See also:

• PAUL
• PAUL (PAULUS)

PAUL See also:

• LOUIS
• LOUIS (804–876)
• LOUIS (893–911)
• LOUIS, JOSEPH DOMINIQUE, BARON (1755-1837)
• LOUIS, or LEWIS (from the Frankish Chlodowich, Chlodwig, Latinized as Chlodowius, Lodhuwicus, Lodhuvicus, whence-in the Strassburg oath of 842-0. Fr. Lodhuwigs, then Chlovis, Loys and later Louis, whence Span. Luiz and—through the Angevin kings—Hungarian

LOUIS See also:

• COURIER (from the O. Fr. courier, modern courrier, from Lat. currere, to run)
• PAUL LOUIS COURIER (1773`1825)

COURIER (1773`1825)  , See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French Hellenist and See also:

• POLITICAL

political writer, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born in See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris on the 4th of See also:

• JANUARY

January 1773 . Brought up on his See also:

• FATHER

father's See also:

• ESTATE (through O. Fr. estat, mod. flat, from Lat. status, state, condition, position, stare, to stand)

estate of See also:

• MERE
• MERE, ADALBERT (1838-1909)

Mere in See also:

• TOURAINE

Touraine, he conceived a See also:

• BITTER, KARL THEODORE FRANCIS (1867– )

bitter aversion for the See also:

• NOBILITY

nobility, which seemed to strengthen with See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time . He would never take the name " de Mere," to which he was entitled, lest he should be thought a nobleman . At the See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age of fifteen he was sent to Paris to See also:

• COMPLETE

complete his See also:

• EDUCATION

education; his father's teaching had already inspired him with a passionate devotion to See also:

• GREEK
• GREEK, ETRUSCAN AND

Greek literature, and although he showed considerable mathematical ability, he continued to devote all his leisure to the See also:

• CLASSICS

classics . He entered the school of See also:

• ARTILLERY (the O. Fr. artiller, to equip with engines of war, probably comes from Late Lat. articulum, dim. of ars, art, cf. " engine " from ingenium, or of artus, joint)

artillery at Chalons, however, and immediately on receiving his See also:

• APPOINTMENT, POWER OF

appointment as sub-See also:

• LIEUTENANT

lieutenant in See also:

• SEPTEMBER (Lat. septem, seven)

September 1793 he joined the See also:

• ARMY
• ARMY (from Fr. armee, Lat. armata)

army of the See also:

• RHINE (Lat. Rhenus, Ger. Rhein, Fr. Rhin, Dutch Rhyn, or Rijn)

Rhine . He served in various See also:

• CAMPAIGNS

campaigns of the Revolutionary See also:

• WARS

wars, especially in those of See also:

• ITALY
• ITALY (Italia)

Italy in 1798-99 and 1806-7, and in the See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German See also:

• CAMPAIGN

campaign of 1809 . He became chef d'escadron in 1803 . He made his first See also:

• APPEARANCE (from Lat. apparere, to appear)

appearance as an author in 1802, when he contributed to the Magasin encyclopedique a critique on Johannes See also:

• SCHWEIGHAUSER, JOHANN (1742–1830)

Schweighauser's edition of See also:

• ATHENAEUS

Athenaeus . I.n the following See also:

• YEAR

year appeared his Eloge d'Helene, a See also:

• FREE

free See also:

• IMITATION (Lat. imitatio, from intitari, to imitate)

imitation rather than a See also:

• TRANSLATION

translation from Isocrates, which he had sketched in 1798 . See also:

• COURIER (from the O. Fr. courier, modern courrier, from Lat. currere, to run)
• COURIER, PAUL LOUIS (1773`1825)

Courier had given up his See also:

• COMMISSION (from Lat. commissio, committere)

commission in the autumn of 18o8, but the See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general See also:

• ENTHUSIASM

enthusiasm in Paris over the preparations for the new campaign affected him, and he attached himself to the See also:

• STAFF (O. Eng. staef, cf. Du. staf, Ger. Stab, &c.; Icel. stafr meant also a written letter, and O. Eng. stafas, the letters of the alphabet; " stave," one of the thin pieces of wood of which a cask is made, is a doublet)

staff of a general of artillery . But he was horror-struck by the carnage at See also:

• WAGRAM (DEUTSCH-WAGRAM)

Wagram (1809), refusing from that time to believe that there was any See also:

• ART

art in See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war . He hastily quitted See also:

• VIENNA (Ger. Wien; Lat. Vindobona)
• VIENNA, CONGRESS OF (1814-1815)

Vienna, escaping the formal See also:

• CHARGE
• CHARGE (through the Fr. from the Late Lat. carricare, to load in a carrus or wagon; cf. " cargo ")

charge of See also:

• DESERTION

desertion because his new appointment had not been confirmed .

The See also:

• SAVAGE
• SAVAGE, MINOT JUDSON (1841– )
• SAVAGE, RICHARD (d. 1743)

savage See also:

• INDEPENDENCE
• INDEPENDENCE, DECLARATION OF
• INDEPENDENCE, WAR OF

independence of his nature rendered subordination intolerable to him; he had been three times disgraced for absenting himself without leave, and his superiors resented his satirical See also:

• HUMOUR (Latin humor)

humour . After leaving the army he went to See also:

• FLORENCE
• FLORENCE (Ital. Firenze, Lat. Florentia)

Florence, and was fortunate enough to discover in the Laurentian Library a complete See also:

• MANUSCRIPT

manuscript of See also:

• LONGUS

Longus's See also:

• DAPHNIS

Daphnis and Chloe, an edition of which he published in 181o . In consequence of a misadventure—blotting the manuscript—he was involved in a See also:

• QUARREL

quarrel with the librarian, and was compelled by the See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government to leave See also:

• TUSCANY
• TUSCANY (Toscana)

Tuscany . He retired to his estate at Veretz (See also:

• INDRE

Indre-et-See also:

• LOIRE

Loire), but frequently visited Paris, and divided his See also:

• ATTENTION (from Lat. ad-tendo, await, expect; the condition of being " stretched " or " tense ")

attention between literature and his See also:

• FARM

farm . After the second restoration of the Bourbons the career of Courier as political pamphleteer began . He had before this time waged war against See also:

• LOCAL

local wrongs in his own See also:

• DISTRICT

district, and had been the adviser and helpful friend of his neighbours . He now made himself by his letters and See also:

• PAMPHLETS

pamphlets one of the most dreaded opponents of the government of the Restoration . The first of these was his See also:

• PETITION (Lat. for " seeking " or " praying ")

Petition aux deux chambres (1316), exposing the sufferings of the peasantry under the royalist reaction . In 1817 he was a See also:

• CANDIDATE

candidate for a vacant seat in the See also:

• INSTITUTE (from Lat. instituere, to establish or set up)

Institute; and failing, he took his revenge by See also:

• PUBLISHING

publishing abitterLettre dMessieurs de l'Academie See also:

• DES

des See also:

• INSCRIPTIONS (from Lat. inscribere, to write upon)

Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres (1819) . This was followed (1819–1820) by a See also:

• SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series of political letters of extra-See also:

• ORDINARY (med. Lat. ordinarius, Fr. ordinaire)

ordinary See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power published in Le Censeur Euro peen . He advocated a liberal See also:

• MONARCHY (Fr. monarchic, from Lat. monarchia, Gr. uovapXia, rule of one, µbvos, alone, apXi7, rule)

monarchy, at the See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head of which he doubtless wished to see See also:

• LOUIS
• LOUIS (804–876)
• LOUIS (893–911)
• LOUIS, JOSEPH DOMINIQUE, BARON (1755-1837)
• LOUIS, or LEWIS (from the Frankish Chlodowich, Chlodwig, Latinized as Chlodowius, Lodhuwicus, Lodhuvicus, whence-in the Strassburg oath of 842-0. Fr. Lodhuwigs, then Chlovis, Loys and later Louis, whence Span. Luiz and—through the Angevin kings—Hungarian

Louis Philippe . The proposal, in 1822, to See also:

• PURCHASE

purchase the estate of See also:

• CHAMBORD
• CHAMBORD, HENRI CHARLES FERDINAND MARIE DIEUDONNE, COMTE DE (182o-1883)

Chambord for the See also:

• DUKE (corresponding to Fr. duc, Ital. duca, Ger. Herzog)

duke of See also:

• BORDEAUX

Bordeaux called forth from Courier the See also:

• SIMPLE

Simple Discours de See also:

• PAUL
• PAUL (PAULUS)

Paul Louis, vigneron de la Chavonniere, one of his best pieces .

For this he .was tried and condemned to suffer a See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short imprisonment and to pay a See also:

• FINE

fine . Before he went to See also:

• PRISON (derived through the Fr. from the Lat. prehensio, seizure)

prison he published a compte rendu of his trial, which had a still larger circulation than the Discours itself . In 1823 appeared the Livret de Paul Louis, the See also:

• GAZETTE

Gazette de See also:

• VILLAGE

village, followed in 1824 by his famous Pamphlet des pamphlets, called by his biographer,Armand See also:

• CARREL, JEAN BAPTISTE NICOLAS ARMAND (18o0-1836)

Carrel, his See also:

• SWAN (A. S. swan and swan, Icel. svanr, Du. zwaart, Ger. Schwan)
• SWAN, J
• SWAN, JOHN MACALLAN (1847-1910)
• SWAN, SIR JOSEPH WILSON (1828– )

swan-See also:

• SONG

song . Courier published in x8o7 his translation from See also:

• XENOPHON

Xenophon, Du commandement de la cavalerie et de l'equitation, and had a See also:

• SHARE (O. Eng. scearu, chiefly in compounds, e.g. land-scearu, a share of land, from sceran to cut; cf. " shear" )

share in editing the Collections des See also:

• ROMANS
• ROMANS, EPISTLE TO THE

romans grecs . He also projected a translation of See also:

• HERODOTUS (c. 484-425 B.C.)

Herodotus, and published a specimen, in which he attempted to imitate archaic French; but he did not live to carry out this See also:

• PLAN
• PLAN (from Lat. planes, flat)

plan . In the autumn of 1825, on a See also:

• SUNDAY

Sunday afternoon (See also:

• AUGUST (originally Sextilis)

August 18th), Courier was found shot in a See also:

• WOOD, ANTHONY A2 (1632-1695)
• WOOD, JOHN GEORGE (1827—1889)
• WOOD, MRS HENRY [ELLEN] (1814—1887)
• WOOD, SEARLES VALENTINE (1798—188o)

wood near his See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house . The murderers, who were servants of his own, remained undis- covered for five years . - The writings of Courier, dealing with the facts and events of his own time, are valuable See also:

• SOURCES

sources of See also:

• INFORMATION (from Lat. informare, to give shape or form to, to represent, describe)

information as to the See also:

• CONDITION (Lat. condicio, from condicere, to agree upon, arrange; not connected with conditio, from condere, conditum, to put together)

condition of See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France before, during, and after the Revolution . Sainte-Beuve finds in Courier's own words, " peu de matiere et beaucoup d'art," the See also:

• SECRET (Lat. secretum, hidden, concealed)

secret and See also:

• DEVICE

device of his See also:

• TALENT (Lat. talentum, adaptation of Gr. TaXavrov, balance, ! Recollections of a First Visit to the Alps (1841); Vacation Rambles weight, from root raX-, to lift, as in rXi vac, to bear, 1-aXas, and Thoughts, comprising recollections of three Continental

talent, which gives his writings a value See also:

• INDEPENDENT

independent of the somewhat ephemeral subject-See also:

• MATTER

matter . A Collection complete des pamphlets politiques et opuscules litteraires de P . L . Courier appeared in 1826 .

See See also:

• EDITIONS

editions of his CEuvres (1848), with an admirable See also:

• BIOGRAPHY (from the Gr. (3ios, life, and yp&4 , writing)

biography by Armand Carrel, which is reproduced in a later edition, with a supplementary See also:

• CRITICISM
• CRITICISM (from the Gr. KpiTrlS, a judge, Kpivew, to decide, to give an authoritative opinion)

criticism by F . See also:

• SARCEY, FRANCISQUE (1827-1899)

Sarcey (1876–1877) ; also three notices by Sainte-Beuve in the Causeries du lundi and the Nouveaux Lundis .