See also:

• GAIUS

GAIUS AURELIUS See also:

• COTTA
• COTTA, BERNHARD VON (1808—1879)
• GAIUS AURELIUS COTTA (c. 124—73 B.c.)

COTTA (c. 124—73 B.c.)  , See also:

• ROMAN

Roman states-See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man and orator . In 92 he defended his See also:

• UNCLE

uncle P . Rutilius See also:

• RUFUS, GAIUS VALGIUS
• RUFUS, LUCIUS VARIUS (c 74—14 B.c.)

Rufus, who had been unjustly accused of See also:

• EXTORTION (Lat. extorsio, from extorquere, to twist out, to take away by force)

extortion in See also:

• ASIA

Asia . He was on intimate terms with the See also:

• TRIBUNE (med. Lat. tribune, from classical Lat. tribunal)

tribune M . Livius See also:

• DRUSUS, MARCUS LIVIUS
• DRUSUS, NERO1 CLAUDIUS (38–9 B.C.)

Drusus, who was murdered in 91, and in the same See also:

• YEAR

year was an unsuccessful See also:

• CANDIDATE

candidate for the tribunate . Shortly afterwards he was prosecuted under the lex See also:

• VARIA (mod. Vicovaro)

Varia, directed against all who had in any way supported the Italians against See also:

• ROME
• ROME (Roma)

Rome, and, in See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order to avoid condemnation, went into voluntary See also:

• EXILE (Lat. exsilium or exilium, from exsul or exul, which is derived from ex, out of, and the root sal, to go, seen in salire, to leap, consul, &c.; the connexion with solum, soil, country is now generally considered wrong)

exile . He did not return till 82, during the dictatorship of See also:

• SULLA, LUCIUS CORNELIUS (138–78 B.C.)

Sulla . In 75 he was See also:

• CONSUL
• CONSUL (in Gr. generally ihraros,ashortened form of errpavgybs 8hraeos, i.e. praetor maximus)

consul, and excited the hostility of the optimates by carrying a See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law that abolished the Sullan disqualification of the tribunes from holding higher magistracies; another law de judiciis privatis, of which nothing is known, was abrogated by his See also:

• BROTHER

brother . In 74 See also:

• COTTA
• COTTA, BERNHARD VON (1808—1879)
• COTTA, GAIUS AURELIUS (c. 124—73 B.c.)

Cotta obtained the See also:

• PROVINCE
• PROVINCE (Lat. provincia; perhaps a contraction of providentia)

province of See also:

• GAUL
• GAUL, GILBERT WILLIAM (1855— )

Gaul, and was granted a See also:

• TRIUMPH (triumphus)

triumph for some victory of which we possess no details; but on the very See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day before its celebration an old See also:

• WOUND (O. Eng. wund,connected with a Teutonic verb, meaning to strive, fight, suffer, seen in O. Eng. winnan, whence Eng. " win ")

wound See also:

• BROKE, or BROOKE, ARTHUR (d. 1563)
• BROKE, SIR PHILIP BOWES VERE, BART

broke out, and he died suddenly . According to See also:

• CICERO

Cicero, P . Sulpicius Rufus and Cotta were the best speakers of the See also:

• YOUNG
• YOUNG, A
• YOUNG, ARTHUR (1741-1820)
• YOUNG, BRIGHAM (1801-1877)
• YOUNG, CHARLES MAYNE (1777–1856)
• YOUNG, EDWARD (1683–1765)
• YOUNG, JAMES (1811-1883)
• YOUNG, THOMAS (1773-1829)

young men of their See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time . Physically incapable of rising to passionate heights of See also:

• ORATORY (Lat. oratorio, sc. ors; from orare, to speak or pray)

oratory, Cotta's most cases) a small See also:

• BRONZE

bronze figure called s&vrls .

The See also:

• DISCOVERY

discovery (by See also:

• PROFESSOR (the Latin noun formed from the verb profiteri, to declare publicly, to acknowledge, profess)

Professor Helbig in 1886) of two sets of actual apparatus near See also:

• PERUGIA (anc. Perusia)

Perugia and various representations on vases help to elucidate the somewhat obscure accounts of the method of playing the See also:

• GAME

game contained in the scholia and certain See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient authors who, it must not be forgotten, wrote at a time when the game itself had become obsolete, and cannot therefore be looked to for a trustworthy description of it . The first specimen of the apparatus found at Perugia resembles a See also:

• CANDELABRUM (from Lat. candela, a taper or candle)

candelabrum on a See also:

• BASE

base, tapering towards the See also:

• TOP (cf. Dan. top, Ger. Topf, also meaning pot)

top, with a See also:

• BLUNT, JOHN HENRY (1823–1884)
• BLUNT, JOHN JAMES (1794–1855)
• BLUNT, WILFRID SCAWEN (184o— )

blunt end, on which the small disk (found near the See also:

• ROD (O.E. rodd, probably related to Norw. rudda, stick, rodda, stake)
• ROD, EDOUARD (1857-1910)

rod), which has a hole near the edge and is slightly hollow in the See also:

• MIDDLE

middle, could be balanced . At about a third of the height of the rod is a large disk with a hole in the centre through which the rod runs; in a socket at the top is a small bronze figure, with right See also:

• ARM (a common Teutonic word; the Indo-European root is ar, to join or fit; cf. the Lat. armus, shoulder, and the plural word arma, weapons, Gr. apphs, joint, and the reduplicated apapilKSV, to join)

arm and right See also:

• LEG
• LEG (a word of Scandinavian origin, from the Old Norwegian leggr, cf. Swed. lagg, Dan. laeg; the O. Eng. word was sceanca, shank)

leg uplifted . In the second specimen there is no large disk, and the figure is holding up what is apparently a rhyton or drinking-See also:

• HORN
• HORN (a common Teutonic word, cognate with Lat. cornu; cf. Gr. Kipas)
• HORN (Lat. cornu; corresponding terms being Fr. cor, trompe; Ger. Horn; Ital. corno)
• HORN, ARVID BERNHARD, COUNT (1664-1742)
• HORN, PHILIP DE MONTMORENCY, COUNT

horn . According to Prof . Helbig in Mittheilungen See also:

• DES

des deutschen archaologischen Instituts (Romische Abtheilung i., 1886) three See also:

• GAMES, CLASSICAL

games were played with this apparatus: In the first the smaller disk was placed on the top of the rod, and the See also:

• OBJECT

object of the player was to dislodge it with a See also:

• CAST (from the verb meaning " to throw "; the word is Scand. in origin, cf. Dan. kaste, and Swed. kasta; " cast " in Middle Eng. took the place of the A.S. weor pan, cf. Ger. werf en)

cast of the See also:

• WINE (Lat. vinum, Gr. oivos)

wine, so that it would fall with a clatter on the larger disk below . In the second (as in the third) the bronze figure was used; the smaller disk was placed above the figure, upon which it See also:

• FELL
• FELL, JOHN (1625-1686)

fell when See also:

• HIT

hit, and thence on to the larger disk below . In the third, there was no smaller disk; the wine was thrown at the figure, and fell on to the larger disk underneath . Another supposed variety, in which two scales were balanced in such a manner that the See also:

• WEIGHT

weight of the liquid cast into either See also:

• SCALE
• SCALE (1) A

scale caused it to See also:

• DIP (Old Eng. dyppan, connected with the common Teutonic root seen in " deep ")

dip down and See also:

• TOUCH (derived through Fr. toucher from a common Teutonic and Indo-Germanic root, cf. " tug," " tuck," O. H. Ger. zucchen, to twitch or draw)

touch the top of an See also:

• IMAGE (Lat. imago, perhaps from the same root as imitari, copy, imitate)

image placed under each, probably had no real existence, but is due to a confusion of the irX &ara'y with a scale-See also:

• PAN (" pasturer ")
• PAN (common in various forms to many Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Pfanne; it is generally taken to be an early adaptation in a shortened form of Lat. patina, shallow bowl or dish, from patere, to lie open)

pan by See also:

• REASON (Lat. ratio, through French raison)

reason of its shape . The game appears to have been of Sicilian origin, but it spread through See also:

• GREECE

Greece from See also:

• THESSALY

Thessaly to See also:

• RHODES
• RHODES, CECIL JOHN (1853-1902)
• RHODES, JAMES FORD

Rhodes, and was especially fashionable at See also:

• ATHENS
• ATHENS ['AN vat, Athenae, modem colloquial Greek `Ath va]

Athens . See also:

• DIONYSIUS
• DIONYSIUS (c. 432–367 B.C.)

Dionysius, See also:

• ALCAEUS (Ar earos)

Alcaeus, See also:

• ANACREON

Anacreon, See also:

• PINDAR (Gr. HivSapos, c. 522–443 B.c.)

Pindar, See also:

• BACCHYLIDES

Bacchylides, See also:

• AESCHYLUS (525–456 B.c.)

Aeschylus, See also:

• SOPHOCLES (495-406 B.c.)

Sophocles, See also:

• EURIPIDES (48o–4o6 B.C.)

Euripides, See also:

• ARISTOPHANES
• ARISTOPHANES (c. 448–385 B.e.1)

Aristophanes, See also:

• ANTIPHANES

Antiphanes, make frequent and See also:

• FAMILIAR (through the Fr. familier, from Lat. familiaris, of or belonging to the familia, family)

familiar allusion to the KOTra(3os; but in the writers of the Roman and Alexandrian See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period such reference as occurs shows that the See also:

• FASHION (adapted from Fr. facon, agon, Lat. factio, making, facere, to do or make)

fashion had died out . In Latin literature it is almost entirely unknown .

The most See also:

• COMPLETE

complete See also:

• TREATISE

treatise on the subject is C . Sartori's Des Kottabos-Spiel der See also:

• ALTEN, SIR CHARLES [Karl] (1764–1840)

alten Griechen (1893), in which a full bibliography of ancient and See also:

• MODERN

modern authorities is given . See also:

• ENGLISH

English readers may be referred to an See also:

• ARTICLE (from Lat. articulus, a joint)

article by A . See also:

• HIGGINS, MATTHEW JAMES (1810-1868)

Higgins on " See also:

• RECENT

Recent Discoveries of the Apparatus used in playing the Game of Kottabos " (Archaeologia, li . 1888); see also " Kottabos " in Daremberg and Saglio's Dictionnaire des antiguites, and L . Becq de Fouquieres,See also:

• LES

Les Jeux des anciens (1873) . 252 successes were chiefly due to his searching investigation of facts; he kept strictly to the essentials of the See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case and avoided all irrelevant digressions . His See also:

• STYLE
• STYLE (from Gr. a-6'1ms, a column; a different word from that used in literature, see below)

style was pure and See also:

• SIMPLE

simple . He is introduced by Cicero as an interlocutor in the De oratore and De nature deorum (iii.), as a supporter of the principles of the New See also:

• ACADEMY, GREEK
• ACADEMY, ROYAL

Academy . The fragments of See also:

• SALLUST [Gams SALLUSTIUS CRlspus] (86–34 B.c.)

Sallust contain the substance of a speech delivered by Cotta in order to See also:

• CALM

calm the popular anger at a deficient See also:

• CORN (a common Teutonic word; cf. Lat. granum, seed, grain)
• CORN (fromm Lat. corms, horn)

corn-See also:

• SUPPLY (through Fr. from Lat. supplere, to fill up)

supply . See Cicero, De oratore, iii . 3, See also:

• BRUTUS (originally an adjective meaning " heavy," "stupid," kindred with Gr. aap(s, cf. Eng. " brute," " brutal")

Brutus, 49, 55, 90, 92; Sallust, Hist .

See also:

• BRAG

Brag . ; See also:

• APPIAN (Gr. 'Aairtavbs)

Appian, See also:

• BELL
• BELL, ALEXANDER MELVILLE (1819—1905)
• BELL, ANDREW (1753—1832)
• BELL, GEORGE JOSEPH (1770-1843)
• BELL, HENRY (1767-1830)
• BELL, HENRY GLASSFORD (1803-1874)
• BELL, JACOB (1810-1859)
• BELL, JOHN (1691-178o)
• BELL, JOHN (1763-1820)
• BELL, JOHN (1797-1869)
• BELL, ROBERT (1800-1867)
• BELL, SIR CHARLES (1774—1842)

Bell . Civ. i . 37 . His brother, See also:

• LUCIUS

Lucius AURELIUS COTTA, when See also:

• PRAETOR (Lat. prae-itor, " he who goes before," "a leader")

praetor in 70 B.C. brought in a law for the reform of the See also:

• JURY

jury lists, by which the judices were to be eligible, not from the senators exclusively as limited by Sulla, but from senators, See also:

• EQUITES (" horsemen " or " knights," from eques," horse ")

equites and tribuni See also:

• AERARII (from Lat. aes, in its subsidiary sense of " poll-tax ")

aerarii . One-third were to be senators, and two-thirds men of equestrian See also:

• CENSUS (from Lat. censere, to estimate or assess; connected by some with centum, i.e. a count by hundreds)

census, one-See also:

• HALF

half of whom must have been tribuni aerarii, a See also:

• BODY

body as to whose functions there is no certain See also:

• EVIDENCE (Lat. evidentia, evideri, to appear clearly)

evidence, although in Cicero's time they were reckoned by See also:

• COURTESY (O. Fr. curtesie, later courtoisie)

courtesy amongst the equites . In 66 Cotta and L . See also:

• MANLIUS

Manlius Torquatus accused the consuls-elect for the following year of See also:

• BRIBERY (from the O. Fr. briberie, begging or vagrancy, bribe, Mid. Lat. briba, signifying a piece of bread given to beggars; the Eng. " bribe " has passed through the meanings of alms, blackmail and extortion, to gifts received or given in order to influ

bribery in connexion with the elections; they were condemned, and Cotta and Torquatus chosen in their places . After the suppression of the Catilinarian See also:

• CONSPIRACY (from Lat. conspirare, literally to breathe together, to agree, combine, and especially to form a secret plot)

conspiracy, Cotta proposed a public thanksgiving for Cicero's services, and after the latter had gone into exile, supported the view that there was no need of a law for his recall, since the law of See also:

• CLODIUS

Clodius was legally worthless . He subsequently attached himself to See also:

• CAESAR, GAIUS JULIUS (102—44 B.c.)
• CAESAR, SIR JULIUS (1557-1558-1636)

Caesar, and it was currently reported that Cotta (who was then quindecimvir) intended to propose that Caesar should receive the See also:

• TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title of See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king, it being written in the books of See also:

• FATE

fate that the Parthians could only be defeated by a king . Cotta's intention was not carried out in consequence of the See also:

• MURDER

murder of Caesar, after which he retired from public See also:

• LIFE

life . See Cicero, See also:

• ORELLI, HANS KONRAD VON (1846- )
• ORELLI, JOHANN CASPAR VON (1787-1849)

Orelli's Onomasticon; Sallust, See also:

• CATILINE [Lucius SERGIUS CATILINA] (C. I08-62 B.C.)

Catiline, 18; Suetonius, Caesar, 79; See also:

• LIVY [Thus L1v1us] (59 B.C.—A.D: 17)

Livy, Epit .

97; See also:

• VEIL (O.Fr. veile, mod. voile, from Lat. velum, cloth, awning, sail)

Veil . Pat. ii . 32; Dio See also:

• CASSIUS
• CASSIUS, AVIDIUS (d. A.D. 175)
• CASSIUS, GAIUS

Cassius See also:

• XXXVI

xxxvi . 44, See also:

• XXXVII

xxxvii . 1 .