JACQUES See also:

• JACQUES COURTOIS (1621–1676)

COURTOIS (1621–1676)  and See also:

• GUILLAUME
• GUILLAUME, JEAN BAPTISTE CLAUDE EUGENE (1822-1905)

GUILLAUME (1628–1699) . The two See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French painters who See also:

• BORE

bore these names are also called by the See also:

• ITALIAN

Italian equivalents Giacomo (or Jacopo) Cortese and Guglielmo Cortese . Each of the See also:

• BROTHERS, RICHARD (1757-1824)

brothers is likewise named, from his native See also:

• PROVINCE
• PROVINCE (Lat. provincia; perhaps a contraction of providentia)

province, Le Bourguignon, or Il See also:

• BORGOGNONE, AMBROGIO (fl. 1473–1524)

Borgognone . Jacques See also:

• COURTOIS, JACQUES (1621–1676)

Courtois was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born at St Hippolyte, near See also:

• BESANCON

Besancon, in 1621 . His See also:

• FATHER

father was a painter, and with him Jacques remained studying up to the See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age of fifteen . Towards 1637 he came to See also:

• ITALY
• ITALY (Italia)

Italy, was hospitably received at See also:

• MILAN
• MILAN (Ital. Milano, Ger. Mailand, anc. Mediolanum, q.v.)

Milan by a Burgundian See also:

• GENTLEMAN (from Lat. gentilis, " belonging to a race or gens," and " man "; Fr. gentilhomme, Span. gentil hombre, Ital. gentil huomo, in its original and strict signification, a term denoting a man of good family, the Lat. generosus (its invariable transl

gentleman, and entered, and for three years remained in, the French military service . The sight of some See also:

• BATTLE

battle-pictures revived his See also:

• TASTE (from Lat. taxare, to touch sharply; tangere, to touch)

taste for See also:

• FINE

fine See also:

• ART

art . He went to See also:

• BOLOGNA
• BOLOGNA, GIOVANNI DA (1524–1608)

Bologna, and studied under the friendly tutelage of Guido; thence he proceeded to See also:

• ROME
• ROME (Roma)

Rome, where he painted, in the Cistercian monastery, the "See also:

• MIRACLE (Lat. miraculum, from mirari, to wonder)

Miracle of the Loaves." Here he took a See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house and after a while entered upon his own characteristic See also:

• STYLE
• STYLE (from Gr. a-6'1ms, a column; a different word from that used in literature, see below)

style of art, that of battle-See also:

• PAINTING

painting, in which he has been accounted to excel all other old masters; his merits were cordially recognized by the celebrated Cerquozzi, named See also:

• MICHELANGELO (MICHELAGNIOLO BUONARROTI) (1475-1564)

Michelangelo delle Battaglie . He soon See also:

• ROSE
• ROSE (Rosa)
• ROSE, GEORGE (1744-1818)
• ROSE, HUGH JAMES (1795—1838)
• ROSE, WILLIAM STEWART (1775-1843)

rose from penury to ease, and married a painter's beautiful daughter, Maria Vagini; she died after seven years of wedded See also:

• LIFE

life . See also:

• PRINCE
• PRINCE (Lat. princeps, from primus capio, " I am the first to take "; Ital. principe, Fr. prince)

Prince See also:

• MATTHIAS
• MATTHIAS (1557-1619)

Matthias of See also:

• TUSCANY
• TUSCANY (Toscana)

Tuscany employed Courtois on some striking See also:

• WORKS

works in his See also:

• VILLA

villa, Lappeggio, representing with much See also:

• HISTORICAL

historical accuracy the prince's military exploits . In See also:

• VENICE
• VENICE (continued)
• VENICE (Venezia)

Venice also the artist executed for the senator Sagredo some remarkable battle-pieces . In See also:

• FLORENCE
• FLORENCE (Ital. Firenze, Lat. Florentia)

Florence he entered the Society of Jesus, taking the See also:

• HABIT (through the French from Lat. habitus, from habere, to have, hold, or, in a reflective sense, to be in a certain condition; in many of the English senses the French use habitude, not habit)

habit in Rome in 1655; it was calumniously -rumoured that he adopted this course in See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order to See also:

• ESCAPE (in mid. Eng. eschape or escape, from the O. Fr. eschapper, modern echapper, and escaper, low Lat. escapium, from ex, out of, and cappa, cape, cloak; cf. for the sense development the Gr. iichueoOat, literally to put off one's clothes, hence to sli

escape See also:

• PUNISHMENT (from Lat. punire, to punish, from poena, punishment, Gr. 7rocvil)

punishment for having poisoned his wife .

As a Jesuit father, Courtois painted many works in churches and monasteries of the society . He lived piously in Rome, and died there of See also:

• APOPLEXY (Gr. arov n i.a, from aroaMvvew, to strike down, to stun)

apoplexy on the loth of May 1676 (some accounts say 1670 or 1671) . His battle-pieces have See also:

• MOVEMENT

movement and See also:

• FIRE (in O. Eng. f j'r; the word is common to West German languages, cf. Dutch vuur, Ger. Feuer; the pre-Teutonic form is seen in Sanskrit pu, pavaka, and Gr. irup; the ultimate origin is usually taken to be a root meaning to purify, cf. Lat. purus)

fire, warm colouring (now too often blackened), and See also:

• GREAT

great command of the See also:

• BRUSH (from Fr. brosse, which, like the English word, means both the undergrowth of a wood and the instrument; if the word in both these meanings is ultimately the same, then the origin is from a bundle of brushwood used as a brush or broom, but this is h
• BRUSH, GEORGE DE FOREST (1855– )

brush,—those of moderate dimensions are the more esteemed . They are slight in See also:

• EXECUTION (from Lat. ex-sequor, exsecutus, follow or carry out)

execution, and tell out best from a distance . Courtois etched with skill twelve battle-subjects of his own See also:

• COMPOSITION
• COMPOSITION (Lat. compositio, from componere, to put together)

composition . The Dantzig painter named in Italy Pandolfo Reschi was his See also:

• PUPIL (Lat. pupillus, orphan, minor, dim. of pupus, boy, allied to puer, from root pm- or peu-, to beget, cf. "pupa," Lat. for " doll," the name given to the stage intervening between the larval and imaginal stages in certain insects)

pupil . Guillaume Courtois, born likewise at St Hippolyte, came to Italy with his See also:

• BROTHER

brother . He went at once to Rome, and entered the school of Pietro da See also:

• CORTONA

Cortona . He studied also the Bolognese painters and Giovanni See also:

• BARBIERI (GUERCINO)
• BARBIERI, GIOVANNI FRANCESCO (otherwise called GUERCINO, from his squinting), (1591–1666)

Barbieri, and formed for himself a style with very little See also:

• EXPRESS (through the French from the past participle of the Lat. exprimere, to press out, by transference used of representing objects in painting or sculpture, or of thoughts, &c. in words)

express mannerism, partly resembling that of Marotta . He painted the " Battle of See also:

• JOSHUA, BOOK OF

Joshua " in the Quirinal See also:

• GALLERY (through Ital. galleria, from Med. Lat. galeria, of which the origin is unknown)

Gallery, the " Crucifixion of St See also:

• ANDREW (Gr. 'AvBp4as, manly)
• ANDREW, JOHN ALBION (1818-1867)

Andrew " in the See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

church of that See also:

• SAINT (lat. sanctus, " holy ")

saint on See also:

• MONTE

Monte See also:

• CAVALLO, TIBERIUS (1749-1809)

Cavallo, various works for the See also:

• JESUITS

Jesuits, some also in co-operation with his brother . His last See also:

• PRODUCTION (Lat. productionem, from producere, to pro-duce)

production was See also:

• CHRIST (Gr. X pLQTOS, Anointed)
• CHRIST, WILHELM VON (1831-1906)

Christ admonishing Martha . His draughtsmanship is better than that of Jacques, whom he did not, however, See also:

• RIVAL

rival in spirit, See also:

• COLOUR (Lat. color, connected with celare, to hide, the root meaning, therefore, being that of a covering)

colour or composition .

He also executed some etchings . Guillaume Courtois died of See also:

• GOUT

gout on the 15th of See also:

• JUNE

June 1679 . ' COURTRAI (Flemish, Kortryk), an important and once famous See also:

• TOWN

town of See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

West See also:

• FLANDERS (Flem. Vlaanderen)

Flanders, See also:

• BELGIUM
• BELGIUM (Fr. Belgique; Flem. Belgic)

Belgium, situated on the Lys . Pop . (1904) 34,564 . It is now best known for its fine See also:

• LINEN

linen, which ranks with that of Larne . The See also:

• LACE (corresponding to Ital. merletto, trina; Genoese Pizzo; Ger. spitzen; Fr. dentelle; Dutch kanten; Span. encaje; the English word owes something to the Fr. lassis or laces, but both are connected with the earlier Lat. laqueus; early French laces were

lace factories are also important and employ 5000 hands . But considerable as is the prosperity of See also:

• MODERN

modern Courtrai it is but a See also:

• SHADOW (0. Eng. Schadewe, sceadu; a form of " shade "; connected with Gr. 6-Ore's, darkness)

shadow of what it was in the See also:

• MIDDLE

middle ages during the halcyon See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period of the Flemish communes . Then Courtrai had a See also:

• POPULATION (Lat. populus, people; populare, to populate)

population of 200,000, now it is little over a See also:

• SIXTH

sixth of that number . On the rrth of See also:

• JULY

July 1302 the great battle of Courtrai (see See also:

• INFANTRY

INFANTRY) was fought outside its walls, when the French See also:

• ARMY
• ARMY (from Fr. armee, Lat. armata)

army, under the See also:

• COUNT (Lat. comes, gen. comitis, Fr. comte, Ital. conte, Span. conde)

count of See also:

• ARTOIS

Artois, was vanquished by the allied burghers of See also:

• BRUGES (Flemish Brugge, a name signifying the bridge or place of bridges)

Bruges, See also:

• YPRES (Flemish Yperen)

Ypres and Courtrai with tremendous loss . As many as 700 pairs of See also:

• GOLDEN

golden spurs were collected on the See also:

• FIELD (a word common to many West German languages, cf. Ger. Feld, Dutch veld, possibly cognate with O.E. f olde, the earth, and ultimately with root of the Gr. irAaror, broad)
• FIELD, CYRUS WEST (1819-1892)
• FIELD, DAVID DUDLEY (18o5-1894)
• FIELD, EUGENE (1850-1895)
• FIELD, FREDERICK (18o1—1885)
• FIELD, HENRY MARTYN (1822-1907)
• FIELD, JOHN (1782—1837)
• FIELD, MARSHALL (183 1906)
• FIELD, NATHAN (1587—1633)
• FIELD, STEPHEN JOHNSON (1816-1899)
• FIELD, WILLIAM VENTRIS FIELD, BARON (1813-1907)

field from the bodies of French knights and hung up as an offering in an See also:

• ABBEY (Lat. abbatia; from Syr. abba, father)
• ABBEY, EDWIN AUSTIN (1852– )

abbey church of the town, which has See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long disappeared . There are still, however, some interesting remains of Courtrai's former grandeur .

Perhaps the See also:

• PONT (or KYLPONT), ROBERT (1524–1606)

Pont de Broel, with its towers at either end of the See also:

• BRIDGE

bridge, is as characteristic and See also:

• COMPLETE

complete as any See also:

• MONUMENT (Lat. monumentum or monumentum; from monere, to advise, bring to mind, remind; the German equivalent is Denkmal)

monument of See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient Flanders that has come down to modern times . The hotel de ville, which dated from the earlier See also:

• HALF

half of the 16th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century, was restored in 1846, and since then statues have also been added to represent those that formerly ornamented the See also:

• FACADE

facade . Two richly and elaborately carved See also:

• CHIMNEY (through the Fr. cheminee, from caminata, sc. camera, a Lat. derivative of caminus, an oven or furnace)

chimney-pieces in the hotel de ville merit See also:

• SPECIAL

special See also:

• NOTICE

notice . The one in the See also:

• COUNCIL (Lat. concilium, from cum, together, and the root cal, to call)

council chamber upstairs See also:

• DATES

dates from 1527 and gives an allegorical See also:

• REPRESENTATION

representation of the Virtues and the Vices . The other, three-quarters of a century later, contains an heraldic representation of the See also:

• NOBLE, SIR ANDREW (1832- )

noble families of the town . The church of St See also:

• MARTIN (Martinus)
• MARTIN, BON LOUIS HENRI (1810-1883)
• MARTIN, CLAUD (1735-1800)
• MARTIN, FRANCOIS XAVIER (1762-1846)
• MARTIN, HOMER DODGE (1836-1897)
• MARTIN, JOHN (1789-1854)
• MARTIN, LUTHER (1748-1826)
• MARTIN, SIR THEODORE (1816-1909)
• MARTIN, SIR WILLIAM FANSHAWE (1801–1895)
• MARTIN, ST (c. 316-400)
• MARTIN, WILLIAM (1767-1810)

Martin dates from the 15th century, but was practically destroyed in 1862 by a fire caused by See also:

• LIGHTNING

lightning . It has been restored . The most important See also:

• BUILDING

building at Courtrai is the church of Notre See also:

• DAME
• DAME (through the Fr. from Lat. domina, mistress, lady, the feminine of dominus, master, lord)

Dame, which was begun by Count See also:

• BALDWIN, JAMES MARK (1861– )
• BALDWIN, ROBERT (1804–1858)

Baldwin IX. in 1191 and finished in 121 I . The portal and the See also:

• CHOIR (0. Fr. cuer from Lat. chorus; pronounced quire, and until the end of the 17th century so spelt, the spelling being altered to agree with the Fr. chceur)

choir were reconstructed in the 18th century . In the See also:

• CHAPEL

chapel behind the choir is hung one of See also:

• VAN

Van Dyck's masterpieces, " The Erection of the See also:

• CROSS

Cross." The chapel of the See also:

• COUNTS

counts attached to the church dates from 1373, and contained mural paintings of the counts and countesses of Flanders down to the merging of the See also:

• TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title in the house of See also:

• BURGUNDY

Burgundy . Most if not all of these had become obliterated, but they have now been carefully restored . With questionable See also:

• JUDGMENT

judgment portraits have been added of the subsequent holders of the title down to the See also:

• EMPEROR (Fr. empereur, from the Lat. imperator)

emperor See also:

• FRANCIS
• FRANCIS (FRarrcols) OF SALES, ST (1567-1622)
• FRANCIS (Lat. Franciscus, Ital. Francesco, Span. Francisco, Fr. Francois, Ger. Franz)
• FRANCIS, SIR PHILIP (174o-1818)

Francis II .

(I. of See also:

• AUSTRIA
• AUSTRIA, LOWER (Ger. Niederosterreich or Osterreich unter der Enns, " Austria below the river Enns ")
• AUSTRIA, UPPER (Ger. Oberosterreich or Osterreich ob der Enns, " Austria above the river Enns ")

Austria), the last representative of the houses of Flanders and Burgundy to See also:

• RULE

rule in the See also:

• NETHERLANDS

Netherlands . Courtrai celebrated the See also:

• BOOTH (connected with a Teutonic root meaning to dwell, whence also " bower ")
• BOOTH, BARTON (1681–1933)
• BOOTH, CHARLES (184o– )
• BOOTH, EDWIN [THOMAS] (1833–1893)

booth anniversary of the battle mentioned above by erecting a monument on the field in 1902, and also by fetes and historical processions that continued for a fortnight . Courtrai, the Cortracum of the See also:

• ROMANS
• ROMANS, EPISTLE TO THE

Romans, ranked as a town from the 7th century onwards . It was destroyed by the See also:

• NORMANS

Normans, but was rebuilt in the See also:

• ROTH, JUSTUS LUDWIG ADOLF (1818-1892)

roth century by Baldwin III. of Flanders, who endowed it with See also:

• MARKET (Lat. mercatus, trade or place of trade)

market rights and laid the See also:

• FOUNDATION (Lat. fundatio, from fundare, to found)

foundation of its See also:

• INDUSTRIAL

industrial importance by inviting the See also:

• SETTLEMENT
• SETTLEMENT, ACT OF

settlement of See also:

• FOREIGN

foreign weavers . The town was once more burnt, in 1382, by the French after the battle of Roosebeke, but was rebuilt in r385 by See also:

• PHILIP
• PHILIP (Gr.'FiXtrsro , fond of horses, from dn)^eiv, to love, and limos, horse; Lat. Philip pus, whence e.g. M. H. Ger. Philippes, Dutch Filips, and, with dropping of the final s, It. Filippo, Fr. Philippe, Ger. Philipp, Sp. Felipe)
• PHILIP, JOHN (1775-1851)
• PHILIP, KING (c. 1639-1676)
• PHILIP, LANOGRAVE OF HESSE (1504-1567)

Philip the Bold, See also:

• DUKE (corresponding to Fr. duc, Ital. duca, Ger. Herzog)

duke of Burgundy .