See also:

• CRANE (in Dutch, Kraan; O. Ger. Kraen; cognate, as also the Lat. grus, and consequently the Fr. grue and Span. grulla, with the Gr. dpavos)
• CRANE, STEPHEN (1870-1900)
• CRANE, WALTER (1845– )
• CRANE, WILLIAM HENRY (1845– )

CRANE (in Dutch, Kraan; O. Ger. Kraen; cognate, as also the See also:

• LAT

Lat. grus, and consequently the Fr. grue and Span. grulla, with the Gr. dpavos)  , the Grus communis or G. cinerea of ornithologists, one of the largest wading-birds, and formerly a native of See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England, where See also:

• WILLIAM
• WILLIAM (1143-1214)
• WILLIAM (1227-1256)
• WILLIAM (1J33-1584)
• WILLIAM (A.S. Wilhelm, O. Norse Vilhidlmr; O. H. Ger. Willahelm, Willahalm, M. H. Ger. Willehelm, Willehalm, Mod.Ger. Wilhelm; Du. Willem; O. Fr. Villalme, Mod. Fr. Guillaume; from " will," Goth. vilja, and " helm," Goth. hilms, Old Norse hidlmr, meaning
• WILLIAM (c. 1130-C. 1190)
• WILLIAM, 13TH

William See also:

• TURNER, CHARLES (1773–1857)
• TURNER, JOSEPH MALLORD WILLIAM (1775–1851)
• TURNER, NAT (1800-1831)
• TURNER, SHARON (1768-1847)
• TURNER, SIR JAMES (1615–1686)
• TURNER, WILLIAM (d. 1568)

Turner, in 1544, said that he had very often seen its See also:

• YOUNG
• YOUNG, A
• YOUNG, ARTHUR (1741-1820)
• YOUNG, BRIGHAM (1801-1877)
• YOUNG, CHARLES MAYNE (1777–1856)
• YOUNG, EDWARD (1683–1765)
• YOUNG, JAMES (1811-1883)
• YOUNG, THOMAS (1773-1829)

young (" earum pipiones saepissime vidi ") . Notwithstanding the See also:

• PROTECTION

protection afforded it by sundry acts of See also:

• PARLIAMENT (Anglo-Lat. parliamentum, Fr. parlement, from parler, to speak)

parliament, it has See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long since ceased from breeding in England . See also:

• SIR

Sir T . See also:

• BROWNE
• BROWNE, EDWARD HAROLD (18,1–1891)
• BROWNE, ISAAC HAWKINS (1705-1760)
• BROWNE, JAMES (1793–1841)
• BROWNE, MAXIMILIAN ULYSSES, COUNT VON, BARON DE CAMUS AND MOUNTANY (1705-1757)
• BROWNE, PETER (?1665-1735)
• BROWNE, ROBERT (1550-1633)
• BROWNE, SIR JAMES (1839–1896)
• BROWNE, SIR THOMAS (1605-1682)
• BROWNE, WILLIAM (1591–1643)
• BROWNE, WILLIAM GEORGE (1768-1813)

Browne (ob . 1682) speaks of it as being found in the open parts of See also:

• NORFOLK
• NORFOLK, EARLS AND DUKES OF

Norfolk in See also:

• WINTER, JOHN STRANGE
• WINTER, PETER (c. 1755-1825)

winter . In See also:

• RAY (Lat. raia)
• RAY (or WRAY, as he wrote his name till 1670), JOHN (1628-1705)

Ray's See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time it was only known as occurring at the same See also:

• SEASON (0. Fr. seson, seison, mod. saison, Lat. satio, sowing time, the spring, from serere, to sow; in Late Lat. the word is found with its present meaning, the spring being considered as particularly the season of the year)

season in large flocks in the See also:

• FENS

fens of See also:

• LINCOLN
• LINCOLN, ABRAHAM (1809-1865)
• LINCOLN, EARLS OF

Lincoln-See also:

• SHIRE

shire and See also:

• CAMBRIDGESHIRE

Cambridgeshire; and though mention is made of See also:

• CRANES (so called from the resemblance to the long neck of the bird, cf. Gr. 'y pavor, Fr. grue)

cranes' eggs and young in the fen-See also:

• LAWS

laws passed at a See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

court held at Revesby in 1780, this was most likely but the formal repetition of an older See also:

• EDICT (Lat. edictum, from e, out, and dicere, to say, speak)

edict; for in 1768 See also:

• PENNANT, THOMAS (1726-1798)

Pennant wrote that after the strictest inquiry he found the inhabitants of those counties to be wholly unacquainted with the See also:

• BIRD

bird . The See also:

• CRANE (in Dutch, Kraan; O. Ger. Kraen; cognate, as also the Lat. grus, and consequently the Fr. grue and Span. grulla, with the Gr. dpavos)
• CRANE, STEPHEN (1870-1900)
• CRANE, WALTER (1845– )
• CRANE, WILLIAM HENRY (1845– )

crane, however, no doubt then appeared in See also:

• BRITAIN (Gr. Hperavuml vi7vot, Bperravia; Lat. Britannia, rarely Britannia)

Britain, as it does now, at uncertain intervals and in unwonted places, having strayed from the migrating bands whose movements have been remarked from almost the earliest ages . Indeed, the crane's aerial journeys are of a very extended See also:

• KIND (O. E. ge-cynde, from the same root as is seen in " kin," supra)

kind; and on its way from beyond the See also:

• BORDERS, THE

borders of the Tropic of See also:

• CANCER (" THE CRAB ")
• CANCER, LUIS (d. 1549)
• CANCER, or CARCINOMA (from Lat. cancer, Gr. KapKivwga, an eating ulcer)

Cancer to within the See also:

• ARCTIC (Gr. "ApKroc, the Bear, the northern constellation of Ursa Major)

Arctic Circle, or on the return voyage, its flocks may be descried passing overhead at a marvellous height, or halting for See also:

• REST (O. Eng. rest, reste, bed, cognate with other Teutonic forms, e.g. Ger. Rast, Riiste, rest, and probably Gothic Rasta, league, i.e. resting or stopping place)

rest and refreshment on the wide meadows that border some See also:

• GREAT

great See also:

• RIVER

river, while the seeming See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order with which its ranks are marshalled during See also:

• FLIGHT

flight has long attracted See also:

• ATTENTION (from Lat. ad-tendo, await, expect; the condition of being " stretched " or " tense ")

attention . The crane takes up its winter quarters under the burning See also:

• SUN
• SUN (0. Eng. sonne, Ger. sonne. Fr. soleil, Lat. sol, Gr. ijXior, from which comes helio- in various English compounds)

sun of Central See also:

• AFRICA
• AFRICA, ROMAN

Africa and See also:

• INDIA
• INDIA, FRENCH

India, but See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early in See also:

• SPRING (from " to spring," " to leap or jump up," " burst out," O. Eng., springau, a common Teut. word, cf. Ger. springer, possibly allied to Gr. QnrFpxecOac, to move rapidly)

spring returns northward . Not a few examples reach the chill polar soils of See also:

• LAPLAND, or LAPPLAND

Lapland and See also:

• SIBERIA

Siberia, but some tarry in the See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south of See also:

• EUROPE

Europe and breed in See also:

• SPAIN
• SPAIN (Espana)

Spain, and, it is supposed, in See also:

• TURKEY

Turkey . The greater number, however, occupy the intermediate See also:

• ZONE (Gr. 'WV77, a girdle, from 'wvvLvay to gird)

zone and pass the summer in See also:

• RUSSIA
• RUSSIA (Rossiya)

Russia, See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north See also:

• GERMANY
• GERMANY (Ger. Deutschland)

Germany, and Scandinavia . Soon after their arrival in these countries the flocks break up into pairs, whose nuptial ceremonies are accompanied by loud and frequent trumpetings, and the respective breeding-places of each are chosen .

The See also:

• NEST

nest is formed with little See also:

• ART

art on the ground in large open marshes, where the herbage is not very high—a tolerably dry spot being selected and used apparently See also:

• YEAR

year after year . Here the eggs, which are of a See also:

• RICH, BARNABE (c. 1540-1617)
• RICH, CLAUDIUS JAMES (1787-1821)
• RICH, JOHN (1692-1761)
• RICH, PENELOPE, LADY (c. 1562–1607)
• RICH, RICHARD, 1ST BARON RICH (1490?-1567)

rich See also:

• BROWN
• BROWN, CHARLES BROCKDEN (1771-181o)
• BROWN, FORD MADOX (1821-1893)
• BROWN, FRANCIS (1849- )
• BROWN, GEORGE (1818-188o)
• BROWN, HENRY KIRKE (1814-1886)
• BROWN, JACOB (1775–1828)
• BROWN, JOHN (1715–1766)
• BROWN, JOHN (1722-1787)
• BROWN, JOHN (1735–1788)
• BROWN, JOHN (1784–1858)
• BROWN, JOHN (1800-1859)
• BROWN, JOHN (1810—1882)
• BROWN, JOHN GEORGE (1831— )
• BROWN, ROBERT (1773-1858)
• BROWN, SAMUEL MORISON (1817—1856)
• BROWN, SIR GEORGE (1790-1865)
• BROWN, SIR JOHN (1816-1896)
• BROWN, SIR WILLIAM, BART
• BROWN, THOMAS (1663-1704)
• BROWN, THOMAS (1778-1820)
• BROWN, THOMAS EDWARD (1830-1897)
• BROWN, WILLIAM LAURENCE (1755–1830)

brown See also:

• COLOUR (Lat. color, connected with celare, to hide, the root meaning, therefore, being that of a covering)

colour with dark spots, and always two in number, are laid . The young are able to run soon after they are hatched, and are at first clothed with tawny down . In the course of the summer they assume nearly the same See also:

• GREY, CHARLES GREY, 2ND EARL (1764-1845)
• GREY, HENRY GREY, 3RD EARL (1802-1894)
• GREY, LADY JANE (1537-1554)
• GREY, SIR EDWARD
• GREY, SIR GEORGE (1812–1898)

grey plumage that their parents See also:

• WEAR

wear, except that the elongated plumes, which in the adults See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form a graceful covering of the hinder parts of the See also:

• BODY

body, are comparatively undeveloped, and the clear See also:

• BLACK
• BLACK, ADAM (1784-1874)
• BLACK, JEREMIAH SULLIVAN (1810–1883)
• BLACK, WILLIAM (1841-1898)

black, See also:

• WHITE
• WHITE, ANDREW DICKSON (1832– )
• WHITE, GILBERT (1720–1793)
• WHITE, HENRY KIRKE (1785-1806)
• WHITE, HUGH LAWSON (1773-1840)
• WHITE, JOSEPH BLANCO (1775-1841)
• WHITE, RICHARD GRANT (1822-1885)
• WHITE, ROBERT (1645-1704)
• WHITE, SIR GEORGE STUART (1835– )
• WHITE, SIR THOMAS (1492-1567)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM ARTHUR (1824--1891)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM HENRY (1845– )
• WHITE, THOMAS (1628-1698)
• WHITE, THOMAS (c. 1550-1624)

white and red (the last being due to a patch of papillose skin of that colour) of the See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head and See also:

• NECK (O. Eng. hnecca; the word appears in many Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch ride, Ger. Nacken; in O. E. the common word was heals; cf. Ger. Hals)

neck are as yet indistinct . During this time they keep in the marshes, but as autumn approaches the different families unite by the See also:

• RIVERS
• RIVERS, ANTHONY WOODVILLE, or WYDEVILLE, 2ND EARL (c. 1442—1483)
• RIVERS, EARL
• RIVERS, RICHARD SAVAGE, 4TH EARL (c. 1660—1712)

rivers and lakes, and ultimately form the enormous bands which after much more trumpeting set out on their southward See also:

• JOURNEY (through O. Fr. jornee or journee, mod. Fr. journee, from med. Lat. diurnata, Lat. diurnus, of or belonging to dies, day)

journey . The crane's See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power of uttering its sonorous and See also:

• PECULIAR

peculiar See also:

• TRUMPET (Fr. trompette, clairon; Ger. ,Trompete, Klarino, Trummet; Ital. tromba, trombetta, clarino)
• TRUMPET, SPEAKING AND HEARING

trumpet-like notes is commonly ascribed to the formation of its trachea, which on quitting the See also:

• LOWER

lower end of the neck passes backward between the branches of the furcula and is received into a hollow space formed by the bony walls of the carina or See also:

• KEEL

keel of the sternum . Herein it makes three turns, and then runs upwards and backwards to the lungs . The apparatus on the whole much resembles that found in the whooping swans (See also:

• CYGNUS (" The Swan ")

Cygnus musicus, C. buccinator and others), though differing in some not unimportant details; but at the same time somewhat similar convolutions of the trachea occur in other birds which do not possess, so far as is known, the See also:

• FACULTY (through the French, from the Lat. facultas, ability to do anything, from facilis, easy, facere, to do; another form of the word in Lat. facilitas, facility, ease, keeps the original meaning)

faculty of trumpeting . The crane emits its notes both during flight and while on the ground . In the latter See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case the neck and See also:

• BILL

bill are uplifted and the mouth kept open during the utterance of the blast, which may be often heard from birds in confinement, especially at the beginning of the year . As usually happens in similar cases, the name of the once See also:

• FAMILIAR (through the Fr. familier, from Lat. familiaris, of or belonging to the familia, family)

familiar See also:

• BRITISH

British See also:

• SPECIES

species is now used in a See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general sense, and applied to all others which are allied to it . Though by former systematists placed near or even among the herons, there is no doubt that the cranes have only a superficial resemblance and no real See also:

• AFFINITY (Lat. affinitas, relationship by marriage, from offinis, bordering on, related to; finis, border, boundary)
• AFFINITY, CHEMICAL

affinity to the Ardeidae .

In fact the Gruidae form a somewhat isolated See also:

• GROUP

group . See also:

• HUXLEY, THOMAS HENRY (1825–1895)

Huxley included them together with the Rallidae in his Geranomorphae; but a more extended view of their various characters would probably assign them rather as relatives of the Bustards—not that it must be thought that the two families have not been for a very long time distinct . Grus, indeed, is a very See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient form, its remains appearing in the See also:

• MIOCENE

Miocene of See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France and See also:

• GREECE

Greece, as well as in the See also:

• PLIOCENE (from the Gr. sr?eiov, mere, and xatvbs, recent)

Pliocene and See also:

• POST

Post-pliocene of North See also:

• AMERICA

America . In France, too, during the " See also:

• REINDEER

Reindeer See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

Period " there existed a huge species—the G. primigenia of See also:

• ALPHONSE, COUNT OF TOULOUSE AND OF POITIERS (I220-1271)

Alphonse Milne-See also:

• EDWARDS, AMELIA ANN BLANDFORD (1831-1892)
• EDWARDS, BELA BATES (18o2-1852)
• EDWARDS, BRYAN (1743–1800)
• EDWARDS, GEORGE (1693–1773)
• EDWARDS, HENRY THOMAS (1837–1884)
• EDWARDS, JONATHAN (1703—1758)
• EDWARDS, LEWIS (1806–1887 )
• EDWARDS, RICHARD (c. 1523–1566)
• EDWARDS, T
• EDWARDS, THOMAS CHARLES (1837–1900)

Edwards—which has doubtless been long See also:

• EXTINCT

extinct . At the See also:

• PRESENT

present time cranes inhabit all the great zoogeographical regions of the See also:

• EARTH
• EARTH (a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Erde, Dutch aarde, Swed. and Dan. jord; outside Teutonic it appears only in the Gr. 'pq'e, on the ground; it has been connected by some etymologists with the Aryan root ar-, to plough, which is seen in
• EARTH, FIGURE OF
• EARTH, FIGURE OF THE

earth, except the Neotropical, and some sixteen or seventeen species are discriminated . In Europe, besides the G. communis already mentioned, the Numidian or demoiselle-crane (G. See also:

• VIRGO (" the Virgin ")

virgo) is distinguished from every other by its long white See also:

• EAR (common Teut.; O.E. are, Ger. Ohr, Du. oor, akin to Lat. auris, Gr. ovs)

ear-tufts . This bird is also widely distributed throughout See also:

• ASIA

Asia and Africa, and is said to have occurred in See also:

• ORKNEY, EARL OF
• ORKNEY, ELIZABETH HAMILTON, COUNTESS OF
• ORKNEY, GEORGE HAMILTON, EARL OF (1666–1737)

Orkney as a straggler . The eastern See also:

• PART

part of the Palaearctic Region is inhabited by four other species that do not frequent Europe (G. See also:

• ANTIGONE, (I)

antigone, G. japonensis, G. monachus, and G. leucogeranus), of which the last is perhaps the finest of the See also:

• FAMILY

family, with nearly the whole plumage of a snowy white . The See also:

• INDIAN

Indian Region, besides being visited in winter by four of the species already named, has two that are peculiar to it (G. torquata and G. indica, both commonly confounded under the name of G. antigone) . The Australian Region possesses a large species known to the colonists as the " native See also:

• COMPANION (through the O. Fr. compaignon or compagnon, from the Late Lat. companio,—cum, with, and panis, bread,—one who shares meals with another; the word has been wrongly derived from the Late Lat. compagnus, one of the same pages or district)

companion " (G. australis), while the Nearctic is tenanted by three species (G. americana, G. canadensis and G. fraterculus), to say nothing of the possibility of a See also:

• FOURTH

fourth (G. schlegeli), a little-known and somewhat obscure bird, finding its See also:

• HABITAT (a French word derived from habiter, Lat. habitare, to dwell)

habitat here . In the Ethiopian Region are two species (G. paradisea and G. carunculata), which do not occur out of Africa, as well as three others forming the group known as " crowned cranes "—differing much from other members of the family, and justifiably placed in a See also:

• SEPARATE

separate genus, Balearica . One of these (B. pavonina) inhabits See also:

• NORTHERN

northern and western Africa, while another (B. regulorum) is confined to the eastern and See also:

• SOUTHERN

southern parts of that See also:

• CONTINENT (from Lat. continere, "to hold together "; hence " connected," " continuous ")

continent .

The third (B. ceciliae), from the White See also:

• NILE
• NILE, BATTLE OF THE
• NILE, SOBAT

Nile, has been described by Dr P . See also:

• CHALMERS, ALEXANDER (1759-1834)
• CHALMERS, GEORGE (1742-1825)
• CHALMERS, GEORGE PAUL (1836-1878)
• CHALMERS, JAMES (1841-1901)
• CHALMERS, THOMAS (1780-1847)

Chalmers See also:

• MITCHELL
• MITCHELL, DONALD GRANT (1822—1908)
• MITCHELL, MARIA (1818—1889)
• MITCHELL, SILAS WEIR (1830-)
• MITCHELL, SIR THOMAS LIVINGSTONE (1792-1855)

Mitchell (P.Z.S., 1904) . With regard to the literature of this species, a See also:

• PAPER
• PAPER (Fr. papier, from Lat. papyrus)

paper " On the Breeding of the Crane in Lapland " (See also:

• IBIS

Ibis, 1859, p . 191), by See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John Wolley, is one of the most pleasing contributions to natural historyever written, and an admirably succinct See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account of all the different species was communicated by See also:

• BLYTH

Blyth to The See also:

• FIELD (a word common to many West German languages, cf. Ger. Feld, Dutch veld, possibly cognate with O.E. f olde, the earth, and ultimately with root of the Gr. irAaror, broad)
• FIELD, CYRUS WEST (1819-1892)
• FIELD, DAVID DUDLEY (18o5-1894)
• FIELD, EUGENE (1850-1895)
• FIELD, FREDERICK (18o1—1885)
• FIELD, HENRY MARTYN (1822-1907)
• FIELD, JOHN (1782—1837)
• FIELD, MARSHALL (183 1906)
• FIELD, NATHAN (1587—1633)
• FIELD, STEPHEN JOHNSON (1816-1899)
• FIELD, WILLIAM VENTRIS FIELD, BARON (1813-1907)

Field in 1873 (vol. xl. p . 631, vol. xli. pp . 7, 61, 136, 189, 248, 384, 408, 418) . A beautiful picture representing a See also:

• FLOCK

flock of cranes resting by the See also:

• RHINE (Lat. Rhenus, Ger. Rhein, Fr. Rhin, Dutch Rhyn, or Rijn)

Rhine during one of their See also:

• ANNUAL

annual migrations is to be found in See also:

• WOLF
• WOLF (Canis lupus)
• WOLF, FRIEDRICH AUGUST (1759-1824)
• WOLF, HUGO (1860-1903)
• WOLF, JOSEPH (1820-1899)

Wolf's Zoological Sketches . (A .