GUSTAVE See also:

• GUSTAVE COURBET (1819-1877)

COURBET (1819-1877)  , See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French painter, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born at Ornans (See also:

• DOUBS

Doubs) on the loth of See also:

• JUNE

June 1819 . He went to See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris 111 1839, and worked at the studio of See also:

• STEUBEN, FREDERICK WILLIAM AUGUSTUS HENRY FERDINAND, BARON VON (1730–1794)

Steuben and See also:

• HESSE
• HESSE (Lat. Hessia, Ger. Hessen)

Hesse; but his See also:

• INDEPENDENT

independent spirit did not allow him to remain there See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long, as he preferred to See also:

• WORK

work out his own way by the study of See also:

• SPANISH

Spanish, Flemish and French painters . His first See also:

• WORKS

works, an " See also:

• ODALISQUE

Odalisque," suggested by See also:

• VICTOR
• VICTOR, GAIUS JULIUS (4th cent. A.D.)
• VICTOR, SEXTUS AURELIUS

Victor See also:

• HUGO, GUSTAV VON (1764–1844)
• HUGO, VICTOR MARIE (1802-1885)

Hugo, and a " Lelia," illustrating See also:

• GEORGE
• GEORGE, 8TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (1787-1876)
• GEORGE, HENRY (1839—1897)
• GEORGE, LAKE
• GEORGE, SAINT (d. 303)

George See also:

• SAND
• SAND, GEORGE (1804-1876)

Sand, were See also:

• LITERARY

literary subjects; but these he soon abandoned for the study of real See also:

• LIFE

life . Among other works he painted his own portrait with his See also:

• DOG

dog, and " The See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

Man with a See also:

• PIPE

Pipe," both of which were rejected by the See also:

• JURY

jury of the See also:

• SALON

Salon; but the younger school of critics, the neo-romantics and realists, loudly sang the praises of See also:

• COURBET, GUSTAVE (1819-1877)

Courbet, who by 1849 began to be famous, producing such pictures as " After See also:

• DINNER

Dinner at Ornans " and " The Valley of the See also:

• LOIRE

Loire." The Salon of 185o found him triumphant with the " See also:

• BURIAL

Burial at Ornans," the " See also:

• STONE
• STONE (0. Eng. shin; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Stein, Du. steen, Dan. and Swed. sten; the root is also seen in Gr. aria, pebble)
• STONE, CHARLES POMEROY (1824-1887)
• STONE, EDWARD JAMES (1831-1897)
• STONE, FRANK (1800-1859)
• STONE, GEORGE (1708—1764)
• STONE, LUCY [BLACKWELL] (1818-1893)
• STONE, MARCUS (184o— )
• STONE, NICHOLAS (1586-1647)

Stone-Breakers " and the " Peasants of Flazey." His See also:

• STYLE
• STYLE (from Gr. a-6'1ms, a column; a different word from that used in literature, see below)

style still gained in individuality, as in " See also:

• VILLAGE

Village Damsels " (1852), the " Wrestlers," " Bathers," and "A Girl See also:

• SPINNING (from O. Eng. spinnen, to spin, cf. Ger. spinnen, &c., the Teut. root is seen, to draw out, cf. span, spider)

Spinning " (1852) . Though Courbet's realistic work is not devoid of importance, it is as a landscape and See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

sea painter that he will be most honoured by posterity . Sometimes, it must be owned, his See also:

• REALISM (from Low Lat. realis, appertaining to res, things, as opposed to ideas and imaginations)

realism is rather coarse and brutal, but when he paints the forests of Franche-See also:

• COMTE, AUGUSTE [ISIDORE AUGUSTE MARIE FRANCOIS XAVIER] (1798-1857)

Comte, the " See also:

• STAG (0. Eng. stagga, a Norse word, cf. Icel. steggr, steggi, a male animal, cf. Steggander, a drake; it is usually referred to stigan, to climb, to mount, but this is doubtful)

Stag-Fight," " The See also:

• WAVE

Wave," or the " Haunt of the Does," he is inimitable . When Courbet had made a name as an artist he See also:

• GREW, NEHEMIAH (1641-1712)

grew ambitious of other See also:

• GLORY (through the O. Fr. glorie, modern gloire, from Lat. gloria, cognate with Gr. KXebs, abets)

glory; he tried to promote democratic and social See also:

• SCIENCE (Lat. scientia, from scire; to learn, know)

science, and under the See also:

• EMPIRE

Empire he wrote essays and See also:

• DISSERTATIONS

dissertations . His refusal of the See also:

• CROSS

cross of the See also:

• LEGION (Lat. legio)

Legion of See also:

• HONOUR (Lat. honos or lwnor, honoris; in English the word was spelled with or without the u indifferently until the 17th century, but during the 18th century it became fashion-able to spell the word " honor "; Johnson's and Webster's Dictionaries stereoty

Honour, offered to him by See also:

• NAPOLEON

Napoleon III., made him immensely popular, and in 1871 he was elected, under the See also:

• COMMUNE (Med. Lat. communia, Lat. communis, common)
• COMMUNE, MEDIEVAL

Commune, to the chamber . Thus it happened that he was responsible for the destruction of the See also:

• VENDOME
• VENDOME, LOUIS JOSEPH

Vendome See also:

• COLUMN (Lat. columna)

column . A See also:

• COUNCIL (Lat. concilium, from cum, together, and the root cal, to call)

council of See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war, before which he was tried, condemned him to pay the cost of restoring the column, 300,000 francs (b2,000) . To See also:

• ESCAPE (in mid. Eng. eschape or escape, from the O. Fr. eschapper, modern echapper, and escaper, low Lat. escapium, from ex, out of, and cappa, cape, cloak; cf. for the sense development the Gr. iichueoOat, literally to put off one's clothes, hence to sli

escape the See also:

• NECESSITY (Lat. necessitas)

necessity of working to the end of his days at the orders of the See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

State in See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order to pay this sum, Courbet went to Switzer-See also:

• LAND

land in 1873, and died at La Tour du Peilz, on the 31st of See also:

• DECEMBER (Lat. decent, ten)

December 1877, of a disease of the See also:

• LIVER (O. Eng. lifer; cf. cognate forms, Dutch lever, Ger. Leber, Swed. lefver, &c.; the O. H. Ger. forms are libara, lipora, &c.; the Teut. word has been connected with Gr. i'prap and Lat. jecur)

liver aggravated by intemperance . An See also:

• EXHIBITION

exhibition of his works was held in 1882 at the Ecole See also:

• DES

des See also:

• BEAUX, CECILIA (1863– )

Beaux-Arts .

See Champfleury, See also:

• LES

Les Grandes Figures d'hier et d'aujourd' hui (Paris, 1861) ; Mantz, " G . Courbet," Gaz. des beaux-arts (Paris, 1878) ; See also:

• ZOLA, EMILE EDOUARD CHARLES ANTOINE (1840-1902)

Zola, See also:

• MES

Mes Haines (Paris, 1879) ; C . See also:

• LEMONNIER, ANTOINE LOUIS CAMILLE (1844– )
• LEMONNIER, PIERRE CHARLES (1715—1799)

Lemonnier, Les Peintres de la See also:

• VIE

Vie (Paris, 1888) . (H .