See also:

• RICHARD
• RICHARD (d. 1184)
• RICHARD, FRANCOIS MARIE BENJAMIN (18,9-1908)
• RICHARD, HENRY (1812-1888)
• RICHARD, ST

RICHARD See also:

• RICHARD CRASHAW (1613-165o)

CRASHAW (1613-165o)  , See also:

• ENGLISH

English poet, styled " the divine," was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born in See also:

• LONDON

London about 1613 . He was the son of a strongly See also:

• ANTI, or CAMPA

anti-papistical divine, Dr See also:

• WILLIAM
• WILLIAM (1143-1214)
• WILLIAM (1227-1256)
• WILLIAM (1J33-1584)
• WILLIAM (A.S. Wilhelm, O. Norse Vilhidlmr; O. H. Ger. Willahelm, Willahalm, M. H. Ger. Willehelm, Willehalm, Mod.Ger. Wilhelm; Du. Willem; O. Fr. Villalme, Mod. Fr. Guillaume; from " will," Goth. vilja, and " helm," Goth. hilms, Old Norse hidlmr, meaning
• WILLIAM (c. 1130-C. 1190)
• WILLIAM, 13TH

William See also:

• CRASHAW, RICHARD (1613-165o)

Crashaw (1572-1626), who distinguished himself, even in those times, by the excessive acerbity of his writings against the Catholics . In spite of these opinions, however, he was attracted by See also:

• CATHOLIC (Gr. KcaBoXuK6s, general, universal)

Catholic devotion, for he translated several Latin See also:

• HYMNS

hymns of the See also:

• JESUITS

Jesuits . See also:

• RICHARD
• RICHARD (d. 1184)
• RICHARD, FRANCOIS MARIE BENJAMIN (18,9-1908)
• RICHARD, HENRY (1812-1888)
• RICHARD, ST

Richard Crashaw was originally put to school at See also:

• CHARTERHOUSE

Charterhouse, but in See also:

• JULY

July 1631 he was admitted to See also:

• PEMBROKE
• PEMBROKE (Penfro)
• PEMBROKE, EARLS OF

Pembroke See also:

• COLLEGE (Collegium)

College, See also:

• CAMBRIDGE
• CAMBRIDGE, EARLS AND DUKES OF
• CAMBRIDGE, RICHARD OWEN (1717-1802)

Cambridge, where he took the degree of B.A. in 1634 . The publication of See also:

• HERBERT (FAMILY)
• HERBERT, GEORGE (1593-1633)
• HERBERT, HENRY WILLIAM
• HERBERT, SIR THOMAS (1606-1682)

Herbert's See also:

• TEMPLE
• TEMPLE, FREDERICK (1821-1902)
• TEMPLE, RICHARD
• TEMPLE, SIR RICHARD, BART
• TEMPLE, SIR WILLIAM, BART

Temple in 1633 seems to have finally determined the See also:

• BIAS
• BIAS (from the Fr. biais, of unknown origin; the derivation from Lat. bifax, two-faced, is wrong)

bias of his See also:

• GENIUS (from Lat. genere, gignere)

genius in favour of religious See also:

• POETRY

poetry, and next See also:

• YEAR

year he published his first See also:

• BOOK

book, Epigrammatum sacrorum See also:

• LIBER

liber, a See also:

• VOLUME

volume of Latin verses . In See also:

• MARCH
• MARCH (1) (from Fr. marcher, to walk; the earliest sense in French appears to be " to trample," and the origin has usually been found in the Lat. marcus, hammer; Low Lat. marcare, to hammer; hence to beat the road with the regular tread of a soldier: cf.
• MARCH, AUZIAS (c. "1395-1458)
• MARCH, EARLS OF
• MARCH, FRANCIS ANDREW (1825– )

March 1636 he removed to See also:

• PETER
• PETER (Lat. Petrus from Gr. irfpos, a rock, Ital. Pietro, Piero, Pier, Fr. Pierre, Span. Pedro, Ger. Peter, Russ. Petr)
• PETER (PEDRO)
• PETER, EPISTLES OF
• PETER, ST

Peter-See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house, was made a See also:

• FELLOW

fellow of that college in 1637, and proceeded M.A. in 1638 . It was about this See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time that he made the acquaintance and secured the lasting friendship of See also:

• ABRAHAM, or ABRAM (Hebrew for " father is high ")

Abraham See also:

• COWLEY, ABRAHAM (1618-1667)
• COWLEY, HANNAH (1743-1809)
• COWLEY, HENRY RICHARD CHARLES WELLESLEY

Cowley . He was also on terms of intimacy with the See also:

• ANGLICAN

Anglican See also:

• MONK (O.Eng. munuc; this with the Teutonic forms, e.g. Du. monnik, Ger. Witch, and the Romanic, e.g. Fr. moine, Ital. monacho and Span. monje, are from the Lat. monachus, adaptedfrom Gr. µovaXos, one living alone, a solitary; Own, alone)
• MONK (or MONCK), GEORGE
• MONK, JAMES HENRY (1784-1856)
• MONK, MARIA (c. 1817—1850)

monk See also:

• NICHOLAS
• NICHOLAS (1841– )
• NICHOLAS (or NICLAES), HENRY (or HENDRIK) (c. 1501-C. 158o)
• NICHOLAS, SIR EDWARD (1593-1669)
• NICHOLAS, ST

Nicholas See also:

• FERRAR, NICHOLAS (1592-1637)
• FERRAR, ROBERT (d. 1555)

Ferrar, and frequently visited him at his religious house at Little Gidding . In 1641 he is said to have gone to See also:

• OXFORD
• OXFORD, EARLS OF
• OXFORD, EDWARD DE VERE, 17TH EARL
• OXFORD, JOHN DE VERE, 13TH EARL OF (1443-1513)
• OXFORD, PROVISIONS OF
• OXFORD, ROBERT DE VERE, 9TH EARL OF (1362-1392)
• OXFORD, ROBERT HARLEY, 1ST

Oxford, but only for a See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short time; for when in 1643 Cowley See also:

• LEFT

left Cambridge to seek a See also:

• REFUGE

refuge at Oxford, Crashaw remained behind, and was forcibly ejected from his fellowship in 1644 . In the confusion of the See also:

• CIVIL

civil See also:

• WARS

wars he escaped to See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France, where he finally embraced the Catholic See also:

• RELIGION
• RELIGION, FOLKLORE, CUSTOM

religion, towards which he had See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long been tending . During his See also:

• EXILE (Lat. exsilium or exilium, from exsul or exul, which is derived from ex, out of, and the root sal, to go, seen in salire, to leap, consul, &c.; the connexion with solum, soil, country is now generally considered wrong)

exile his religious and See also:

• SECULAR (Lat. saecularis, of or belonging to an age or generation, saeculum)

secular poems were collected by an See also:

• ANONYMOUS

anonymous friend, and published under the See also:

• TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title of Steps to the Temple and The Delights of the See also:

• MUSES, THE (Gr. Mo6o-at, the thinkers)

Muses, in one volume, in 1646 . The first See also:

• PART

part includes the hymn to St Teresa and the version of See also:

• MARINI (or MARINO), GIAMBATTISTA (1569-1625)

Marini's Sospetto d' Herode .

This same year Cowley found him in See also:

• GREAT

great destitution at See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris, and induced See also:

• QUEEN
• QUEEN (O.E. cwen, wife, related to "quean," O.E. cwene, a hussy; cf. Gr. yvvi7: from root gan-, to produce; cf. genus, " kin," &c.)

Queen Henrietta Maria to extend towards him what See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence she still possessed . At her introduction he proceeded to See also:

• ITALY
• ITALY (Italia)

Italy, where he became attendant to See also:

• CARDINAL (Lat. cardinalis)

Cardinal Palotta at See also:

• ROME
• ROME (Roma)

Rome . In 1648 he published two Latin hymns at Paris . He remained until 1649 in the service of the cardinal, to whom he had a great See also:

• PERSONAL

personal See also:

• ATTACHMENT

attachment; but his See also:

• RETINUE (O. Fr. retenue, from retenir, Lat. retenere, hold back, retain)

retinue contained persons whose violent and licentious behaviour was a source of ceaseless vexation to the sensitive English mystic . At last his denunciation of their excesses became so public that the animosity of those persons was excited against him, and in See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order to See also:

• SHIELD (0. Eng. scild, cf. Du. and Ger. Schild, Dan. Skjold; the origin is doubtful, but may be referred to the root seen in " shell " or " scale "; another suggestion connects it with Icel. skjalla, to clash, rattle; it is not connected with the Indo-Ger
• SHIELD, WILLIAM (1748—1829)

shield him from their revenge he was sent by the cardinal in 165o to Loretto, where he was made a See also:

• CANON

canon of the See also:

• HOLY

Holy House . In less than three See also:

• WEEKS, EDWIN LORD (1849-1903)

weeks, however, he sickened of See also:

• FEVER (Lat. febris, connected with fervere, to burn)

fever, and died on the 25th of See also:

• AUGUST (originally Sextilis)

August, not without See also:

• GRAVE

grave suspicion of having been poisoned . He was buried in the See also:

• LADY (0. Eng. hlaefdige, Mid. Eng. ldfdi, lavedi; the first part of the word is hldf, loaf, bread, as in the corresponding hldford, lord; the second part is usually taken to be from the root dig-, to knead, seen also in " dough "; the sense development fr

Lady See also:

• CHAPEL

chapel at Loretto . A collection of his religious poems, entitled Carmen Deo nostro, was brought out in Paris in 1652, dedicated at the dead poet's See also:

• DESIRE

desire to the faithful friend of his sufferings, the countess of See also:

• DENBIGH (Dinbych)
• DENBIGH, WILLIAM FEILDING, 1ST EARL

Denbigh . The book is illustrated by thirteen engravings after Crashaw's own designs . Crashaw excelled in all manner of graceful accomplishments; besides being an excellent Latinist and Hellenist, he had an intimate knowledge of See also:

• ITALIAN

Italian and See also:

• SPANISH

Spanish; and his skill in See also:

• MUSIC

music, See also:

• PAINTING

painting and See also:

• ENGRAVING

engraving was no less admired in his lifetime than his skill in poetry . Cowley embalmed his memory in an See also:

• ELEGY

elegy that ranks among the very finest in our See also:

• LANGUAGE (adapted from the Fr. langage, from langue, tongue, Lat. lingua)

language, in which he, a See also:

• PROTESTANT

Protestant, well expressed the feeling left on the minds of contemporaries by the See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character of the See also:

• YOUNG
• YOUNG, A
• YOUNG, ARTHUR (1741-1820)
• YOUNG, BRIGHAM (1801-1877)
• YOUNG, CHARLES MAYNE (1777–1856)
• YOUNG, EDWARD (1683–1765)
• YOUNG, JAMES (1811-1883)
• YOUNG, THOMAS (1773-1829)

young Catholic poet: "His faith, perhaps, in some See also:

• NICE

nice tenets might Be wrong; his See also:

• LIFE

life, I'm sure, was in the right: And I, myself, a Catholic will be, So far at least, dear See also:

• SAINT (lat. sanctus, " holy ")

saint, to pray to thee ! The poetry of Crashaw will be best appreciated by those who can with most success See also:

• FREE

free themselves from thebondage of atraditional sense of the dignity of language .

The See also:

• CUSTOM (from O. Fr. costume, costume or coustume; Low Lat. costuma, a shortened form of consuetudo)

custom of his See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age permitted the use of images and phrases which we now justly condemn as incongruous and unseemly, and the fervent See also:

• FANCY (a shortened form, dating from the 15th century, of " fantasy," which is derived through the O. Fr. fantasie, modern fantaisie. from the Latinized form of the Gr. cbavraoia, Oavrai'ecv, Oat Pais, to show)

fancy of Crashaw carried this See also:

• LICENCE (through the French from Lat. licentia, licere, to be lawful)

licence to excess . At the same time his See also:

• VERSE (from Lat. versus, literally a line or furrow drawn by turning the plough, from vertere, and afterwards signifying an arrangement of syllables into feet)

verse is studded with fiery beauties and sudden felicities of language, unsurpassed by any lyrist between his own time and See also:

• SHELLEY, MARY WOLLSTONECRAFT (1797-1851)
• SHELLEY, PERCY BYSSHE (1792-1822)

Shelley's . There is no religious poetry in English so full at once of See also:

• GROSS

gross and awkward images and imaginative touches of the most ethereal beauty . The See also:

• TEMPER (from Lat. temperare, to mingle or compound in due proportion, to qualify, rule, regulate, to be moderate, formed from tempos, time, fit or due season)

temper of his See also:

• INTELLECT (Lat. intellectus, from intelligere, to understand)

intellect seems to have been delicate and weak, fiery and uncertain; he has a morbid, almost hysterical, See also:

• PASSION (post-classical Lat. passio, formed from pati, passus, to suffer, endure)

passion about him, even when his ardour is most exquisitely expressed, and his adoring addresses to the See also:

• SAINTS, BATTLE OF THE

saints have an effeminate falsetto that makes their See also:

• ECSTASY (Gr. iarra(TLc, from i LarliU, put out of its place, alter)

ecstasy almost repulsive . The faults and beauties of his very See also:

• PECULIAR

peculiar See also:

• STYLE
• STYLE (from Gr. a-6'1ms, a column; a different word from that used in literature, see below)

style can be studied nowhere to more See also:

• ADVANTAGE

advantage than in the Hymn to Saint Teresa . Among the secular poems of Crashaw the best are Music's See also:

• DUEL (Ital. duello, Lat. duellum—old form of bellum-from duo, two)

Duel, which deals with that strife between the musician and the See also:

• NIGHTINGALE (O. Eng. Nihtegale, literally " singer of the night ")
• NIGHTINGALE, FLORENCE (1820–191o)

nightingale which has inspired so many poets, and Wishes to his supposed See also:

• MISTRESS

Mistress . In his latest sacred poems, included in the Carmen Deo nostro, sudden and eminent beauties are not wanting, but the See also:

• MYSTICISM (from Or. µuety, to shut the eyes; µuorrts, one initiated into the mysteries)

mysticism has become more pronounced, and the ecclesiastical mannerism more harsh and repellent . The themes of Crashaw's verses are as distinct as possible from those of Shelley's, but it may, on the whole, be said that at his best moments he reminds the reader more closely of the author of Epipsychidion than of any earlier or later poet . Crashaw's See also:

• WORKS

works were first collected, in one volume, in 1858 by W . B . Turnbull . In 1872 an edition, in 2 volumes, was printed for private subscription by the Rev .

A . B . See also:

• GROSART, ALEXANDER BALLOCH (1827-1899)

Grosart . A See also:

• COMPLETE

complete edition was edited (1904) for the Cambridge University See also:

• PRESS (through Fr. presse from Lat. pressare, frequentative of premere, to crush, squeeze, press)

Press by Mr A . R . See also:

• WALLER, EDMUND (1606-1687)
• WALLER, LEWIS (186o- )
• WALLER, SIR WILLIAM (c. 1597-1668)

Waller . (E .