Online Encyclopedia

Search over 40,000 articles from the original, classic Encyclopedia Britannica, 11th Edition.

ABRAHAM COWLEY (1618-1667)

Online Encyclopedia
Originally appearing in Volume V07, Page 348 of the 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica.
Spread the word: del.icio.us del.icio.us it!

See also:

ABRAHAM See also:COWLEY (1618-1667)  , See also:English poet, was See also:born in the See also:city of See also:London See also:late in 1618 . His See also:father, a wealthy See also:citizen, who died shortly before his See also:birth, was a stationer . His See also:mother was wholly given to See also:works of devotion, but it happened that there See also:lay in her parlour a copy of The Faery See also:Queen . This became the favourite See also:reading of her son, and he had twice devoured it all before he was sent to school . As See also:early as 1628, that is, in his tenth See also:year, he composed his Tragicall See also:History of Piramus and Thisbe, an epical See also:romance written in a six-See also:line See also:stanza, of his own invention . It is not too much to say that this See also:work is the most astonishing feat of imaginative precocity on See also:record; it is marked by no See also:great faults of immaturity, and possesses constructive merits of a very high See also:order . Two years later the See also:child wrote another and still more ambitious poem, See also:Constantia and Philetus, being sent about the same See also:time to See also:Westminster school . Here he displayed the most extraordinary See also:mental precocity and versatility, and wrote in his thirteenth year yet another poem, the See also:Elegy on the See also:Death of See also:Dudley, See also:Lord Carlton . These three poems of considerable See also:size, and some smaller ones, were collected in 1633, and published in a See also:volume entitled Poetical Blossoms, dedicated to the See also:head See also:master of the school, and prefaced by many laudatory verses by schoolfellows . The author at once became famous, although he had not, even yet, completed his fifteenth year . -His next See also:composition was a See also:pastoral See also:comedy, entitled Love's Riddle, a marvellous See also:production for a boy of sixteen, See also:airy, correct and harmonious in See also:language, and rapid in See also:movement . The See also:style is not without resemblance to that of See also:Randolph, whose earliest works, however, were at that time only just printed .

In 1637 See also:

Cowley was elected into Trinity See also:College, See also:Cambridge, where he betook himself with See also:enthusiasm to the study of all kinds of learning, and early distinguished himself as a ripe See also:scholar . It was about this time that he composed his scriptural epic on the history of See also:King See also:David, one See also:book of which still exists in the Latin See also:original, the See also:rest being superseded in favour of an English version in four books, called the Davideis, which he published a See also:long time after . This his most See also:grave and important work is remarkable as having suggested to See also:Milton several points which he afterwards made use of . The epic, written in a very dreary and turgid manner, but in See also:good rhymed heroic See also:verse, deals with the adventures of King David from his boyhood to the smiting of Amalek by See also:Saul, where it abruptly closes . In 1638 Love's Riddle and a Latin comedy, the Naufragium Joculare, were printed, and in 1641 the passage of See also:Prince See also:Charles through Cambridge gave occasion to the production ofanother dramatic work, The See also:Guardian, which was acted before the royal visitor with much success . During the See also:civil See also:war this See also:play was privately performed at See also:Dublin, but it was not printed till I65o . It is See also:bright and amusing, in the style See also:common to the " sons " of See also:Ben See also:Jonson, the university wits who wrote more for the closet than the public See also:stage . The learned quiet of the See also:young poet's See also:life was broken up by the Civil War; he warmly espoused the royalist See also:side . He became a See also:fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge, but was ejected by the Parliamentarians in 1643 . He made his way to See also:Oxford, where he enjoyed the friendship of Lord See also:Falkland, and was tossed, in the tumult of affairs, into the See also:personal confidence of the royal See also:family itself . After the See also:battle of See also:Marston See also:Moor he followed the queen to See also:Paris, and the See also:exile so commenced lasted twelve years . This See also:period was spent almost entirely in the royal service, " bearing a See also:share in the distresses of the royal family, or labouring in their affairs .

To this purpose he performed several dangerous journeys into See also:

Jersey, See also:Scotland, See also:Flanders, See also:Holland, or wherever else the king's troubles required his attendance . But the See also:chief testimony of his fidelity was the laborious service he underwent in maintaining the See also:constant See also:correspondence between the late king and the queen his wife . In that weighty See also:trust he behaved himself with indefatigable integrity and unsuspected secrecy; for he ciphered and deciphered with his own See also:hand the greatest See also:part of all the letters that passed between their majesties, and managed a vast intelligence in many other parts, which for some years together took up all his days, and two or three nights every See also:week." In spite of these labours he did not refrain from See also:literary See also:industry . During his exile he met with the works of See also:Pindar, and determined to reproduce their lofty lyric See also:passion in English . At the same time he occupied himself in See also:writing a history of the Civil War, which he completed as far as the battle of See also:Newbury, but unfortunately afterwards destroyed . In 1647 a collection of his love verses, entitled The See also:Mistress, was published, and in the next year a volume of wretched satires, The Four Ages of See also:England, was brought out under his name, with the composition of which he had nothing to do . In spite of the troubles of the times, so fatal to poetic fame, his reputation steadily increased, and when, on his return to England in 1656, he published a volume of his collected poetical works, he found himself without a See also:rival in public esteem . This volume included the later works already mentioned, the Pindarique Odes, the Davideis, the Mistress and some Miscellanies . Among the latter are to be found Cowley's most vital pieces . This See also:section of his works opens with the famous aspiration " What shall I do to be for ever known, And make the coming See also:age my own?" It contains elegies on See also:Wotton, Vandyck, Falkland, See also:William See also:Hervey and See also:Crashaw, the last two being among Cowley's finest poems, brilliant, sonorous and original; the amusing ballad of The See also:Chronicle, giving a fictitious See also:catalogue of his supposed amours; various gnomic pieces; and some charming paraphrases from See also:Anacreon . The Pindarique Odes contain weighty lines and passages, buried in irregular and inharmonious masses of moral verbiage . Not more than one or two are good through-out, but a full See also:posy of beauties may easily be culled from them .

Phoenix-squares

The long cadences of the Alexandrines with which most of the strophes See also:

close, continued to See also:echo in English See also:poetry from See also:Dryden down to See also:Gray, but the Odes themselves, which were found to be obscure by the poet's contemporaries, immediately See also:fell into disesteem . The Mistress was the most popular poetic reading of the age, and is now the least read of all Cowley's works . It was the last and most violent expression of the amatory affectation of the 17th See also:century, an affectation which had been endurable in See also:Donne and other early writers because it had been the vehicle of sincere emotion, but was unendurable in Cowley because in him it represented nothing but a perfunctory exercise, a See also:mere See also:exhibition of literary calisthenics . He appears to have been of a See also:cold, or at least of a timid, disposition; in the See also:face of these elaborately erotic volumes, we are told that to the end of his days he never summoned up courage to speak of love to a single woman in real life . The "Leonora" of The Chronicle is said to have been the only woman he ever loved, and she married the See also:brother of his biographer, See also:Sprat . Soon after his return to England he was seized in See also:mistake for another See also:person, and only obtained his See also:liberty on a See also:bail of £r000 . In 1658 he revised and altered his play of The Guardian, and prepared it for the See also:press under the See also:title of The Cutter of Coleman See also:Street, but it did not appear until 1663 . Late in 1658 See also:Oliver See also:Cromwell died, and Cowley took See also:advantage of the confusion of affairs to See also:escape to Paris, where he remained until the Restoration brought him back in Charles's See also:train . He published in 1663 Verses upon several occasions, in which The Complaint is included . Wearied with the broils and fatigues of a See also:political life, Cowley obtained permission to retire into the See also:country; through his friend, Lord St Albans, he obtained a See also:property near See also:Chertsey, and here, devoting himself to the study of See also:botany, and buried in his books, he lived in See also:comparative solitude until his death . He took a great and See also:practical See also:interest in experimental See also:science, and he was one of those who were most prominent in advocating the See also:foundation of an See also:academy for the See also:protection of scientific enter-prise . Cowley's pamphlet on The See also:Advancement of Experimental See also:Philosophy, 1661, led directly to the foundation of the Royal Society, to which See also:body Cowley, in See also:March 1667, at the See also:suggestion of See also:Evelyn, addressed an See also:ode which is the latest and one of the strongest of his poems .

He died in the See also:

Porch See also:House, in Chertsey, on the 28th of See also:July 1667, in consequence of having caught a cold while superintending his See also:farm-labourers in the meadows late on a summer evening . On the 3rd of See also:August Cowley was buried in Westminster See also:Abbey beside the ashes of See also:Chaucer and See also:Spenser, where in 1675 the See also:duke of See also:Buckingham erected a See also:monument to his memory . His Poemata See also:Latina, including six books " Plantarum," were printed in 1668 . Throughout their parallel lives the fame of Cowley completely eclipsed that of Milton, but posterity instantly and finally reversed the See also:judgment of their contemporaries . The poetry of Cowley rapidly fell into a neglect as unjust as the earlier popularity had been . As a See also:prose writer, especially as an essayist, he holds, and will not lose, a high position in literature; as a poet it is hardly possible that he can enjoy more than a very partial revival . The want of nature, the obvious and awkward See also:art, the defective See also:melody of his poems, destroy the interest that their ingenuity and occasional See also:majesty would otherwise excite . He had lofty views of the See also:mission of a poet and an insatiable ambition, but his chief claim to poetic life is the See also:dowry of sonorous lyric style which he passed down to Dryden and his successors of the 18th century . The works of Cowley were collected in 1668, when See also:Thomas Sprat, afterwards See also:bishop of See also:Rochester, brought out a splendid edition in See also:folio, to which he prefixed a graceful and elegant life of the poet . There were many reprints of this collection, which formed the See also:standard edition till 1881, when it was superseded by A . B . See also:Grosart's privately printed edition in two volumes, for the Chertsey Worthies library .

The Essays have frequently been revived with approval . (E .

End of Article: ABRAHAM COWLEY (1618-1667)
[back]
COWLEY FATHERS
[next]
HANNAH COWLEY (1743-1809)

Additional information and Comments

There are no comments yet for this article.
» Add information or comments to this article.
Please link directly to this article:
Highlight the code below, right click and select "copy." Paste it into a website, email, or other HTML document.