See also:

• COVILHAM (COVILHAO, COVIIIIX), PERO

COVILHAM (COVILHAO, COVIIIIX), PERO  or PEDRO DE, Portuguese explorer and diplomatist (fl . 1487-1525), was a native of See also:

• COVILHA

Covilha in See also:

• BEIRA

Beira . In See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early See also:

• LIFE

life he had gone to See also:

• CASTILE, or CASTILLE (Castilla)

Castile and entered the service of See also:

• ALPHONSO

Alphonso, See also:

• DUKE (corresponding to Fr. duc, Ital. duca, Ger. Herzog)

duke of See also:

• SEVILLE
• SEVILLE (Span. Sevilla, Lat. Ispalis or Hispalis, Moorish Ishbiliya)

Seville; later, when See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war See also:

• BROKE, or BROOKE, ARTHUR (d. 1563)
• BROKE, SIR PHILIP BOWES VERE, BART

broke out between Castile and See also:

• PORTUGAL

Portugal, he returned to his own See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country, and attached himself, first as a " See also:

• GROOM

groom," then as a " See also:

• SQUIRE

squire," to See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

King Alphonso V. and his successor See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John II . On the 7th of May 1487, he was despatched, in See also:

• COMPANY

company with Alphonso de Payva, on a See also:

• MISSION

mission of exploration in the See also:

• LEVANT

Levant and adjoining regions of See also:

• ASIA

Asia and See also:

• AFRICA
• AFRICA, ROMAN

Africa, with the See also:

• SPECIAL

special See also:

• OBJECT

object of learning where " See also:

• CINNAMON

cinnamon and other spices could be found," as well as of discovering the See also:

• LAND

land of Prester John, by " overland " routes . Bartholomeu See also:

• DIAZ, NARCISSE VIRGILIO (18(38-1876)
• DIAZ, PORFIRIO (183o– )

Diaz, at this very See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time, went out to find the Prester's country, as well as the termination of the See also:

• AFRICAN

African See also:

• CONTINENT (from Lat. continere, "to hold together "; hence " connected," " continuous ")

continent and the ocean route to See also:

• INDIA
• INDIA, FRENCH

India, by See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

sea . See also:

• COVILHAM (COVILHAO, COVIIIIX), PERO

Covilham and Payva were provided with a " See also:

• LETTER (through Fr. lettre from Lat. littera or litera, letter of the alphabet; the origin of the Latin word is obscure; it has probably no connexion with the root of linere, to smear, i.e. with wax, for an inscription with a stilus)

letter of See also:

• CREDENCE, or CREDENCE TABLE

credence for all the countries of the See also:

• WORLD

world" and with a " See also:

• MAP
• MAP (or MAPES), WALTER (d. c. 1208/9)

map for navigating, taken from the map of the world" and compiled by See also:

• BISHOP (A.S. bisceop, from Lat. episcopus, Gr. irio-Korros, " overlooker " or " overseer ")
• BISHOP, ISABELLA (1832-1904)
• BISHOP, SIR HENRY ROWLEY (1786-1855)

Bishop Calcadilha, and doctors Rodrigo and Moyses . The first two of these were prominent members of the See also:

• COMMISSION (from Lat. commissio, committere)

commission which advised the Portuguese See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government to reject the proposals, of See also:

• COLUMBUS
• COLUMBUS, CHRISTOPHER [in Spanish CRISTOBAL COLON] (c. 1446, or perhaps rather 1451, -15o6)

Columbus, The explorers started from See also:

• SANTAREM

Santarem and travelled by See also:

• BARCELONA

Barcelona to See also:

• NAPLES
• NAPLES (Ital. Napoli, and Lat. Neapolis)
• NAPLES, KINGDOM OF

Naples, where their bills of See also:

• EXCHANGE

exchange were paid by the sons of Cosimo de' See also:

• MEDICI
• MEDICI, GIACOMO (1817-1882)

Medici; thence they passed to See also:

• RHODES
• RHODES, CECIL JOHN (1853-1902)
• RHODES, JAMES FORD

Rhodes, where they lodged with two other Portuguese, and so to See also:

• ALEXANDRIA
• ALEXANDRIA (Arab. Iskenderia)

Alexandria and See also:

• CAIRO
• CAIRO (Arabic Misr-al-Kahira, or simply Misr)

Cairo, where they posed as merchants . In company with certain See also:

• MOORS (Lat. Mauri; Gr. Mavpot, dark men)
• MOORS, KABYLES, MZABITES

Moors from See also:

• FEZ (Fes)

Fez and See also:

• TLEMCEN

Tlemcen they now went by way of Tor to See also:

• SUAKIN, or SAWAKIN

Suakin and See also:

• ADEN

Aden, where (as it was now See also:

• MONSOON
• MONSOON (Arabic Mausim, season)

monsoon time) they parted, Covilham proceeding to India and Payva to See also:

• ETHIOPIA, or AETHIOPIA (Gr. AlOtoaia)

Ethiopia—the two companions agreeing to meet again in Cairo . Covilham thus arrived at See also:

• CANNANORE, or KANANORE

Cannanore and See also:

• CALICUT

Calicut, whence he retraced his course to See also:

• GOA

Goa and Ormuz, the Red Sea and Cairo, making an excursion on his way down the See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

East African See also:

• COAST (from Lat. costa, a rib, side)

coast to See also:

• SOFALA

Sofala, which he was probably the first See also:

• EUROPEAN

European to visit . At Cairo he heard of Payva's See also:

• DEATH

death, and met with two Portuguese See also:

• JEWS
• JEWS (Heb. Y8hudi, man of Judah; Gr. 'Iovbaiot; Lat. Judaei)

Jews—See also:

• RABBI

Rabbi See also:

• ABRAHAM, or ABRAM (Hebrew for " father is high ")

Abraham of See also:

• BEJA (or BiJA)
• BEJA (probably the ancient Pax Julia)

Beja, and See also:

• JOSEPH
• JOSEPH, COMTE DE (1785-1870)
• JOSEPH, FATHER (FRANCOIS LECLERC DU TREMBLAY) (1577-1638)

Joseph, a See also:

• SHOE (a word appearing in the Teutonic languages in various forms, as Ger. Schuh, Swed. and Dan. sko, sometimes supposed to come from an unknown root ska or sku, cover)

shoe-maker of Lamegowho had been sent by King John with letters for Covilham and Payva . By Joseph of See also:

• LAMEGO

Lamego Covilham replied with an See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account of his See also:

• INDIAN

Indian and African journeys, and of his observations on the cinnamon, See also:

• PEPPER
• PEPPER, WILLIAM (1843–1898)

pepper and clove See also:

• TRADE (O. Eng. trod, footstep, from tredan, to tread; in M. Eng. the forms teed, trod and trade appear, the last in the sense of a beaten track)
• TRADE, BOARD OF

trade at Calicut, together with See also:

• ADVICE (Fr. avis, from Lat. ad, to, and visum, viewed)

advice as to the ocean way to India . This he truly represented as quite practicable: " to this they (of Portugal) could navigate by their coast and the seas of See also:

• GUINEA

Guinea." The first See also:

• OBJECTIVE, or OBJECT GLASS

objective in the easterly ocean, he added, was Sofala or the See also:

• ISLAND (O.E. ieg =isle, +land')

Island of the See also:

• MOON (a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Mond, Du. maan, Dan. maane, &c., and cognate with such Indo-Germanic forms as Gr. µlip, Sans. ma's, Irish mi, &c.; Lat. uses luna, i.e. lucna, the shining one, lucere, to shine, for the moon, but preserves the word i
• MOON, SIR RICHARD, 1ST BARONET (1814-1899)

Moon, our See also:

• MADAGASCAR

Madagascar—" from each of these lands one can fetch the coast of Calicut." With this See also:

• INFORMATION (from Lat. informare, to give shape or form to, to represent, describe)

information Joseph returned to Portugal, while Covilham, with Abraham of Beja, again visited Aden and Ormuz .

At the latter he See also:

• LEFT

left the rabbi; and himself came back to See also:

• JIDDA (also written JEDDAH, DJIDDAH, DJEDDEH)

Jidda, the See also:

• PORT

port of the Arabian See also:

• HOLY

holy land, and penetrated (as he told See also:

• ALVAREZ, DON JOSE (1768-1827)
• ALVAREZ, DON MANUEL (1727-1797)
• ALVAREZ, FRANCISCO (c. 1465-1541?)

Alvarez many years later) even to See also:

• MECCA (Arab. Makkah)

Mecca and See also:

• MEDINA
• MEDINA, JOSE TORIBIO (1852- )

Medina . Finally, by See also:

• MOUNT, WILLIAM SIDNEY (1807-1868)

Mount See also:

• SINAI

Sinai, Tor and the Red Sea, he reached Zeila, whence he struck inland to the See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

court of Prester John (i.e . See also:

• ABYSSINIA (officially ETHIOPIA)

Abyssinia) . Here he was honourably received; lands and lordships were bestowed upon him; but he was not permitted to leave . When the Portuguese See also:

• EMBASSY

embassy under Rodrigo de See also:

• LIMA

Lima, including See also:

• FATHER

Father Francisco Alvarez, entered Abyssinia in 1520, Covilham wept with joy at the sight of his See also:

• FELLOW

fellow-countrymen . It was then See also:

• FORTY

forty years since he had left Portugal, and over See also:

• THIRTY

thirty since he had been a prisoner of See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state in " Ethiopia." Alvarez, who professed to know him well, and to have heard the See also:

• STORY, JOHN (c. 1510-1571)
• STORY, JOSEPH (1779-1845)
• STORY, ROBERT HERBERT (1835-1907)
• STORY, WILLIAM WETMORE (1819—1895)

story of his life, both " in See also:

• CONFESSION (Lat. confessio, from confiteor, acknowledge, confess)

confession and out of it," praises his See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power of vivid description " as if things were See also:

• PRESENT

present before him," and his extraordinary knowledge of " all spoken See also:

• LANGUAGES

languages of Christians, Moors and Gentiles." His services as an interpreter were valuable to Rodrigo de Lima's embassy; but he never succeeded in escaping from Abyssinia . See Francisco Alvarez, Verdadera Informacam das terras do Preste Joam, esp. chs . 73, 89, 98, 102-103, 105 (pp . 177, 224, 254, 264, 265-270, 275, of the See also:

• HAKLUYT, RICHARD (c. 1553—1616)

Hakluyt Society's See also:

• ENGLISH

English edition, The Portuguese Embassy to Abyssinia . . . 1520-1727, See also:

• LONDON

London, 1881); an abstract of this, with some inaccuracies, is given in See also:

• MAJOR
• MAJOR (Lat. for " greater ")
• MAJOR (or MAIR), JOHN (1470-1550)

Major's See also:

• PRINCE
• PRINCE (Lat. princeps, from primus capio, " I am the first to take "; Ital. principe, Fr. prince)

Prince See also:

• HENRY
• HENRY (1129-1195)
• HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
• HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
• HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
• HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
• HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
• HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
• HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
• HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
• HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
• HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
• HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
• HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)

Henry the Navigator (London, 1868), pp . 339-340 .