See also:

• COUNT (Lat. comes, gen. comitis, Fr. comte, Ital. conte, Span. conde)

COUNT (See also:

• LAT

Lat. comes, gen. comitis, Fr. See also:

• COMTE, AUGUSTE [ISIDORE AUGUSTE MARIE FRANCOIS XAVIER] (1798-1857)

comte, Ital. See also:

• CONTE

conte, Span. See also:

• CONDE
• CONDE, LOUIS DE BOURBON, PRINCE
• CONDE, LOUIS II
• CONDE, PRINCES OF

conde)  , the See also:

• ENGLISH

English See also:

• TRANSLATION

translation of See also:

• FOREIGN

foreign titles See also:

• EQUIVALENT

equivalent generally to the English " See also:

• EARL

earl." I In Anglo-See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French documents the word counte was at all times used as the equivalent of earl, but, unlike the feminine See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form " countess," it did not find its way into the English See also:

• LANGUAGE (adapted from the Fr. langage, from langue, tongue, Lat. lingua)

language until the 16th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century, and then only in the sense defined above . The See also:

• TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title of earl, applied by the English to the foreign See also:

• COUNTS

counts established in See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England by See also:

• WILLIAM
• WILLIAM (1143-1214)
• WILLIAM (1227-1256)
• WILLIAM (1J33-1584)
• WILLIAM (A.S. Wilhelm, O. Norse Vilhidlmr; O. H. Ger. Willahelm, Willahalm, M. H. Ger. Willehelm, Willehalm, Mod.Ger. Wilhelm; Du. Willem; O. Fr. Villalme, Mod. Fr. Guillaume; from " will," Goth. vilja, and " helm," Goth. hilms, Old Norse hidlmr, meaning
• WILLIAM (c. 1130-C. 1190)
• WILLIAM, 13TH

William the Conqueror, is dealt with elsewhere (see EARL) . The See also:

• PRESENT

present See also:

• ARTICLE (from Lat. articulus, a joint)

article deals with (I) the See also:

• OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")

office of See also:

• COUNT (Lat. comes, gen. comitis, Fr. comte, Ital. conte, Span. conde)

count in the See also:

• ROMAN

Roman See also:

• EMPIRE

empire and the Frankish See also:

• KINGDOM

kingdom, (2) the development of the feudal count in See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France and under the See also:

• HOLY

Holy Roman Empire, (3) See also:

• MODERN

modern counts . 1 . The Latin comes meant literally a See also:

• COMPANION (through the O. Fr. compaignon or compagnon, from the Late Lat. companio,—cum, with, and panis, bread,—one who shares meals with another; the word has been wrongly derived from the Late Lat. compagnus, one of the same pages or district)

companion or follower . In the See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early Roman empire the word was used to designate the companions of the See also:

• EMPEROR (Fr. empereur, from the Lat. imperator)

emperor (comites principis) and so became a title of See also:

• HONOUR (Lat. honos or lwnor, honoris; in English the word was spelled with or without the u indifferently until the 17th century, but during the 18th century it became fashion-able to spell the word " honor "; Johnson's and Webster's Dictionaries stereoty

honour . The emperor See also:

• HADRIAN (PUBLICS AELIUS HADRIANUS)

Hadrian See also:

• CHOSE (Fr. for " thing ")

chose senators as companions on his travels and to help him in public business . They formed a permanent See also:

• COUNCIL (Lat. concilium, from cum, together, and the root cal, to call)

council, and Hadrian's successors entrusted these comites with the See also:

• ADMINISTRATION (Lat. administrare, to serve)

administration of See also:

• JUSTICE (Lat. justitia)

justice and See also:

• FINANCE

finance, or placed them in military commands . The designation comes thus See also:

• DEVELOPED

developed into a formal See also:

• OFFICIAL (Late Lat. QJicialis, for class. Lat. apparitor, from officium, office, duty)

official title of high See also:

• OFFICERS

officers of See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state, some qualification being added to indicate the See also:

• SPECIAL

special duties attached to the office in each See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case . Thus in the 5th century, among the comites attached to the emperor's See also:

• ESTABLISHMENT (0. Fr. establissement, Fr. etablissement, late Norm. Fr. establishement, from O. Fr. establir, Fr. etablir, Lat. stabilire, to make stable)

establishment, we find, e.g., the comes sacrarum largitionum and the comes rei privatae; while others, forming the council, were styled comites consistorii . Others were sent into the provinces as See also:

• GOVERNORS

governors, comites per provincias constituti; thus in the Notitia dignitatum we find a comes Aegypti, a comes Africae, a comes Belgicae, a comes Lugdunensis and others . Two of the generals cf the Roman See also:

• PROVINCE
• PROVINCE (Lat. provincia; perhaps a contraction of providentia)

province of See also:

• BRITAIN (Gr. Hperavuml vi7vot, Bperravia; Lat. Britannia, rarely Britannia)

Britain were styled the comes Britanniae and the comes littoris Saxonici (count of the Saxon See also:

• SHORE

shore) .

At Constartinople in the latter Roman empire the Latin word comes assumed a See also:

• GREEK
• GREEK, ETRUSCAN AND

Greek garb as K6µi7s and was declined as a Greek noun (gen . Koµip-os); the comes sacrarum largitionum (count of the sacred bounties) was called at See also:

• CONSTANTINOPLE
• CONSTANTINOPLE, COUNCILS OF

Constantinople 6 Koµils See also:

• TOW

TOW vaxp&w Xapytriwvwv and the comes rerum privatarum 1 The exact significance of a title is difficult to reproduce in a foreign language . Actually, only some foreign counts could be said to be equivalent to English earls; but " earl " is always translated by foreigners by words (See also:

• COMTE, AUGUSTE [ISIDORE AUGUSTE MARIE FRANCOIS XAVIER] (1798-1857)

comte, See also:

• GRAF, ARTURO (1848– )
• GRAF, KARL HEINRICH (1815–1869)

Graf) which in English are represented by " count," itself never used as the synonym of " earl." Conversely old English writers had no hesitation in translating as " earl " foreign titles which we now render " count." (count of the private estates) was called K6/27)S T& P 7p.tMTc, v . The count of the sacred bounties was the See also:

• LORD
• LORD (O. Eng. hldford, i.e. hldfweard, the warder or keeper of bread, hlIf, loaf; the word is not represented in any other Teutonic language)
• LORD, JOHN (1810-1894)

lord treasurer or See also:

• CHANCELLOR (M. Eng. and Anglo-Fr. canceler, chanceler, Fr. chancelier, Lat. cancellarius)

chancellor of the See also:

• EXCHEQUER

exchequer, for the public See also:

• TREASURY

treasury and the imperial fisc had come to be identical; while the count of the private estates managed the imperial demesnes and the privy See also:

• PURSE (Late Lat. bursa, adapted from Gr. Gupta, hide, skin; possibly O. Eng. pusa, bag, has influenced the change from b to p)

purse . In the 5th century the " sacred bounties " corresponded to the See also:

• AERARIUM (from Lat. aes, in its derived sense of " money ")

aerarium of the early Empire, while the res privatae represented the fist . The officers connected with the See also:

• PALACE (Lat. Palatium, the name given by Augustus to his residence on the Palatine Hill)

palace and the emperor's See also:

• PERSON, OFFENCES AGAINST THE

person included the count of the See also:

• WARDROBE

wardrobe (comes sacrae vestis), the count of the See also:

• RESIDENCE (Latin residere, to remain behind, to dwell, reside)

residence (comes demo-See also:

• RUM
• RUM (according to Skeat, a corruption of Malay brum or bram; the adjective " rum," i.e. " queer," being a distinct word, in Gipsy rem)

rum), and, most important of all, the comes domesticorum et sacri stabuli (graecized as K6Jn7s Tov ara(3Xov) . The count of the See also:

• STABLE

stable, originally the imperial See also:

• MASTER (Lat. magister, related to tnagis, more, as the corresponding minister is to minus, less; the English form is due partly to the O. Eng. maegister, and partly to O. Fr. maistre, mod. maitre; cf. Du. meester, Ger. Meister, Ital. maestro)

master of the See also:

• HORSE (a word common to Teutonic languages in such forms as hors, hros, ros; cf. the Ger. ross)

horse, developed into the " illustrious " See also:

• COMMANDER

commander-in-See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief of the imperial See also:

• ARMY
• ARMY (from Fr. armee, Lat. armata)

army (See also:

• STILICHO, FLAVIUS (?-4o8)

Stilicho, e.g., See also:

• BORE

bore the full title as given above), and became the prototype of the See also:

• MEDIEVAL

medieval See also:

• CONSTABLE (0. Fr. connestable, Fr. connetable, Med. Lat. comestabilis, conestabilis, constabularius, from the Lat. comes stabuli, count of the stable)
• CONSTABLE, ARCHIBALD (1774-1827)
• CONSTABLE, HENRY (1562-1613)
• CONSTABLE, JOHN (1776-1837)
• CONSTABLE, SIR MARMADUKE (c. 1455-1518)

constable (q.v.) . An important official of the second See also:

• RANK (O.Fr. rant or rent, mod. rang, generally connected with the O.E. and O.H.G. bring, a ring)

rank (spectabilis, " respectable " as contrasted with those of highest rank who were " illustrious ") was the count of the See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

East, who appears to have had the See also:

• CONTROL (Fr. contrdle, older form contre rolle, from Med. Lat. contra-rotulus, a counter roll or copy of a document used to check the original; there is no instance in English of the use of " control " in this, its literal, meaning)

control of a See also:

• DEPARTMENT (Fr. departement, from departir, to separate into parts)

department in which 600 officials were engaged . His See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power was reduced in the 6th century, when he was deprived of his authority over the Orient See also:

• DIOCESE (formed on Fr. diocese, in place of the Eng. form diocess—current until the 19th century—from Lat. dioecesis, med. Lat. variant diocesis, from Gr. Swucio•tc, " house-keeping," " administration," &miceas, " to keep house," " to govern ")

diocese, and became See also:

• CIVIL

civil See also:

• GOVERNOR (from the Fr. gouverneur, from gouverner, O. Fr. governer, Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, to direct, guide)

governor of See also:

• SYRIA

Syria Prima, retaining his " respectable " rank . Another important officer of the later Roman See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

court was the comes sacri pairimonii, who was instituted by the emperor See also:

• ANASTASIUS

Anastasius . In this connexion it should be observed that the word patrimonium gradually changed in meaning . In the be-ginning of the 3rd century patrimonium meant See also:

• CROWN

crown See also:

• PROPERTY

property, and res privata meant See also:

• PERSONAL

personal property: at the beginning of the 6th century patrimonium meant personal property, and res privata meant crown property .

It is difficult to give briefly a clear See also:

• IDEA (Gr. Ibia, connected with i&eiv, to see; cf. Lat. species from specere, to look at)

idea of the functions of the three important officials comes sacrarum largitionum, comes rei privatae and comes sacri partrimonii; but the terms have been well translated by a See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German author as Finanzminister See also:

• DES

des Reichsschatzes (finance See also:

• MINISTER (Lat. minister, servant)

minister of the treasury of the Empire), F. des Kronschatzes (of the crown treasury), and F. des kaiserlichen Privatvermogens (of the emperor's private property) . The Frankish See also:

• KINGS, FIRST AND SECOND BOOKS OF

kings of the Merovingian See also:

• DYNASTY (Gr. &vvaareta, sovereignty, the position of a hevnori7r, lord, ruler, from SuvaaBay to be able, Suvaµas, power)

dynasty retained the Roman See also:

• SYSTEM

system of administration, and under them the word comes preserved its See also:

• ORIGINAL

original meaning; the comes was a companion of the See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king, a royal servant of high rank . Under the early Frankish kings some comites did not exercise any definite functions; they were merely attached to the king's person and executed his orders . Others filled the highest offices, e.g. the comes palatii and comes stabuli (see CONSTABLE) . The kingdom was divided for administrative purposes into small areas called pagi (pays, Ger . See also:

• GAU, JOHN (c. 1495–? 1553)

Gau), corresponding generally to the Roman civitates (see See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

CITY).' At the See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head of the pagus was the comes, corresponding to the German Graf (Gaugraf, cf . Anglo-Saxon scire-gerefa,2 See also:

• SHERIFF

sheriff) . The comes was appointed by the king and removable at his See also:

• PLEASURE (through Fr. plaisir from Lat. placere, to please; Gr. rlbovii)

pleasure, and was chosen originally from all classes, sometimes from enfranchised slaves . His essential functions were judicial and executive, and in documents he is often described as the king's See also:

• AGENT (from Lat. agere, to act)

agent (agens publicus) or royal See also:

• JUDGE (Lat. judex, Fr. juge)

judge (judex publicus or fiscalis) . As the delegate of the executive power he had the right to military command in the king's name, and to take all the See also:

• MEASURES

measures necessary for the preservation of the See also:

• PEACE
• PEACE, BREACH OF THE

peace, i.e. to exercise the royal " See also:

• BAN

ban " (bannus regis) . He was at once public prosecutor and judge, was responsible for the See also:

• EXECUTION (from Lat. ex-sequor, exsecutus, follow or carry out)

execution of the sentences of the courts, and as the king's representative exercised the royal right of See also:

• PROTECTION

protection (mundium regis) over churches, widows, orphans and the like . He enjoyed a triple wergeld, but had no definite See also:

• SALARY

salary, being remunerated by the See also:

• RECEIPT (M.E. receite, derived through Fr. from Lat. recepta, participle of recipere, to receive)

receipt of certain revenues, a system which contained the germs of discord, on See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account of the confusion of his public and private 1 The changing language of this See also:

• EPOCH (Gr. E7roxij, holding in suspense, a pause, from E1rxav, to hold up, to stop)

epoch speaks of civitates, subsequently of pagi, and later of comitatus (counties) .

2 The A.S. gerefa, however, meaning " illustrious," " chief," has apparently, according to philologists, no connexion with the German ra , which originally meant " servant " (cf . " See also:

• KNIGHT, CHARLES (1791-1873)
• KNIGHT, DANIEL RIDGWAY (1845– )
• KNIGHT, JOHN BUXTON (1843–1908)

knight," " See also:

• VALET (Fr. valet; O. Fr. vaslet)

valet," &c.) . It is the more curious that the gerefa should end as a servant (" See also:

• REEVE (O. E. gerefa)
• REEVE, CLARA (1729–1807)
• REEVE, HENRY (1813–1895)

reeve "), the Graf as a See also:

• NOBLE, SIR ANDREW (1832- )

noble (count).estates . He also retained a third of the fines which he imposed in his judicial capacity . Under the early Carolings the title count did not indicate noble See also:

• BIRTH (a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages from the root of the verb " to bear ")

birth . A comes was generally raised from childhood in the king's palace, and See also:

• ROSE
• ROSE (Rosa)
• ROSE, GEORGE (1744-1818)
• ROSE, HUGH JAMES (1795—1838)
• ROSE, WILLIAM STEWART (1775-1843)

rose to be a count through successive stages . The count's office was not yet a dignity, nor hereditary; he was not See also:

• INDEPENDENT

independent nor appointed for See also:

• LIFE

life, but exercised the royal power by delegation, as under the See also:

• MEROVINGIANS

Merovingians . While, however, he was theoretically paid by the king, he seems to have been himself one of the See also:

• SOURCES

sources of the royal See also:

• REVENUE
• REVENUE (0. Fr. revenu, from revenir, to return)

revenue . The counties were, it appears, farmed out; but in the 7th century the royal choice became restricted to the larger landed proprietors, who gradually emancipated themselves from royal control, and in the 8th century the See also:

• TERM

term comitatus begins to denote a See also:

• GEOGRAPHICAL

geographical See also:

• AREA

area, though there was little difference in its extent under the Merovingian kings and the early Carolings . The count was about to pass into the feudatory See also:

• STAGE (Fr. 6/age; from Lat. stare, to stand)

stage . Throughout the See also:

• MIDDLE

middle ages, however, the original official and personal See also:

• CONNOTATION

connotation of the title was never wholly lost; or perhaps it would be truer to say, with See also:

• SELDEN, JOHN (1584–1654)

Selden, that it was early revived with the study of the Roman civil See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law in the 12th century . The unique dignity of count of the Lateran palace,3 bestowed in 1328 by the emperor See also:

• LOUIS
• LOUIS (804–876)
• LOUIS (893–911)
• LOUIS, JOSEPH DOMINIQUE, BARON (1755-1837)
• LOUIS, or LEWIS (from the Frankish Chlodowich, Chlodwig, Latinized as Chlodowius, Lodhuwicus, Lodhuvicus, whence-in the Strassburg oath of 842-0. Fr. Lodhuwigs, then Chlovis, Loys and later Louis, whence Span. Luiz and—through the Angevin kings—Hungarian

Louis IV. the Bavarian on Castrucio de' Antelminelli, See also:

• DUKE (corresponding to Fr. duc, Ital. duca, Ger. Herzog)

duke of See also:

• LUCCA (anc. Luca)
• LUCCA, BAGNI DI (Baths of Lucca, formerly Bagno a Corsena)

Lucca, and his heirs male, was official as well as honorary, being charged with the attendance and service to be per-formed at the palace at the emperor's See also:

• CORONATION (Lat. corona, crown)

coronation at See also:

• ROME
• ROME (Roma)

Rome (Du Cange, s.v .

Comites Palatii Lateranensis; Selden, op. cit. p . 321) . This instance, indeed, remained isolated; but the personal title of " count See also:

• PALATINE (from Lat. palatium, a palace,)

palatine," though honorary rather than official, was conferred on officials—especially by the popes on those of the See also:

• CURIA

Curia—had no territorial significance, and was to the last reminiscent of those early comites palatii whose relations to the See also:

• SOVEREIGN

sovereign had been purely personal and official (see PALATINE) . A relic of the old official meaning of " count " still survives in Transylvania, where the head of the See also:

• POLITICAL

political administration of the Saxon districts is styled count (comes, Graf) of the Saxon Nation . 2 . Feudal Counts.—The See also:

• PROCESS

process by which the official counts were transformed into feudal vassals almost independent is described in the article See also:

• FEUDALISM
• FEUDALISM (from Late Lat. feodum or feudum, a fee or fiel; see FEE)

FEUDALISM . In the confusion of the See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period of transition, when the title to See also:

• POSSESSION
• POSSESSION (Lat. possessio, possidere, to possess)

possession was usually the power to hold, designations which had once possessed a definite meaning were preserved with no defined association . In France, by the loth century, the process of decomposition of the old organization had gone far, and in the filth century titles of See also:

• NOBILITY

nobility were still very loosely applied . That of " count " was, as See also:

• LUCHAIRE, DENIS JEAN ACHILLE (1846-1908)

Luchaire points out, " equivocal " even as See also:

• LATE

late as the 12th century; any castellan of moderate rank could See also:

• STYLE
• STYLE (from Gr. a-6'1ms, a column; a different word from that used in literature, see below)

style himself comte who in the next century would have been called seigneur (See also:

• DOMINUS (from an Indo-European root dam-, cf. Gr. Sapav, to subdue, and Eng. " tame ")

dominus) . Even when, in the 13th century, the ranks of the feudal See also:

• HIERARCHY (Gr. iepos, holy, and apxe.v, to rule)

hierarchy in France came to be more definitely fixed, the style of " count " might imply much, or comparatively little . In the See also:

• OLDEST

oldest See also:

• REGISTER

register of See also:

• PHILIP
• PHILIP (Gr.'FiXtrsro , fond of horses, from dn)^eiv, to love, and limos, horse; Lat. Philip pus, whence e.g. M. H. Ger. Philippes, Dutch Filips, and, with dropping of the final s, It. Filippo, Fr. Philippe, Ger. Philipp, Sp. Felipe)
• PHILIP, JOHN (1775-1851)
• PHILIP, KING (c. 1639-1676)
• PHILIP, LANOGRAVE OF HESSE (1504-1567)

Philip See also:

• AUGUSTUS (a name 1 derived from Lat. augeo, increase, i.e. venerable, majestic, Gr. Ee0avr6s)

Augustus counts are reckoned with See also:

• DUKES
• DUKES, LEOPOLD (1810-1891)

dukes in the first of the five orders into which the nobles are divided, but the See also:

• LIST (O.E. lisle, a Teutonic word, cf. Dut. lust, Ger. Leiste, adapted in Ital. lista and Fr. lisle)
• LIST, FRIEDRICH (1789-1846)

list includes, besides such almost sovereign rulers as the counts of See also:

• FLANDERS (Flem. Vlaanderen)

Flanders and See also:

• CHAMPAGNE

Champagne, immediate vassals of much less importance—such as the counts of See also:

• SOISSONS

Soissons and See also:

• DAMMARTIN

Dammartin—and even one mediate See also:

• VASSAL (Fr. vassal, vassaut, vassault, &c,)

vassal, the count of See also:

• BAR
• BAR (0. Fr. barre, Late Lat. barra, origin unknown)
• BAR, CONFEDERATION OF
• BAR, FRANCOIS DE (1538-1606)
• BAR, THE

Bar-sur-See also:

• SEINE
• SEINE (Lat. Sequana)
• SEINE, or SEAN (O. Fr. seigne, mod. seine, Lat. sagena, Gr. vaytivrl, a draw-net)

Seine . The title was still in fact " equivocal," and so it remained throughout French See also:

• HISTORY

history .

In the official lists it was early placed second to that of duke (Luchaire, See also:

• MANUEL, EUGENE (1823–1901)
• MANUEL, JACQUES ANTOINE (1775-1827)
• MANUEL, LOUIS PIERRE (1751-1793)

Manuel, p . 181, See also:

• NOTE
• NOTE (Lat. nota, mark, sign, from noscere, to know)

note 1), but in practice at least the See also:

• GREAT

great comtes-pairs (e.g. of Champagne) were the equals of any duke and the superiors of many . Thus, too, in modern times royal princes have been given the title of count (See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris, Flanders, See also:

• CASERTA

Caserta), the See also:

• HEIR (Lat. heres, from a root meaning to grasp, seen in heres or erus, master of a house, Gr. xeip, hand, Sans. hat ana, hand)

heir of See also:

• CHARLES
• CHARLES (1270-1325)
• CHARLES (1421-1461)
• CHARLES (1525-1574)
• CHARLES (c. 1319-1364)
• CHARLES (Fr. Charles; Span. Carlos; Ital. Carlo; Ger. Karl; derived from O.H.G. Charal,latinized as Carolus, meaning originally " man ": cf. Mod.Ger., Kerl," fellow," A.S. ceorl, Mod. Eng. " churl ")
• CHARLES (KARL EITEL ZEPHYRIN LUDWIG; in Rum. CAROL)
• CHARLES [KARL ALEXANDER] (1712-1780)
• CHARLES, ELIZABETH (1828-1896)
• CHARLES, JACQUES ALEXANDRE CESAR (1746-1823)
• CHARLES, THOMAS (1755-1814)

Charles X. actually changing his style, without sense of loss, from that of duc de See also:

• BORDEAUX

Bordeaux to that of comte de See also:

• CHAMBORD
• CHAMBORD, HENRI CHARLES FERDINAND MARIE DIEUDONNE, COMTE DE (182o-1883)

Chambord . From the 16th 3 " Count of the Lateran Palace " (Comes Sacri Lateranensis Palatii) was later the title usually bestowed by the popes in creating counts palatine . The emperors, too, continued to make counts palatine under this title See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long after the Lateran had ceased to be an imperial palace . century onwards the equivocal nature of the title in France was increased by the royal practice of selling it, either to viscounts or barons in respect of their fiefs, or to See also:

• RICH, BARNABE (c. 1540-1617)
• RICH, CLAUDIUS JAMES (1787-1821)
• RICH, JOHN (1692-1761)
• RICH, PENELOPE, LADY (c. 1562–1607)
• RICH, RICHARD, 1ST BARON RICH (1490?-1567)

rich roturiers . In See also:

• GERMANY
• GERMANY (Ger. Deutschland)

Germany the See also:

• CHANGE (derived through the Fr. from the Late Lat. cambium, cambiare, to barter; the ultimate derivation is probably from the root which appears in the Gr. «a urmu', to bend)

change from the official to the territorial and hereditary counts followed at the outset much the same course as in France, though the later development of the title and its meaning was different . In the loth century the counts were permitted by the kings to See also:

• DIVIDE

divide their benefices and rights among their sons, the See also:

• RULE

rule being established that countships (Grafschaften) were hereditary, that they might be held by boys, that they were heritable by See also:

• FEMALES

females and might even be ad-ministered by females . The Grafschaft became thus merely a bundle of rights inherent in the See also:

• SOIL

soil; and, the count's office having become his property, the old counties or Gauen rapidly disappeared as administrative See also:

• UNITS, DIMENSIONS OF
• UNITS, PHYSICAL

units, being either amalgamated or subdivided . By the second See also:

• HALF

half of the 12th century the official See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character of the count had quite disappeared; he had become a territorial noble, and the See also:

• FOUNDATION (Lat. fundatio, from fundare, to found)

foundation had been laid of territorial See also:

• SOVEREIGNTY

sovereignty (Landeshoheit) . The first step towards this was the concession to the counts of the military prerogatives of dukes, a right enjoyed from the first by the counts of the See also:

• MARCHES, THE (It. Le Marche)

marches (see See also:

• MARGRAVE (Ger. Markgraf)

MARGRAVE), then given to counts palatine (see PALATINE) and, finally, to other counts, who assumed by See also:

• REASON (Lat. ratio, through French raison)

reason of it the style of See also:

• LANDGRAVE (Ger. Landgraf, from Land, " a country" and Graf, "count" )

landgrave (Landgraf, i.e. count of a province) . At first all counts were reckoned as princes of the Empire (Reichsfursten); but since the end of the 12th century this rank was restricted to those who were immediate tenants of the crown,' the other counts of the Empire (Reichsgrafen) being placed among the See also:

• FREE

free lords (barones, liberi domini) .

Counts of princely rank (gefurstete Grafen) voted among the princes in the imperial See also:

• DIET

diet; the others (Reichsgrafen) were grouped in the Grafenbanke—originally two, to which two more were added in the 17th century—each of which had one See also:

• VOTE

vote . In 18o6, on the formation of the See also:

• CONFEDERATION (Fr. confederation, Lat. confoederatio, from foedus, a league, foederare, to form a league)

Confederation of the See also:

• RHINE (Lat. Rhenus, Ger. Rhein, Fr. Rhin, Dutch Rhyn, or Rijn)

Rhine, the sovereign counts were all mediatized (see See also:

• MEDIATIZATION (Ger. Mediatisierung, from Lat. mediatus, mediate, middle)

MEDIATIZATION) . Even before the end of the Empire (1806) the right of bestowing the title of count was freely exercised by the various German territorial sovereigns . 3 . Modern Counts.—Any political significance which the feudal title of count retained in the 18th century vanished with the changes produced by the Revolution . It is now simply a title of honour and one, moreover, the social value of which differs enormously, not only in the different See also:

• EUROPEAN

European countries, but within the limits of the same See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country . In Germany, for instance, there are several categories of counts: (I) the mediatized princely counts (gefurstete Grafen); who are reckoned the equals in See also:

• BLOOD

blood of the European sovereign houses, an equality symbolized by the " closed crown " surmounting their armorial See also:

• BEARINGS

bearings . The heads of these countly families of the " high nobility " are entitled (by a See also:

• DECREE (from the past participle, decretus, of Lat. decernere)

decree of the federal diet, 1829) to the style of Erlaucht (illustrious, most See also:

• HONOURABLE (Fr. honorable, from Lat. honorabilis, worthy of honour)

honourable); (2) Counts of the Empire,' (Reichsgrafen), descendants of those counts who, before the end of the Holy Roman Empire (18o6), were Reichs standisch, i.e. sat in one of the Grafenbanke in the imperial diet, and entitled to a ducal coronet; (3) Counts (a) descended from the See also:

• LOWER

lower nobility of the old Empire, titular since the 15th century, (b) created since; their coronet is nine-pointed (cf. the nine points and See also:

• STRAWBERRY (Fragaria)

strawberry leaves of the English earl) . The difficulty of determining in any case the exact significance of the title of a German count, illustrated by the above, is increased by the fact that the title is generally heritable by all male descendants, the only exception being in See also:

• PRUSSIA
• PRUSSIA (Ger. Preussen; Lat. Borussia)

Prussia, where, since 184o, the rule of See also:

• PRIMOGENITURE

primogeniture has prevailed and the bestowal of the title is dependent on a See also:

• RENT

rent-See also:

• ROLL (O. Fr. rolle, roulle, mod. role, Lat. rotulus, dim. of rota, wheel)
• ROLL, ALFRED PHILIPPE (1846– )

roll of £3000 a See also:

• YEAR

year . The result ' Of these there were four who, as counts of the Empire See also:

• PAR (Lat. par, equal)

par excellence, were sometimes styled " See also:

• SIMPLE

simple counts " (Schlechtgrafen), i.e. the counts of See also:

• CLEVES (Ger. Cleve or Kleve)

Cleves, Schwarzburg, See also:

• CILLI (Slovene, Celje)
• CILLI, ULRICH, COUNT OF (1406-1456)

Cilli and See also:

• SAVOY, HOUSE
• SAVOY, HOUSE OF

Savoy; they were entitled to the ducal coronet . Three of these had become dukes by the 17th century, but the count (now See also:

• PRINCE
• PRINCE (Lat. princeps, from primus capio, " I am the first to take "; Ital. principe, Fr. prince)

prince) of Schwarzburg still styled himself " Of the four counts of the Holy Roman Empire, count of Schwarzburg " (see Seldenr ed . 1672, p .

312) . 2 This title is See also:

• BORNE, KARL LUDWIG (1786–1837)

borne by certain English families, e.g. by Lord Arundell of Wardour . In other cases it has been assumed without due See also:

• WARRANT (Med. Lat. warantum; O. Fr. garant, warant, derived from O.H.G. root represented in modern German bygewdhren)

warrant . See J . H . See also:

• ROUND (O. Fr. rond, Lat. rotundus, the Fr. is the source also of Du. rond; Ger., Swed., Dan. and Nor. rond)

Round, " English Counts of the Empire," in The Ancestor, vii . 15 (See also:

• WESTMINSTER
• WESTMINSTER, MARQUESSES AND DUKES OF
• WESTMINSTER, STATUTES OF
• WESTMINSTER, SYNODS OF

Westminster, See also:

• OCTOBER

October 1903).is that the title is very widespread and in itself little significant . A German or See also:

• AUSTRIAN

Austrian count may be a wealthy noble of princely rank, a member of the Prussian or Austrian Upper See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

House, or he may be the penniless See also:

• CADET (through the Fr. from the Late Lat. capitettum, a diminutive of caput, head, through the Provencal form capdet)

cadet of a See also:

• FAMILY

family of no great rank or antiquity . Nevertheless the title, which has long been very sparingly bestowed, always implies a See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good social position . The style Altgraf (old count), occasionally found, is of some antiquity, and means that the title of count has been borne by the family from See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time immemorial . In medieval France the significance of the title of count varied with the power of those who bore it; in modern France it varies with its See also:

• HISTORICAL

historical associations . It is not so See also:

• COMMON

common as in Germany or See also:

• ITALY
• ITALY (Italia)

Italy; because it does not by See also:

• CUSTOM (from O. Fr. costume, costume or coustume; Low Lat. costuma, a shortened form of consuetudo)

custom pass to all male descendants .

The title was, however, cheapened by its revival under See also:

• NAPOLEON

Napoleon . By the decree of the 1st of See also:

• MARCH
• MARCH (1) (from Fr. marcher, to walk; the earliest sense in French appears to be " to trample," and the origin has usually been found in the Lat. marcus, hammer; Low Lat. marcare, to hammer; hence to beat the road with the regular tread of a soldier: cf.
• MARCH, AUZIAS (c. "1395-1458)
• MARCH, EARLS OF
• MARCH, FRANCIS ANDREW (1825– )

March 18o8, reviving titles of nobility, that of count was assigned ex officio to ministers, senators and life councillors of state, to the See also:

• PRESIDENT (Fr. president, from Lat. praesidens, post-Augustan Lat. for praeses, director, ruler, from praesidere, to sit in front of, preside)

president of the See also:

• CORPS (pronounced as in French, from which it is taken, being a late spelling of tors, from Lat. corpus, a body; cf. " corpse ")

Corps Legislatif and to archbishops . The title was made heritable in See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order of primogeniture, and in the case of archbishops through their nephews . These See also:

• NAPOLEONIC

Napoleonic countships, increased under subsequent reigns, have produced a plentiful See also:

• CROP (a word common. in various forms, such as Germ. Kropf, to many Teutonic languages for a swelling, excrescence, round head or top of anything; it appears also in Romanic languages derived from Teutonic, in Fr. as troupe, whence the English " crupper "

crop of titles of little social significance, and have tended to lower the status of the counts deriving from the ancien regime . The title of See also:

• MARQUIS

marquis, which Napoleon did not revive, has risen proportionately in the estimation of the See also:

• FAUBOURG

Faubourg St Germain . As for that of count, it is safe to say that in France its social value is solely dependent on its historical associations . Of all European countries Italy has been most prolific of counts . Every See also:

• PETTY, SIR WILLIAM (1623-1687)

petty See also:

• ITALIAN

Italian prince, from the See also:

• POPE (Gr. irarraas, post-classical Lat. papa, father)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1688–1744)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1763-1835)
• POPE, JANE (1742-1818)
• POPE, JOHN (1822-1892)
• POPE, SIR THOMAS (c. 1507-1559)

pope downwards, created them for love or See also:

• MONEY

money; and, in the See also:

• ABSENCE (Lat. absentia)

absence of any regulating authority, the title was also widely and loosely assumed, while often the feudal title passed with the See also:

• SALE
• SALE, GEORGE (c. 1697-1736)
• SALE, SIR ROBERT HENRY (1782—1845)

sale of the See also:

• ESTATE (through O. Fr. estat, mod. flat, from Lat. status, state, condition, position, stare, to stand)

estate to which it was attached . Casanova remarked that in some Italian cities all the nobles were baroni, in others all were See also:

• CONTI, NICOLO
• CONTI, PRINCES OF

conti . An Italian See also:

• CONTE

conte may or may not be a 'See also:

• GENTLEMAN (from Lat. gentilis, " belonging to a race or gens," and " man "; Fr. gentilhomme, Span. gentil hombre, Ital. gentil huomo, in its original and strict signification, a term denoting a man of good family, the Lat. generosus (its invariable transl

gentleman; he has long ceased, qua count, to have any social See also:

• PRESTIGE

prestige, and his rank is not re-cognized by the Italian See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government . As in France, however, there are some Italian conti whose titles are respectable, and even illustrious, from their historic associations . The prestige belongs, however, not to the title but to the name .

As for the papal countships, which are still freely bestowed on those of all nations whom the Holy See wishes to See also:

• REWARD

reward, their prestige naturally varies with the religious complexion of the country in which the titles are borne . They are esteemed by the faithful, but have small significance for those outside . In See also:

• SPAIN
• SPAIN (Espana)

Spain, on the other See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand, the title of See also:

• CONDE
• CONDE, LOUIS DE BOURBON, PRINCE
• CONDE, LOUIS II
• CONDE, PRINCES OF

conde, the earlier history of which follows much the same development as in France, is still of much social value, mainly owing to the fact that the rule of primogeniture exists, and that, a large See also:

• FEE

fee being payable to the state on See also:

• SUCCESSION (Lat. successio, from succedere, to follow after)

succession to a title, it is necessarily associated with some degree of See also:

• WEALTH

wealth . The See also:

• SPANISH

Spanish counts of old creation, some of whom are grandees and members of the Upper House, naturally take the highest rank; but the title, still bestowed for eminent public services or other reasons, is of value . The title, like others in Spain, can pass through an heiress to her See also:

• HUSBAND

husband . In See also:

• RUSSIA
• RUSSIA (Rossiya)

Russia the title of count (graf, fem. grafinya), a foreign importation, has little social prestige attached to it, being given to officials of a certain rank . In the See also:

• BRITISH

British empire the only recognized counts are those of See also:

• MALTA
• MALTA (or MEDITERRANEAN) FEVER

Malta, who are given See also:

• PRECEDENCE (from Lat. praecedere, to go before, precede)

precedence with baronets of the See also:

• UNITED

United Kingdom . See Selden, Titles of Honor (See also:

• LONDON

London, 1672) ; Du Cange, Glossarium Med . See also:

• LAT

Lat . (ed . See also:

• NIORT

Niort, 1883) s.v . " Comes "; La Grande Encyclopedia, s.v .

" Comte "; A . Luchaire, Manuel des institutions francaises (Paris, 1892) ; P . Guilhiermoz, Essai sur l'origine de la noblesse en France au moyen See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age (Paris, 1902); See also:

• BRUNNER, HENRY (184o– )

Brunner, Deutsche Rechtsgeschichte, See also:

• BAND

Band ii . (See also:

• LEIPZIG

Leipzig, 1892) .