Its See also:

• CONQUEST

conquest was completed by 1530, and ten years later it was made a separate province, the limits of which were fixed, by order of See also:

• PHILIP
• PHILIP (Gr.'FiXtrsro , fond of horses, from dn)^eiv, to love, and limos, horse; Lat. Philip pus, whence e.g. M. H. Ger. Philippes, Dutch Filips, and, with dropping of the final s, It. Filippo, Fr. Philippe, Ger. Philipp, Sp. Felipe)
• PHILIP, JOHN (1775-1851)
• PHILIP, KING (c. 1639-1676)
• PHILIP, LANOGRAVE OF HESSE (1504-1567)

Philip II., between 156o and 1573 . This task was principally executed by Juan Vazquez de See also:

• CORONADO, FRANCISCO VASQUEZ DE (c. 1500-c. 1545)

Coronado (or Vasquez de Coronada), an able and humane governor appointed in 1562, whose civilizing See also:

• WORK

work was undone by the almost uninterrupted maladministration of his fifty-eight successors .

The Indians were enslaved, and their welfare was wholly subordinated to the quest for gold . From 1666 onwards both coasts were ravaged by pirates, who completed the ruin of the country . Diego de la Haya y See also:

• FERNANDEZ, ALVARO
• FERNANDEZ, DIEGO
• FERNANDEZ, JOHN (Joao, Joam)
• FERNANDEZ, JUAN (fl. c. 1570)
• FERNANDEZ, LUCAS

Fernandez, governor in 1718, reported to the See also:

• CROWN

crown that no province of Spanish America was in so wretched a condition . Cocoa-beans were the current coinage . Tomas de See also:

• ACOSTA, JOSE DE (1 J39?-1600)
• ACOSTA, URIEL (d. 1647)

Acosta, governor from 1797 to 1809, confirmed this See also:

• REPORT (O.Fr. report or raport, modern rapport, from O.Fr. reporter, mod. rap porter, Lat. reportare, to bring back, in poetical use only, of bringing back an account, news, &c.)

report, and stated that the Indians were clothed in bark, and compelled in many cases to See also:

• BORROW, GEORGE HENRY (18o3-1881)

borrow even this See also:

• PRIMITIVE

primitive attire when the law required their attendance at church . On the 15th of See also:

• SEPTEMBER (Lat. septem, seven)

September 1821 Costa Rica, with the other Central American provinces, revolted and joined the Mexican See also:

• EMPIRE

empire under the See also:

• DYNASTY (Gr. &vvaareta, sovereignty, the position of a hevnori7r, lord, ruler, from SuvaaBay to be able, Suvaµas, power)

dynasty of See also:

• ITURBIDE (or YTURBIDE), AUGUSTIN DE (1783-1824)

Iturbide; but this subjection never became popular, and, on the See also:

• ESTABLISHMENT (0. Fr. establissement, Fr. etablissement, late Norm. Fr. establishement, from O. Fr. establir, Fr. etablir, Lat. stabilire, to make sta