See also:

• COUVADE (literally a "brooding," from Fr. couver, to hatch, Lat. cubare, to lie down)

COUVADE (literally a "brooding," from Fr. couver, to See also:

• HATCH
• HATCH, EDWIN (1835-1889)

hatch, See also:

• LAT

Lat. cubare, to See also:

• LIE, JONAS LAURITZ EDEMIL (1833—1908)
• LIE, MARIUS SOPHUS (1842–1899)

lie down)  , a See also:

• CUSTOM (from O. Fr. costume, costume or coustume; Low Lat. costuma, a shortened form of consuetudo)

custom so called in See also:

• BEAM
• BEAM (from the O. Eng. beam, cf. Ger. Baum, a tree, to which sense may be referred the use of " beam " as meaning the rood or crucifix, and the survival in certain names of trees, as horn-beam)

Beam, prevalent among several peoples in different parts of the See also:

• WORLD

world, requiring that the See also:

• FATHER

father, at and sometimes before the See also:

• BIRTH (a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages from the root of the verb " to bear ")

birth of his See also:

• CHILD
• CHILD, FRANCIS JAMES (1825-1896)
• CHILD, L
• CHILD, LYDIA MARIA (1802-1880)
• CHILD, SIR FRANCIS (1642-1713)
• CHILD, SIR JOHN (d. 1690)
• CHILD, SIR JOSIAH (163o - 1699)

child, shall retire to See also:

• BED
• BED (a common Teutonic word, cf. German Bett, probably connected with the Indo-European root bhodh, seen in the Lat. fodere, to dig; so " a dug-out place " for safe resting, or in the same sense as a garden " bed ")

bed and fast or abstain from certain kinds of See also:

• FOOD
• FOOD (like the verb " to feed," from a Teutonic root, whence O. Eng. foda; cf. " fodder "; connected with Gr. lrareicOae, to feed)

food, receiving the attentions generally shown to See also:

• WOMEN

women at their confinements . The existence of the custom in See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient classical times is testified to by See also:

• APOLLONIUS

Apollonius Rhodius, Diodorus (who refers to its existence among the Corsicans), and See also:

• STRABO (born c. 63 n.c.)

Strabo (who noticed it among the See also:

• SPANISH

Spanish See also:

• BASQUES

Basques, by whom, as well as by the Gascons, it has been said to be still observed, though the most See also:

• RECENT

recent researches entirely discredit this) . Travellers, from the See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time of Marco See also:

• POLO (Tibetan pulu, ball)
• POLO, GASPAR GIL (?153o-1591)
• POLO, MARCO (c. 1254-1324)

Polo, who relates its observance in See also:

• CHINESE, JAPANESE AND

Chinese See also:

• TURKESTAN
• TURKESTAN, or HAZRET

Turkestan, have found the custom to prevail in See also:

• CHINA

China, See also:

• INDIA
• INDIA, FRENCH

India, See also:

• BORNEO

Borneo, See also:

• SIAM (known to its inhabitants as Muang Thai)

Siam, See also:

• AFRICA
• AFRICA, ROMAN

Africa and the Americas . Even in See also:

• EUROPE

Europe it cannot be said to have entirely disappeared . In certain of the Baltic provinces of See also:

• RUSSIA
• RUSSIA (Rossiya)

Russia the See also:

• HUSBAND

husband, on the lying-in of the wife, takes to his bed and groans in See also:

• MOCK

mock See also:

• PAIN (from Lat. poena, Gr. robin, penalty, that which must be paid: O. Fr. peine)
• PAIN, BARRY (1867– )

pain . One writer believes he found traces of it in the little See also:

• ISLAND (O.E. ieg =isle, +land')

island of Marken in the Zuyder Zee . Even in rural See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England, notably in See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

East Anglia, a curiously obstinate belief survives (the prevalence of which in earlier times is proved by references to it in Elizabethan See also:

• DRAMA (literally "action," from Gr. Snail, act or do)

drama) that the pregnancy of the woman affects the See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man, and the See also:

• YOUNG
• YOUNG, A
• YOUNG, ARTHUR (1741-1820)
• YOUNG, BRIGHAM (1801-1877)
• YOUNG, CHARLES MAYNE (1777–1856)
• YOUNG, EDWARD (1683–1765)
• YOUNG, JAMES (1811-1883)
• YOUNG, THOMAS (1773-1829)

young husband who complains of a toothache is assailed by pleasantries as to his wife's See also:

• CONDITION (Lat. condicio, from condicere, to agree upon, arrange; not connected with conditio, from condere, conditum, to put together)

condition . In See also:

• GUIANA (Guyana, Guayana')

Guiana the custom is.observed in its most typical See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form . The woman See also:

• WORKS

works to within a few See also:

• HOURS, CANONICAL

hours of the birth, but some days before her delivery the father leaves his occupations and abstains from certain kinds of See also:

• ANIMAL
• ANIMAL (Lat. animalis, from anima, breath, soul)

animal food lest the child should suffer . Thus the flesh of the See also:

• AGOUTI

agouti is forbidden, lest the child should be lean, and that of the capibara or See also:

• WATER

water-See also:

• CAVY

cavy, for fear he should inherit through his father's gluttony that creature's projecting See also:

• TEETH (O.E. Eel); plural of tooth, O.E. top)

teeth . A few hours before delivery the woman goes alone, or with one or two women-See also:

• FRIENDS, SOCIETY
• FRIENDS, SOCIETY OF

friends, into the See also:

• FOREST

forest, where the baby is See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born . She returns as soon as she can stand, to her See also:

• WORK

work, and the man then takes to his See also:

• HAMMOCK

hammock and becomes the invalid .

He must do no work, must See also:

• TOUCH (derived through Fr. toucher from a common Teutonic and Indo-Germanic root, cf. " tug," " tuck," O. H. Ger. zucchen, to twitch or draw)

touch no weapons, is forbidden all See also:

• MEAT

meat and food, except at first a fermented liquor and after the twelfth See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day a weak gruel of See also:

• CASSAVA

cassava See also:

• MEAL

meal . He must not even See also:

• SMOKE (from O. Eng. smeocan, to smoke, reek, cf. Dutch meek, Ger. Schmauch, probably allied to Gr. vol9caiv)

smoke, or See also:

• WASH, THE

wash himself, but is waited on See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand and See also:

• FOOT

foot by the women . So far is the See also:

• COMEDY

comedy carried that he whines and groans as if in actual pain . Six See also:

• WEEKS, EDWIN LORD (1849-1903)

weeks after the birth of the child he is taken in hand by his relatives, who lacerate his skin and rub him with a decoction of the See also:

• PEPPER
• PEPPER, WILLIAM (1843–1898)

pepper-plant . A banquet is then held from which the patient is excluded, for he must not leave his bed till several days later; and for six months he must eat the flesh of neither See also:

• FISH (O. Eng. fist, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dutch visch, Ger. Fisch, Goth. fisks, cognate with the Lat. piscis)
• FISH, HAMILTON (1808-1893)

fish nor See also:

• BIRD

bird . Almost identical ceremonies have been noticed among the natives of See also:

• CALIFORNIA
• CALIFORNIA, LOWER (Baja California)
• CALIFORNIA, UNIVERSITY OF

California and New See also:

• MEXICO
• MEXICO (Span. Mejico, or Mexico,)
• MEXICO, FEDERAL DISTRICT OF
• MEXICO, GULF OF

Mexico; while in See also:

• GREENLAND (Danish, &c., Gronland)

Greenland and See also:

• KAMCHATKA

Kamchatka the husband may not work for some time before and after his wife's confinement . Among the Larkas of See also:

• BENGAL
• BENGAL, BAY OF

Bengal a See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period of See also:

• ISOLATION

isolation and uncleanness, synchronous with that compulsory on the woman, is imperative for the man, on the conclusion of which the child's parentage is publicly proclaimed . No certain explanation can be offered for the custom . The most reasonable view is that adopted by E . B . See also:

• TYLOR, EDWARD BURNETT (1832- )

Tylor, who traces in it the transition from the earlier matriarchal to the later patriarchal See also:

• SYSTEM

system of tribe-organization . Among See also:

• PRIMITIVE

primitive tribes, and probably in all ages, the former See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order of society, in which descent and See also:

• INHERITANCE

inheritance are reckoned through the See also:

• MOTHER

mother alone, as being the earliest form of See also:

• FAMILY

family See also:

• LIFE

life, is and was very See also:

• COMMON

common, if not universal .

The See also:

• ACKNOWLEDGMENT (from the old acknow, a compound of on- and know, to know by the senses, which passed through the forms oknow, aknow and acknow; acknowledge is formed on analogy of " knowledge ")

acknowledgment of a relation-See also:

• SHIP

ship between father and son is characteristic of the progress of society towards a true family life . It may well be that the See also:

• COUVADE (literally a "brooding," from Fr. couver, to hatch, Lat. cubare, to lie down)

Couvade arose in the father's See also:

• DESIRE

desire to emphasize the See also:

• BOND
• BOND, SIR EDWARD AUGUSTUS (1815-1898)

bond of See also:

• BLOOD

blood between himself and his child . It is a fact that in some countries the father has to See also:

• PURCHASE

purchase the child from its mother; and in the See also:

• ROMAN

Roman ceremony of the husband raising the baby from the See also:

• FLOOR (from O. Eng. flor, a word common to many Teutonic languages, cf. Dutch vloer, and Ger. Flur, a field, in the feminine, and a floor, masculine)

floor we may trace the See also:

• SAVAGE
• SAVAGE, MINOT JUDSON (1841– )
• SAVAGE, RICHARD (d. 1743)

savage See also:

• IDEA (Gr. Ibia, connected with i&eiv, to see; cf. Lat. species from specere, to look at)

idea that the male See also:

• PARENT, SIMON NAPOLEON (1855– )

parent must formally proclaim his See also:

• ADOPTION (Lat. adoptio, for adoptalio, from adoptare, to choose for oneself)

adoption of and responsibility for the offspring . Max See also:

• MILLER, HUGH (1802–1856)
• MILLER, JOAQUIN (CINCINNATUS HEINE) (1841- )
• MILLER, JOE (JosEPH or JosIAS( (1684-1738)
• MILLER, SAMUEL FREEMAN (1816-1890)
• MILLER, WILLIAM (1782-1849)
• MILLER, WILLIAM (1795-1861)
• MILLER, WILLIAM (1796–1882)
• MILLER, WILLIAM HALLOWES (18o1–188o)

Miller., in his Chips from a See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German Workshop, endeavoured to find an explanation in primitive "henpecking," asserting that the unfortunate husband was tyrannized over by " his See also:

• FEMALE

female relatives and afterwards frightened into superstition," —that, in fact, the whole fabric of ceremony is reared on nothing but masculine See also:

• HYSTERIA

hysteria; but this theory can scarcely be taken seriously . The missionary, See also:

• JOSEPH
• JOSEPH, COMTE DE (1785-1870)
• JOSEPH, FATHER (FRANCOIS LECLERC DU TREMBLAY) (1577-1638)

Joseph See also:

• FRANCOIS (1558-1614)

Francois Lafitau, suspected a psychological See also:

• REASON (Lat. ratio, through French raison)

reason, assuming the custom to be a dim recollection of See also:

• ORIGINAL

original See also:

• SIN
• SIN (O. Eng. syn: a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch zonde, Ger. Siinde)

sin, the isolation and fast types of repentance . The explanation of the See also:

• AMERICAN

American See also:

• INDIANS, NORTH AMERICAN

Indians is that if the father engaged in any hard or hazardous work, e.g. See also:

• HUNTING (the verbal substantive from " hunt "; O. Eng. huntian, hunta; apparently connected with O. Eng. hentan, Gothic hinpan, to capture, O.H.G. hunda,booty)

hunting, or was careless in his See also:

• DIET

diet, the child would suffer and inherit the See also:

• PHYSICAL

physical faults and peculiarities of the animals eaten . This belief that a See also:

• PERSON, OFFENCES AGAINST THE

person becomes possessed of the nature and form of the animal he eats is widespread, being as prevalent in the Old World as in the See also:

• NEI

Nei, but it is insufficient to See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account for the See also:

• MINUTE
• MINUTE (Lat. minutes, small; minuere, to make less)

minute ceremonial details of La Couvade as practised in many lands . It is far more likely that so universal a practice has no trivial beginnings, but is to be considered as a mile-See also:

• STONE
• STONE (0. Eng. shin; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Stein, Du. steen, Dan. and Swed. sten; the root is also seen in Gr. aria, pebble)
• STONE, CHARLES POMEROY (1824-1887)
• STONE, EDWARD JAMES (1831-1897)
• STONE, FRANK (1800-1859)
• STONE, GEORGE (1708—1764)
• STONE, LUCY [BLACKWELL] (1818-1893)
• STONE, MARCUS (184o— )
• STONE, NICHOLAS (1586-1647)

stone marking a See also:

• GREAT

great transitional See also:

• EPOCH (Gr. E7roxij, holding in suspense, a pause, from E1rxav, to hold up, to stop)

epoch in human progress . AIITEORITIlLs.--E . B . Tylor's See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

Early See also:

• HISTORY

History of Man (1865; 2nded. p . 301); F .

Max See also:

• MULLER, FERDINAND VON, BARON (1825–1896)
• MULLER, FRIEDRICH (1749-1825)
• MULLER, GEORGE (1805-1898)
• MULLER, JOHANNES PETER (18o1-1858)
• MULLER, JOHANNES VON (1752-1809)
• MULLER, JULIUS (18oi-1878)
• MULLER, KARL OTFRIED (1797-1840)
• MULLER, LUCIAN (1836-1898)
• MULLER, WILHELM (1794-1827)
• MULLER, WILLIAM JAMES (1812-1845)

Muller, Chips from a German Workshop (1868-1875), ii . 281; See also:

• LORD
• LORD (O. Eng. hldford, i.e. hldfweard, the warder or keeper of bread, hlIf, loaf; the word is not represented in any other Teutonic language)
• LORD, JOHN (1810-1894)

Lord See also:

• AVEBURY
• AVEBURY, JOHN LUBBOCK, 1ST BARON (1834– )

Avebury, Origin of Civilisation (19o0) ; Brett's See also:

• INDIAN

Indian Tribes of Guiana; Johann Baptist von Spix and Karl F . P. von Martins, Travels in See also:

• BRAZIL
• BRAZIL, or BRASIL

Brazil (1823-1831), ii . 281; F . Lafitau, Mteurs See also:

• DES

des sauvages americains (1st ed., 1724) ; W . Z . See also:

• RIPLEY
• RIPLEY, GEORGE (1802-1880)

Ripley, Races of Europe (1900); A . H . See also:

• KEANE, JOHN JOSEPH (1839– )

Keane's See also:

• ETHNOLOGY

Ethnology (1896), p . 368 and footnote; A . See also:

• GIRAUD, GIOVANNI, COUNT (1776-1834)

Giraud-Teulon, See also:

• LES

Les Origines du mariage et de la famille (See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris, 1884) .