See also:ABRAHAM See also:COWLEY (1618-1667)
, See also:English poet, was See also:born in the See also:city of See also:London See also:late in 1618
.
His See also:father, a wealthy See also:citizen, who died shortly before his See also:birth, was a stationer
.
His See also:mother was wholly given to See also:works of devotion, but it happened that there See also:lay in her parlour a copy of The Faery See also:Queen
.
This became the favourite See also:reading of her son, and he had twice devoured it all before he was sent to school
.
As See also:early as 1628, that is, in his tenth See also:year, he composed his Tragicall See also:History of Piramus and Thisbe, an epical See also:romance written in a six-See also:line See also:stanza, of his own invention
.
It is not too much to say that this See also:work is the most astonishing feat of imaginative precocity on See also:record; it is marked by no See also:great faults of immaturity, and possesses constructive merits of a very high See also:- ORDER
- ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
- ORDER, HOLY
order
.
Two years later the See also:child wrote another and still more ambitious poem, See also:Constantia and Philetus, being sent about the same See also:- TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
- TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
- TIME, STANDARD
time to See also:Westminster school
.
Here he displayed the most extraordinary See also:mental precocity and versatility, and wrote in his thirteenth year yet another poem, the See also:Elegy on the See also:Death of See also:Dudley, See also:Lord Carlton
.
These three poems of considerable See also:size, and some smaller ones, were collected in 1633, and published in a See also:volume entitled Poetical Blossoms, dedicated to the See also:head See also:master of the school, and prefaced by many laudatory verses by schoolfellows
.
The author at once became famous, although he had not, even yet, completed his fifteenth year
.
-His next See also:composition was a See also:pastoral See also:comedy, entitled Love's Riddle, a marvellous See also:production for a boy of sixteen, See also:airy, correct and harmonious in See also:language, and rapid in See also:movement
.
The See also:style is not without resemblance to that of See also:Randolph, whose earliest works, however, were at that time only just printed
.
In 1637 See also:Cowley was elected into Trinity See also:College, See also:Cambridge, where he betook himself with See also:enthusiasm to the study of all kinds of learning, and early distinguished himself as a ripe See also:scholar
.
It was about this time that he composed his scriptural epic on the history of See also:- KING
- KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
- KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
- KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
- KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
- KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
- KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
- KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
- KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
- KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
- KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
- KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)
King See also:David, one See also:book of which still exists in the Latin See also:original, the See also:rest being superseded in favour of an English version in four books, called the Davideis, which he published a See also:long time after
.
This his most See also:grave and important work is remarkable as having suggested to See also:Milton several points which he afterwards made use of
.
The epic, written in a very dreary and turgid manner, but in See also:good rhymed heroic See also:verse, deals with the adventures of King David from his boyhood to the smiting of Amalek by See also:Saul, where it abruptly closes
.
In 1638 Love's Riddle and a Latin comedy, the Naufragium Joculare, were printed, and in 1641 the passage of See also:Prince See also:Charles through Cambridge gave occasion to the production ofanother dramatic work, The See also:Guardian, which was acted before the royal visitor with much success
.
During the See also:civil See also:war this See also:play was privately performed at See also:Dublin, but it was not printed till I65o
.
It is See also:bright and amusing, in the style See also:common to the " sons " of See also:Ben See also:Jonson, the university wits who wrote more for the closet than the public See also:stage
.
The learned quiet of the See also:young poet's See also:life was broken up by the Civil War; he warmly espoused the royalist See also:side
.
He became a See also:fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge, but was ejected by the Parliamentarians in 1643
.
He made his way to See also:- OXFORD
- OXFORD, EARLS OF
- OXFORD, EDWARD DE VERE, 17TH EARL
- OXFORD, JOHN DE VERE, 13TH EARL OF (1443-1513)
- OXFORD, PROVISIONS OF
- OXFORD, ROBERT DE VERE, 9TH EARL OF (1362-1392)
- OXFORD, ROBERT HARLEY, 1ST
Oxford, where he enjoyed the friendship of Lord See also:Falkland, and was tossed, in the tumult of affairs, into the See also:personal confidence of the royal See also:family itself
.
After the See also:battle of See also:Marston See also:Moor he followed the queen to See also:Paris, and the See also:- EXILE (Lat. exsilium or exilium, from exsul or exul, which is derived from ex, out of, and the root sal, to go, seen in salire, to leap, consul, &c.; the connexion with solum, soil, country is now generally considered wrong)
exile so commenced lasted twelve years
.
This See also:period was spent almost entirely in the royal service, " bearing a See also:share in the distresses of the royal family, or labouring in their affairs
.
To this purpose he performed several dangerous journeys into See also:Jersey, See also:Scotland, See also:Flanders, See also:- HOLLAND
- HOLLAND, CHARLES (1733–1769)
- HOLLAND, COUNTY AND PROVINCE OF
- HOLLAND, HENRY FOX, 1ST BARON (1705–1774)
- HOLLAND, HENRY RICH, 1ST EARL OF (1S9o-,649)
- HOLLAND, HENRY RICHARD VASSALL FOX, 3RD
- HOLLAND, JOSIAH GILBERT (1819-1881)
- HOLLAND, PHILEMON (1552-1637)
- HOLLAND, RICHARD, or RICHARD DE HOLANDE (fl. 1450)
- HOLLAND, SIR HENRY, BART
Holland, or wherever else the king's troubles required his attendance
.
But the See also:chief testimony of his fidelity was the laborious service he underwent in maintaining the See also:constant See also:correspondence between the late king and the queen his wife
.
In that weighty See also:trust he behaved himself with indefatigable integrity and unsuspected secrecy; for he ciphered and deciphered with his own See also:hand the greatest See also:part of all the letters that passed between their majesties, and managed a vast intelligence in many other parts, which for some years together took up all his days, and two or three nights every See also:week." In spite of these labours he did not refrain from See also:literary See also:industry
.
During his exile he met with the works of See also:Pindar, and determined to reproduce their lofty lyric See also:passion in English
.
At the same time he occupied himself in See also:writing a history of the Civil War, which he completed as far as the battle of See also:Newbury, but unfortunately afterwards destroyed
.
In 1647 a collection of his love verses, entitled The See also:Mistress, was published, and in the next year a volume of wretched satires, The Four Ages of See also:England, was brought out under his name, with the composition of which he had nothing to do
.
In spite of the troubles of the times, so fatal to poetic fame, his reputation steadily increased, and when, on his return to England in 1656, he published a volume of his collected poetical works, he found himself without a See also:rival in public esteem
.
This volume included the later works already mentioned, the Pindarique Odes, the Davideis, the Mistress and some Miscellanies
.
Among the latter are to be found Cowley's most vital pieces
.
This See also:section of his works opens with the famous aspiration
" What shall I do to be for ever known,
And make the coming See also:age my own?"
It contains elegies on See also:Wotton, Vandyck, Falkland, See also:- WILLIAM
- WILLIAM (1143-1214)
- WILLIAM (1227-1256)
- WILLIAM (1J33-1584)
- WILLIAM (A.S. Wilhelm, O. Norse Vilhidlmr; O. H. Ger. Willahelm, Willahalm, M. H. Ger. Willehelm, Willehalm, Mod.Ger. Wilhelm; Du. Willem; O. Fr. Villalme, Mod. Fr. Guillaume; from " will," Goth. vilja, and " helm," Goth. hilms, Old Norse hidlmr, meaning
- WILLIAM (c. 1130-C. 1190)
- WILLIAM, 13TH
William See also:Hervey and See also:Crashaw, the last two being among Cowley's finest poems, brilliant, sonorous and original; the amusing ballad of The See also:Chronicle, giving a fictitious See also:catalogue of his supposed amours; various gnomic pieces; and some charming paraphrases from See also:Anacreon
.
The Pindarique Odes contain weighty lines and passages, buried in irregular and inharmonious masses of moral verbiage
.
Not more than one or two are good through-out, but a full See also:posy of beauties may easily be culled from them
.
The long cadences of the Alexandrines with which most of the strophes See also:close, continued to See also:echo in English See also:poetry from See also:Dryden down to See also:- GRAY
- GRAY (or GREY), WALTER DE (d. 1255)
- GRAY, ASA (1810-1888)
- GRAY, DAVID (1838-1861)
- GRAY, ELISHA (1835-1901)
- GRAY, HENRY PETERS (1819-18/7)
- GRAY, HORACE (1828–1902)
- GRAY, JOHN DE (d. 1214)
- GRAY, JOHN EDWARD (1800–1875)
- GRAY, PATRICK GRAY, 6TH BARON (d. 1612)
- GRAY, ROBERT (1809-1872)
- GRAY, SIR THOMAS (d. c. 1369)
- GRAY, THOMAS (1716-1771)
Gray, but the Odes themselves, which were found to be obscure by the poet's contemporaries, immediately See also:fell into disesteem
.
The Mistress was the most popular poetic reading of the age, and is now the least read of all Cowley's works
.
It was the last and most violent expression of the amatory affectation of the 17th See also:century, an affectation which had been endurable in See also:Donne and other early writers because it had been the vehicle of sincere emotion, but was unendurable in Cowley because in him it represented nothing but a perfunctory exercise, a See also:mere See also:exhibition of literary calisthenics
.
He appears to have been of a See also:cold, or at least of a timid, disposition; in the See also:face of these elaborately erotic volumes, we are told that to the end of his days he never summoned up courage to speak of love to a single woman in real life
.
The "Leonora" of The Chronicle is said to have been the
only woman he ever loved, and she married the See also:brother of his biographer, See also:Sprat
.
Soon after his return to England he was seized in See also:mistake for another See also:person, and only obtained his See also:liberty on a See also:bail of £r000
.
In 1658 he revised and altered his play of The Guardian, and prepared it for the See also:press under the See also:title of The Cutter of Coleman See also:Street, but it did not appear until 1663
.
Late in 1658 See also:Oliver See also:Cromwell died, and Cowley took See also:advantage of the confusion of affairs to See also:- ESCAPE (in mid. Eng. eschape or escape, from the O. Fr. eschapper, modern echapper, and escaper, low Lat. escapium, from ex, out of, and cappa, cape, cloak; cf. for the sense development the Gr. iichueoOat, literally to put off one's clothes, hence to sli
escape to Paris, where he remained until the Restoration brought him back in Charles's See also:train
.
He published in 1663 Verses upon several occasions, in which The Complaint is included
.
Wearied with the broils and fatigues of a See also:political life, Cowley obtained permission to retire into the See also:country; through his friend, Lord St Albans, he obtained a See also:property near See also:Chertsey, and here, devoting himself to the study of See also:botany, and buried in his books, he lived in See also:comparative solitude until his death
.
He took a great and See also:practical See also:interest in experimental See also:science, and he was one of those who were most prominent in advocating the See also:foundation of an See also:academy for the See also:protection of scientific enter-prise
.
Cowley's pamphlet on The See also:Advancement of Experimental See also:Philosophy, 1661, led directly to the foundation of the Royal Society, to which See also:body Cowley, in See also:March 1667, at the See also:suggestion of See also:Evelyn, addressed an See also:ode which is the latest and one of the strongest of his poems
.
He died in the See also:Porch See also:House, in Chertsey, on the 28th of See also:July 1667, in consequence of having caught a cold while superintending his See also:farm-labourers in the meadows late on a summer evening
.
On the 3rd of See also:August Cowley was buried in Westminster See also:Abbey beside the ashes of See also:Chaucer and See also:Spenser, where in 1675 the See also:duke of See also:- BUCKINGHAM
- BUCKINGHAM, EARLS, MARQUESSES AND DUKES OF
- BUCKINGHAM, FIRST DUKE
- BUCKINGHAM, GEORGE VILLIERS, 1ST DUKE 0E1
- BUCKINGHAM, GEORGE VILLIERS, 2ND DUKE 0E1 (1628-1687)
- BUCKINGHAM, HENRY STAFFORD, 2ND DUKE OF3 (1454-1483)
- BUCKINGHAM, JAMES SILK (1786-1855)
Buckingham erected a See also:monument to his memory
.
His Poemata See also:Latina, including six books " Plantarum," were printed in 1668
.
Throughout their parallel lives the fame of Cowley completely eclipsed that of Milton, but posterity instantly and finally reversed the See also:judgment of their contemporaries
.
The poetry of Cowley rapidly fell into a neglect as unjust as the earlier popularity had been
.
As a See also:prose writer, especially as an essayist, he holds, and will not lose, a high position in literature; as a poet it is hardly possible that he can enjoy more than a very partial revival
.
The want of nature, the obvious and awkward See also:art, the defective See also:melody of his poems, destroy the interest that their ingenuity and occasional See also:majesty would otherwise excite
.
He had lofty views of the See also:mission of a poet and an insatiable ambition, but his chief claim to poetic life is the See also:dowry of sonorous lyric style which he passed down to Dryden and his successors of the 18th century
.
The works of Cowley were collected in 1668, when See also:- THOMAS
- THOMAS (c. 1654-1720)
- THOMAS (d. 110o)
- THOMAS, ARTHUR GORING (1850-1892)
- THOMAS, CHARLES LOUIS AMBROISE (1811-1896)
- THOMAS, GEORGE (c. 1756-1802)
- THOMAS, GEORGE HENRY (1816-187o)
- THOMAS, ISAIAH (1749-1831)
- THOMAS, PIERRE (1634-1698)
- THOMAS, SIDNEY GILCHRIST (1850-1885)
- THOMAS, ST
- THOMAS, THEODORE (1835-1905)
- THOMAS, WILLIAM (d. 1554)
Thomas Sprat, afterwards See also:bishop of See also:Rochester, brought out a splendid edition in See also:folio, to which he prefixed a graceful and elegant life of the poet
.
There were many reprints of this collection, which formed the See also:standard edition till 1881, when it was superseded by A
.
B
.
See also:Grosart's privately printed edition in two volumes, for the Chertsey Worthies library
.
The Essays have frequently been revived with approval
.
(E
.
End of Article: