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CRAYON (Fr. craie, chalk, from Lat. c...

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Originally appearing in Volume V07, Page 388 of the 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica.
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CRAYON (Fr. craie,
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chalk, from
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Lat. creta)
  , a coloured material for
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drawing, employed generally in the form of pencils, but sometimes also as a powder, and consisting of native earthy and stony friable substances, or of artificially prepared mixtures of a
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base of
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pipe or
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china clay with Prussian blue, orpiment,
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vermilion,
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umber and other pigments . Calcined
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gypsum,
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talc and compounds of magnesium,
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bismuth and lead are occasionally used as bases . The required shades of tints are obtained by adding varying amounts of colouring
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matter to equal quantities of the base . Crayons are used by the artist to make groupings of colours and to secure landscape and other effects with ease and rapidity . The outline as well as the rest of the picture is
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drawn in crayon . The colours are softened off and blended by the
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finger, with the assistance of a stump of leather or paper; and shading is produced by
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cross-hatching and stippling . The
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art of
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painting in crayon or
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pastel is supposed to have originated in Germany in the 17th century . By Johann Alexander Thiele (1685–1752) it was carried to
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great perfection, and in France it was early practised with much success . Amongst the earlier pastellists may be mentioned Rosalba Carriera (1675–1757), W . Hoare (1707–1792), F . Cotes (1726–1770), and J . Russell (1744–1806); and in
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recent years the art has been successfully revived .

End of Article: CRAYON (Fr. craie, chalk, from Lat. creta)
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SIR EDWARD SHEPHERD CREASY (1812-1878)

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