See also:

• CREEDS (Lat. credo, I believe), or CONFESSIONS OF FAITH

CREEDS (See also:

• LAT

Lat. credo, I believe), or CONFESSIONS OF FAITH  . We are accustomed to regard the whole conception of See also:

• CREEDS (Lat. credo, I believe), or CONFESSIONS OF FAITH

creeds, i.e. reasoned statements of religious belief, as inseparably connected with the See also:

• HISTORY

history of See also:

• CHRISTIANITY

Christianity . But the new study of cornparative See also:

• RELIGION
• RELIGION, FOLKLORE, CUSTOM

religion has something to See also:

• TEACH [THATCH OR THACH], EDWARD (d. 1718)

teach us even here . The saying lex orandi lex credendi is true of all times and of all peoples . And since we must reckon praise as the highest See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form of See also:

• PRAYER (from Lat. precari, entreat; Ital. pregaria, Fr. priere)
• PRAYER, BOOK OF COMMON

prayer, such an See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early See also:

• CHRISTIAN
• CHRISTIAN, WILLIAM (1608-1663)

Christian hymn as is found in r Tim. iii . 16 must be acknowledged to be of the nature of a creed: " He who was manifested in the flesh, justified in the spirit, seen of angels, preached among the nations, believed on in the See also:

• WORLD

world, received up in See also:

• GLORY (through the O. Fr. glorie, modern gloire, from Lat. gloria, cognate with Gr. KXebs, abets)

glory." It justifies the expansion of the second See also:

• ARTICLE (from Lat. articulus, a joint)

article of the See also:

• DEVELOPED

developed Christian creed from the standpoint of the earliest Christian tradition . It also supplies a See also:

• REASON (Lat. ratio, through French raison)

reason for including in our survey of creeds some reference to pre-Christian See also:

• HYMNS

hymns and beliefs . The pendulum has swung back . Rather than despise the faulty presentation of truth which we find in See also:

• HEATHEN

heathen religions and their more or less degraded See also:

• RITES

rites, we follow the apostle See also:

• PAUL
• PAUL (PAULUS)

Paul in his endeavour to trace in them attempts " to feel after See also:

• GOD

God " (Acts vii . 27) . See also:

• AUGUSTINE, SAINT (354-430)
• AUGUSTINE, SAINT (d. c.613)

Augustine, the See also:

• GREAT

great teacher of the See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

West, was true to the spirit of the great Alexandrians, when he wrote (Ep . 166): " Let every See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good and true Christian understand that truth, wherever he finds it, belongs to his See also:

• LORD
• LORD (O. Eng. hldford, i.e. hldfweard, the warder or keeper of bread, hlIf, loaf; the word is not represented in any other Teutonic language)
• LORD, JOHN (1810-1894)

Lord." We are not concerned with the question whether the earliest forms of recorded religious consciousness such .as See also:

• ANIMISM (from animus, or anima, mind or soul)

animism, or See also:

• TOTEMISM

totemism, or See also:

• FETISHISM

fetishism, were themselves degradations of a See also:

• PRIMITIVE

primitive See also:

• REVELATION, BOOK OF

revelation or not.' We are only concerned with the fact of experience that the human soul yearns to See also:

• EXPRESS (through the French from the past participle of the Lat. exprimere, to press out, by transference used of representing objects in painting or sculpture, or of thoughts, &c. in words)

express its belief .

The hymn to the rising and setting See also:

• SUN
• SUN (0. Eng. sonne, Ger. sonne. Fr. soleil, Lat. sol, Gr. ijXior, from which comes helio- in various English compounds)

sun in the See also:

• BOOK

Book of the Dead (ch . 15), which is said by Egyptologists to be the See also:

• OLDEST

oldest poem in the world, carries us back at once to the See also:

• DAWN (the 16th-century form of the earlier " Jawing " or " dawning," from an old verb " daw," O. Eng. dagian, to become day; cf. Dutch dagen, and Ger. tagen)

dawn of history . " See also:

• HAIL (O. Eng. kcegl and hagol, 1 cf. the cognate Teutonic hagel, as in German, Dutch, Swedish, &c.; the Gr. K&XX17E, pebble, is probably allied)

Hail to thee, Ra, the self-existent . . . Glorious is thine uprising from the See also:

• HORIZON (Gr. 6pfTwv, dividing)

horizon . Both worlds are illumined by thy rays . . . Hail to thee, Ra, when See also:

• THOU, JACQUES AUGUSTE DE [THUANUS] (1553-1617)
• THOU, NOM

thou returnest See also:

• HOME
• HOME, DANIEL DUNGLAS (1833-1886)
• HOME, EARLS OF

home in renewed beauty, crowned and almighty." In a later hymn See also:

• AMEN

Amen-Ra is confessed as " the good god beloved, maker of men, creator of beasts, maker of things below and above, lord of See also:

• MERCY (adapted from Fr. merci, Lat. merces, reward)
• MERCY (or MERCI), FRANZ, FREIHERR VON

mercy most loving." A similar See also:

• NOTE
• NOTE (Lat. nota, mark, sign, from noscere, to know)

note is struck in the See also:

• INDIAN

Indian Vedas . In the more ethical religion of the Avesta the creator is more clearly distinguished from the creature: " I See also:

• DESIRE

desire to approach Ahura and Mithra with my praise, the lofty eternal, and the See also:

• HOLY

holy two." 2 The See also:

• PERSIAN
• PERSIAN, SYRIAN, EGYPTIAN AND TURKISH

Persian poet is not far from the See also:

• KINGDOM

kingdom into which See also:

• HEBREW

Hebrew psalmists and prophets entered . The whole history of the Jewish religion is centred in the See also:

• GRADUAL (Med. Lat. gradualis, of or belonging to steps or degrees; gradus, step)

gradual See also:

• PURIFICATION

purification of the See also:

• IDEA (Gr. Ibia, connected with i&eiv, to see; cf. Lat. species from specere, to look at)

idea of God . The morality of the See also:

• JEWS
• JEWS (Heb. Y8hudi, man of Judah; Gr. 'Iovbaiot; Lat. Judaei)

Jews did not outgrow their religion, but their See also:

• INTEREST

interest was always ethical and not speculative . The highest strains of the psalmists and the most fervent appeals of the prophets were progressively directed to the great end of praising and See also:

• PREACHING (Fr. preecher, from Lat. praedicare, to proclaim)

preaching the One true God, See also:

• EVERLASTING, or IMMORTELLE

everlasting, with sincere and pure devotion .

The creed of the See also:

• JEW, THE WANDERING

Jew, to this See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day, is summed up in the well-remembered words, which have been ever on his lips, living or dying: " Hear, 0 See also:

• ISRAEL (Hebrew for " God strives " or " rules "; see Gen. xxxii. 28; and the allusion in Hosea xii. 4)

Israel, the Lord our God is one Lord " (Dent. vi . 4) . The definiteness and persistence of this creed, which of course is the strength also of Mahommedanism, presents a contrast to the fluid See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character of the statements in the Vedas, and to the See also:

• CHAOS

chaos of conflicting opinions of philosophers among the Greeks and See also:

• ROMANS
• ROMANS, EPISTLE TO THE

Romans . As Dr J . R . Illingworth has said very concisely: " The See also:

• PHYSICAL

physical speculations of the See also:

• IONIANS

Ionians and Atomists rendered a God superfluous, and the metaphysical and logical reasoning of the Eleatics declared Him to be unknowable." 3 See also:

• PLATO

Plato regarding the world as an embodiment of eternal, archetypal ideas, which he See also:

• GROUPS
• GROUPS, THEORY

groups under the central idea of Good, identified with the divine reason, at the same See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time uses the See also:

• ORDINARY (med. Lat. ordinarius, Fr. ordinaire)

ordinary See also:

• LANGUAGE (adapted from the Fr. langage, from langue, tongue, Lat. lingua)

language of the day, and speaks of God and the gods, feeling his way towards the conception of a See also:

• PERSONAL

personal God, which, to quote Dr Illingworth again, neither he nor See also:

• ARISTOTLE
• ARISTOTLE (384-322 B.C.)

Aristotle could reach because they had not " a clear conception of human See also:

• PERSONALITY (from Lat. persona, originally an actor's mask, from personare,1 to sound through)

personality." They were followed by an See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age of philosophizing which did little to advance See also:

• SPECULATION

speculation . The See also:

• STOICS

Stoics, for example, were more successful in criticizing the current creed than in explaining the underlying truth which they recognized in polytheism . The final See also:

• GOAL

goal of See also:

• GREEK
• GREEK, ETRUSCAN AND

Greek See also:

• PHILOSOPHY (Gr. gthos, fond of, and vo4 (a, wisdom)

philosophy was only reached when the great thinkers of the early Christian See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

Church, who had been trained in the See also:

• SCHOOLS

schools of See also:

• ALEXANDRIA
• ALEXANDRIA (Arab. Iskenderia)

Alexandria and See also:

• ATHENS
• ATHENS ['AN vat, Athenae, modem colloquial Greek `Ath va]

Athens, used its modes of thought in their See also:

• ANALYSIS (Gr. avci and Meta, to break up into parts)

analysis of the Christian idea of God . " In this sense the See also:

• DOCTRINE

doctrine of the Trinity was the See also:

• SYNTHESIS (Gr. a6vOeacs, from avvrcBivac, to put together)

synthesis, and See also:

• SUMMARY

summary, of all that was highest in the Hebrew and Hellenic conceptions of God, fused into See also:

• UNION
• UNION (known locally as Union Hill and officially as Town of Union)

union by the electric See also:

• TOUCH (derived through Fr. toucher from a common Teutonic and Indo-Germanic root, cf. " tug," " tuck," O. H. Ger. zucchen, to twitch or draw)

touch of the Incarnation." 4 Space does not permit enlargement on this theme, but enough has been said to introduce the See also:

• DIRECT

direct study_of the See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient creeds of Christendom . I . THE ANCIENT CREEDS OF CHRISTENDOM.—The three creeds which may be called See also:

• OECUMENICAL (through the Lat. from Gr. oiKOVµevI.KOS, universal, belonging to the whole inhabited world, i] oiKovµtvf sc. y;7, aides, to dwell)

oecumenical, although the measure of their See also:

• ACCEPTANCE (Lat. acceptare, frequentative form of accipere, to receive)

acceptance by the universal church has not been See also:

• UNIFORM

uniform, represent three distinct types provided for the use of the See also:

• CATECHUMEN (Lat. catechumenus, Gr. KarnXouµevos, instructed, from Kar17)(6v, to teach orally)

catechumen, the communicant, and the church teacher respectively . The Apostles' Creed is the ancient baptismal creed, held in See also:

• COMMON

common both by See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

East and West, in its final western form .

Tne Nicene Creed is the baptismal c eed of an eastern church enlarged in See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order to combine theological See also:

• INTERPRETATION (from Lat. interpretari, to expound, explain, inter pres, an agent, go-between, interpreter; inter, between, and the root pret-, possibly connected with that seen either in Greek 4 p4'ew, to speak, or irpa-rrecv, to do)

interpretation with the facts of the historic faith . Its use in the See also:

• EUCHARIST (Gr. evXapurria, thanksgiving)

Eucharist of the undivided Church has been continued since the great See also:

• SCHISM

schism, although the Eastern Church protests against the See also:

• INTERPOLATION (from Lat. interpolare, to alter, or insert something fresh, connected with pollee, a polish)

interpolation ' See also:

• JEVONS, WILLIAM STANLEY (1835-1882)

Jevons, Introd. to the History of Religion, p . 394 . 2 Sacred Books of the East, xxxi . ' Personality, Human and Divine (cheap edition), p . 36 . 4 lb. p . 38 . of the words " And the Son " in clause 9 . The Athanasian Creed is an instruction designed to confute heresies which were current in the 5th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century . r . The Apostles' Creed.—The increased interest which has been shown in the history of all creed-forms since the latter See also:

• PART

part of the loth century is due in a great measure to the See also:

• WORK

work of the See also:

• VETERAN

veteran See also:

• PIONEER

pioneer, See also:

• PROFESSOR (the Latin noun formed from the verb profiteri, to declare publicly, to acknowledge, profess)

Professor P .

See also:

• CASPARI, KARL PAUL (1814-1892)

Caspari of See also:

• CHRISTIANIA (officially KRISTIANIA)

Christiania, who began the herculean task of classifying the enormous number of creed-forms which have been recovered from obscure pages of early Christian literature . In See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England we owe much to Professors C . A . Heurtley and Swainson . In See also:

• GERMANY
• GERMANY (Ger. Deutschland)

Germany the monumental work of Professor Kattenbusch has overshadowed all other books on the subject, providing even his most ardent critics with an indispensable See also:

• RECORD (Lat. recordari, to recall to mind, from cor, heart or mind)

record of the literature of the subject . The See also:

• MAJORITY (Fr. majorite; Med. Lat. majoritas; Lat. major, greater)

majority of critics agree that the only trace of a formal creed in the New Testament is the See also:

• SIMPLE

simple See also:

• CONFESSION (Lat. confessio, from confiteor, acknowledge, confess)

confession of Jesus as the Lord, or the Son of God (Rom. x . 9; I See also:

• COR

Cor. xii . 3) . While the apostles were agreed on an outline of teaching (Rom. vi . 17) which included the doctrine of God, the See also:

• PERSON, OFFENCES AGAINST THE

person and work of See also:

• CHRIST (Gr. X pLQTOS, Anointed)
• CHRIST, WILHELM VON (1831-1906)

Christ, and the person and work of the Holy Spirit, it does not appear that they provided any summary, which would See also:

• COVER (from the Fr. convert, from couvrir, to cover, Lat. cooperire)

cover this ground, as an authoritative statement of their belief . The tradition which St Paul received included, so to speak, the germ of the central prayer in the Eucharist (i Cor. xi . 23 ff.), and no doubt included also teaching on conduct, " the way of a Christian See also:

• LIFE

life " (r Thess. iv. r; Gal. v .

21) . The creed in all its forms lies behind See also:

• WORSHIP (i.e. " worth-ship," O. Eng. weor8scipe)

worship, which it preserves from See also:

• IDOLATRY

idolatry, and behind See also:

• ETHICS
• ETHICS, SHAFTESBURY, HOBBES

ethics, to which it supplies a See also:

• MOTIVE (from Lat. movere, to move)

motive See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power which the pre-Christian See also:

• SYSTEM

system so manifestly lacked . Whether the first creed of the primitive Church was of the simple Christological character which confession of Jesus as the Lord expresses, or of an enlarged type based on the baptismal See also:

• FORMULA
• FORMULA (Lat. diminutive of forma, shape, pattern, &c., especially used of rules of judicial procedure)

formula (Matt. See also:

• XXVIII

xxviii . 19), makes no difference to the statement that the faith which overcame the world derived its See also:

• ENERGY (from the Gr. ivipyela; iv, in, ipyov, work)

energy from convictions which strove for utterance . " With the See also:

• HEART
• HEART, LUNG

heart See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man believeth unto righteousness, and with the mouth confession is made unto salvation " (Rom. x. to) . When St Paul reminds See also:

• TIMOTHY
• TIMOTHY, FIRST EPISTLE TO
• TIMOTHY, SECOND EPISTLE TO

Timothy (i Tim. vi . 13) of his confession before many witnesses he does not seem to imply more than confession of Christ as See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king . He calls it " the beautiful confession " to which Christ Jesus had See also:

• BORNE, KARL LUDWIG (1786–1837)

borne See also:

• WITNESS
• WITNESS (from O. Eng. witan, to know)

witness before Pontius See also:

• PILATE, PONTIUS

Pilate, and charges Timothy before God, who quickeneth all things, to keep this commandment . Some writers, notably Professor Zahn,' piecing together this See also:

• TEXT (Lat. textum, woven fabric, from texere, to weave)

text with 2 Tim. i . 13, ii . 8, iv . I, 2, reconstructs a primitive Apostles' Creed of See also:

• ANTIOCH

Antioch, the See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city from which St Paul started on his missionary journeys .

But there is no mention of a third article in the creed, beyond a reference to the Holy See also:

• GHOST (a word common to the W. Teutonic languages; O.E. vest, Dutch, 'geest, Ger. Geist)

Ghost in the context of 2 Tim. i . 14, which would prove the apostolic use of a Trinitarian confession imaginable as the See also:

• PARENT, SIMON NAPOLEON (1855– )

parent of the later Eastern and Western forms . The See also:

• EUNUCH (Gr. Evvoi3Xos)

eunuch's creed interpolated in Acts viii . 57, " I believe that Jesus is the Son of God," since the See also:

• READING

reading was known to See also:

• IRENAEUS

Irenaeus, probably represents the form of baptismal confession used in some church of See also:

• ASIA

Asia See also:

• MINOR
• MINOR (Lat. for smaller, lesser)
• MINOR, ROBERT CRANNELL (1839-1904)

Minor, and supplies us with the type of a primitive creed . This theory is confirmed by the See also:

• EVIDENCE (Lat. evidentia, evideri, to appear clearly)

evidence of the Johannine epistles (r See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John iv . 15, v . 5; cf . Heb. iv . 14) . From this point of view it is easy to explain the occurrence of creed-like phrases in the New Testament as fragments of early hymns (i Tim. iii . 16) or reminiscences of oral teaching (i Cor. xv. r ff.) . The following form which Seeberg gives as the creed of St Paul is an artificial See also:

• COMBINATION (Lat. combinare, to combine)

combination of fragments of oral teaching, which naturally reappear in the teaching of St See also:

• PETER
• PETER (Lat. Petrus from Gr. irfpos, a rock, Ital. Pietro, Piero, Pier, Fr. Pierre, Span. Pedro, Ger. Peter, Russ. Petr)
• PETER (PEDRO)
• PETER, EPISTLES OF
• PETER, ST

Peter, but finds no See also:

• ATTESTATION (Lat. adtestare, attestare, to bear witness, testis, a witness)

attestation in the later creeds of particular churches which would prove its claim to be their parent form: " The living God who created all things sent His Son Jesus Christ, See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born of the See also:

• SEED (from the root seen in Lat. serere, to sow)

seed of See also:

• DAVID
• DAVID (a Hebrew name meaning probably beloved 1)
• DAVID, FELICIEN (1810—1876)
• DAVID, GERARD [GHEERAERT DAVIT], (?=1523)
• DAVID, PIERRE JEAN (1789–1856)
• DAVID, ST (Dewi, Sant)

David, who died for our sins according to the scriptures, and was buried, who was raised on the third day according to the scriptures, and appeared to Cephas and the XI I., who sat at the 1 Der Katechismus der Urchristenheit, p .

85 . Zahn's reasoned See also:

• ARGUMENT

argument stands in contrast to the See also:

• BLIND, MATHILDE (1841—1896)

blind reliance on tradition shown by See also:

• MACDONALD, FLORA (1722—1790)
• MACDONALD, GEORGE (1824-1905)
• MACDONALD, JACQUES ETIENNE JOSEPH
• MACDONALD, JOHN SANDFIELD (1812-1872)
• MACDONALD, LAWRENCE (1799-1878)
• MACDONALD, SIR HECTOR ARCHIBALD (1852-1903)
• MACDONALD, SIR JOHN ALEXANDER (1815-1891)

Macdonald, The See also:

• SYMBOL (Gr. o-uµ(3oXov, a sign)

Symbol of the Apostles, and the fanciful reconstruction of the primitive creed by Baeumer, See also:

• HARNACK, ADOLF (1851– )

Harnack or Seeberg.right See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand of God in the heavens, all See also:

• RULE

rule and authority and power being made subject unto Him, and is coming on the clouds of See also:

• HEAVEN (0. Eng. hefen, heofon, heofone; this word appears in O.S. hevan; the High. Ger. word appears in Ger. Himmel, Dutch hemel; there does not seem to be any connexion between the two words, and the ultimate derivation of the word is unknown; the sugges

heaven with power and great glory." The evidence of the apostolic fathers is disappointing . See also:

• CLEMENT (Lat. Clemens, i.e. merciful; Gr. K)4gs)
• CLEMENT, FRANCOIS (1714-1793)
• CLEMENT, JACQUES (1567-1589)

Clement (Cor. lviii . 2) supplies only See also:

• PARALLELS

parallels to the baptismal formula (Matt. xxviii . 19) . See also:

• POLYCARP (c. 6g-c. 155)

Polycarp (Ep . 7) echoes St John . But See also:

• IGNATIUS ('Iyvfrior)

Ignatius might seem to offer in the following passage some See also:

• CONFIRMATION (Lat. confirmatio, from confirmare, to establish, make firm)

confirmation of Zahn's theory of a primitive creed of Antioch (Trail . 9) : "Be ye See also:

• DEAF

deaf, therefore, when any man speaketh to you apart from Jesus Christ, who was of the See also:

• RACE

race of David, who was the Son of See also:

• MARY
• MARY (1457-1482)
• MARY (1496-1533)
• MARY, QUEEN OF SCOTS

Mary, who was truly born and See also:

• ATE

ate and drank, was truly persecuted under Pontius Pilate, was truly crucified and died in the sight of those in heaven and those on See also:

• EARTH
• EARTH (a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Erde, Dutch aarde, Swed. and Dan. jord; outside Teutonic it appears only in the Gr. 'pq'e, on the ground; it has been connected by some etymologists with the Aryan root ar-, to plough, which is seen in
• EARTH, FIGURE OF
• EARTH, FIGURE OF THE

earth and those under the earth; who, mcreover, was truly raised from the dead, His See also:

• FATHER

Father having raised Him, who in the like See also:

• FASHION (adapted from Fr. facon, agon, Lat. factio, making, facere, to do or make)

fashion will so raise us also who believe on Him—His Father, I say, will raise us —in Christ Jesus, apart from whom we have not true life." The See also:

• DIFFERENCES, CALCULUS OF (Theory of Finite Differences)

differences, however, which See also:

• DIVIDE

divide this from the later creed forms are scarcely less noticeable than their agreement, and the evidence of the Ignatian epistles generally (Eph. xviii.; Smyrn. i.), while it confirms the conclusion that instruction was given in Antioch on all points characteristic of the developed creed, e.g. the Miraculous See also:

• BIRTH (a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages from the root of the verb " to bear ")

Birth, Crucifixion, Resurrection, the See also:

• CATHOLIC (Gr. KcaBoXuK6s, general, universal)

Catholic Church, forgiveness of sins, the See also:

• HOPE, ANTHONY
• HOPE, THOMAS (c. 1770-1831)

hope of resurrection, does not prove that this teaching was as yet combined in a Trinitarian form which classified the latter clauses under the work of the Holy Ghost . At this point a word must be said on the important question of interpretation . While we may hope for eventual agreement on the history of the different types of creed forms, there can be no hope of agreement on the interpretation of the words Holy Spirit between Unitarian and Trinitarian critics . Writers who follow Harnack explain " holy spirit " as the See also:

• GIFT (a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. die Gift, gift, das Gift, poison, formed from the Teut. stem gab-, to give, cf. Dutch geven, Ger. geben; in O. Eng. the word appears with initial y, the guttural of later English is due to Scandinavian influence)

gift of impersonal See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence, and between wide limits of difference agree in regarding Christ as Son of God by See also:

• ADOPTION (Lat. adoptio, for adoptalio, from adoptare, to choose for oneself)

adoption and not by nature .

Amid the chaos of conflicting opinions as to the See also:

• ORIGINAL

original teaching of Jesus, the See also:

• GOSPEL (O. Eng. godspel, i.e. good news, a translation of Lat. bona annuntiatio, or evangelium, Gr. evayyeXwv; cf. Goth. iu spillon, " to announce good news," Ulfilas' translation of the Greek, from iu, that which is good, and spellon to announce)

Gospel within the Gospel, the central question " What think ye of Christ ? " emerges as the test of all theories . " No man can say that Jesus is the Lord See also:

• SAVE, or SAVA (Ger. Sau; Hungarian Szdva; Lat. Savus)

save in the Holy Ghost " (r Cor. xii . 3) . Belief in the fact of the Incarnation of the eternal Word, as it is stated in the words of Ignatius quoted above, or in any of the later creeds, stands or falls with belief in the Holy Ghost as the See also:

• GUIDE (in Mid. Eng. gyde, from the Fr. guide; the earlier French form was guie, English " guy," the d was due to the Italian form guida; the ultimate origin is probably Teutonic, the word being connected with the base seen in O. Eng. witan, to know)

guide alike of their convictions and destinies, no See also:

• MERE
• MERE, ADALBERT (1838-1909)

mere impersonal influence, but a living See also:

• VOICE (Fr. voix, from Lat. vox)

voice . If the essence of Christianity is winnowed down to a See also:

• BARE

bare See also:

• IMITATION (Lat. imitatio, from intitari, to imitate)

imitation of the Man Jesus, and his religion is accepted as Buddhists accept the religion of See also:

• BUDDHA

Buddha, still it cannot be denied that the early Christians put their See also:

• TRUST

trust in Christ rather than his religion . " I am the life," not " I teach the life," " I am the truth," not merely " I teach the truth," are not additions of Johannine See also:

• THEOLOGY

theology but the central aspect of the presentation of Christ as the good physician, healer of souls and bodies, which the most rigid See also:

• SCRUTINY (Fr. scrutin, Late Lat. scrulinium, from scrutari, to search or examine thoroughly)

scrutiny of the Synoptic Gospels leaves as the residuum of accepted fact about Jesus of See also:

• NAZARETH (mod. en-Ndsira)

Nazareth . To say more would be out of See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place in this article, but enough has been said to introduce the exhaustive discussion by Kattenbusch (ii . 471–728) of the meaning of the theological teaching both of the New Testament and of the earliest creeds . To return within our proper limits . Kattenbusch, with whom Harnack is in See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general agreement, regards the Old See also:

• ROMAN

Roman Creed, which comes to See also:

• LIGHT

light in the 4th century, as the parent of all developed forms, whether Eastern or Western . See also:

• MARCELLUS

Marcellus, the exiled See also:

• BISHOP (A.S. bisceop, from Lat. episcopus, Gr. irio-Korros, " overlooker " or " overseer ")
• BISHOP, ISABELLA (1832-1904)
• BISHOP, SIR HENRY ROWLEY (1786-1855)

bishop of See also:

• ANCYRA (mod. Angora, q.v.)

Ancyra, is quoted by See also:

• EPIPHANIUS, SAINT (c. 315-402)

Epiphanius as presenting it to Bishop See also:

• JULIUS

Julius of See also:

• ROME
• ROME (Roma)

Rome c .

A.D . 340 . Ussher's recognition of the fact that this profession of faith by Marcellus was the creed of Rome, not of Ancyra, is the starting-point of See also:

• MODERN

modern discussions of the history of the creeds . Some sixty years later See also:

• RUFINUS, TYRANNIUS

Rufinus, a See also:

• PRIEST (Ger. Priester, Fr. pretre)

priest of See also:

• AQUILEIA

Aquileia, wrote a commentary on the creed of his native city and compared it with the Roman Creed . His Latin text is probably as ancient as the Greek text of Marcellus, because the Roman Church must always have been bilingual in its early days . It was as follows: Apostles' Greed . I . I . I believe in God (the) Father almighty; II . 2 . And in Christ Jesus His only Son our Lord, 3. who was born of the Holy Spirit and the Virgin Mary, 4. crucified under Pontius Pilate and buried 5. the third day He See also:

• ROSE
• ROSE (Rosa)
• ROSE, GEORGE (1744-1818)
• ROSE, HUGH JAMES (1795—1838)
• ROSE, WILLIAM STEWART (1775-1843)

rose from the dead, 6 . He ascended into heaven, 7. sitteth at the right hand of the Father, 8. thence He shall come to See also:

• JUDGE (Lat. judex, Fr. juge)

judge living and dead .

to . (the) holy Church, It . (the) remission of sins, 12 . (the) resurrection of the flesh . This Old Roman Creed may be traced back in the writings of Bishops See also:

• FELIX
• FELIX, ANTONIUS
• FELIX, LIA (1830– )

Felix and See also:

• DIONYSUS (probably = " son of Zeus," from & Os and vv(7os, a Thracian word for " son ")

Dionysus (3rd century), and in the writings of See also:

• TERTULLIAN (c. 155-c. 222)

Tertullian in the 2nd century . Tertullian calls the creed the " token " which the See also:

• AFRICAN

African Church shares with the Roman (de Praescr . 36) : " The Roman Church has made a common token with the African Churches, has recognized one God, creator of the universe, and Christ Jesus, of the Virgin Mary, Son of God the Creator, and the resurrection of the flesh." The reference is to the earthenware token which two See also:

• FRIENDS, SOCIETY
• FRIENDS, SOCIETY OF

friends See also:

• BROKE, or BROOKE, ARTHUR (d. 1563)
• BROKE, SIR PHILIP BOWES VERE, BART

broke in order that they might commend a stranger for hospitality by sending with him the broken See also:

• HALF

half . Their creed became the See also:

• PASSPORT

passport by which Christians in See also:

• STRANGE, SIR ROBERT (1721-1792)

strange cities could obtain See also:

• ADMISSION

admission to assemblies for worship and to common meals . The passage quoted is obviously a condensed See also:

• QUOTATION

quotation of the Roman Creed, which reappears also in the following (de Virg. vel. i.): " The rule of faith is one altogether ... of believing in one God Almighty, maker of the world, and in His Son Jesus Christ, born of Mary the Virgin, crucified under Pontius Pilate; the third day raised from the dead, received in the heavens, sitting now at the right hand of the Father, about to come and judge See also:

• QUICK

quick and dead through the resurrection also of the flesh." There are many references in Tertullian to the teaching of the Gnostic See also:

• MARCION

Marcion, whose See also:

• BREACH (Mid. Eng. breche, derived from the common Teutonic root brec, which appears in " break," Ger. brechen, &c.)

breach with the Roman Church may be dated A.D . 145 . He seems to have still held to the Roman creed interpreted in his own way . An ingenious conjecture by Zahn enables us to add the words " holy Church " to our reconstruction of the creed from the writings of Tertullian .

In his revised New Testament Marcion speaks of " the See also:

• COVENANT
• COVENANT (an O. Fr. form, later convenant, from convenir, to agree, Lat. convenire)

covenant which is the See also:

• MOTHER

mother of us all, which begets us in the holy Church, to which we have vowed See also:

• ALLEGIANCE (Mid. Eng. ligeaunce; med. Lat. ligeantia, &c.; the al- was probably added through confusion with another legal term, allegeance, an allegation; the Fr. allegeance comes from the English; the word is formed from " liege," of which the derivatio

allegiance." He uses a word used by Ignatius of the See also:

• OATH (0. Eng. ddh)

oath taken on confession of the Christian faith . It follows that the words " holy Church " were contained in the Roman Creed.' While all critics agree in tracing back this form to the earliest years of the 2nd century, and regard it as the archetype of all similar Western creeds, there is great diversity of See also:

• OPINION (Lat. opinio, from opinari, to think)

opinion on its relation to Eastern forms . Kattenbusch maintains that the Roman Creed reached See also:

• GAUL
• GAUL, GILBERT WILLIAM (1855— )

Gaul and See also:

• AFRICA
• AFRICA, ROMAN

Africa in the course of the 2nd century, and perhaps all districts of the West that possessed Christian congregations, also the western end of Asia Minor possibly in connexion with Polycarp's visit to Rome A.D . 154 . He finds that materials fail for See also:

• PONTUS

Pontus, See also:

• GALATIA

Galatia, See also:

• CAPPADOCIA

Cappadocia, See also:

• SYRIA

Syria, See also:

• PALESTINE

Palestine, See also:

• EGYPT

Egypt . Further, he holds that all the Eastern creeds which are known to us as existing in the 4th century, or may be traced back to the 3rd, See also:

• LEAD
• LEAD (pronounced iced)

lead to Antioch as their starting-point . He concludes that the Roman Creed was accepted at Antioch after the fall of Paul of See also:

• SAMOSATA (Eau6vara, -arum, Ptol. v. 15 § r 1 ; Strabo xvi. 749)

Samosata in A.D . 272, and was adapted to the dogmatic requirements of the time, all the later creeds of Palestine, Asia Minor and Egypt being dependent on it . On the other hand, Kunze, Loofs, Sanday, and Zahn find evidence of the existence of an Eastern type of creed of equal or greater antiquity and distinguished from the Roman by such phrases as " One " (God), " Maker of heaven and earth," " suffered," " shall come again in glory." Thus Kunze reconstructs a creed of Antioch for the 3rd century, and argues that it is See also:

• INDEPENDENT

independent of the Roman Creed . Creed of Antioch . I. i . I believe in one and one only true God, Father Almighty, maker of all things, visible and invisible .

' See also:

• MCGIFFERT

McGiffert, on the other hand, argues that the Roman Creed was composed to meet the errors of Marcion, p . 58 if . He omits, however, to mention this, which is Zahn's strongest argument . II . 2 . And in our Lord Jesus Christ, His Son, the only-begotten and first born of all creation, begotten of Him before all the ages, through whom also the ages were established, and all things came into existence; 3 . Who for our sakes, came down, and was born of Mary the Virgin . 4 . And crucified under Pontius Pilate, and buried, 5 . And the third day rose according to the scriptures, 6. and ascended into heaven . 7 . 8 .

And is coming again to judge quick and dead . 9 . [The beginning of the third article has not been recorded.] I0 . 11 . Remission of sins . 12 . Resurrection of the dead, life everlasting . Along similar lines Loofs selects phrases as typical of creeds which go back to a date preceding the Nicene See also:

• COUNCIL (Lat. concilium, from cum, together, and the root cal, to call)

Council . A . Creed of See also:

• EUSEBIUS
• EUSEBIUS (Gr. EuOi/3tos, from ebaegils, pious, cf. the Latin name Pius)
• EUSEBIUS [OF CAESAREA] (c. 260-c. 340)
• EUSEBIUS [OF EMESA] (d. c. "36o)

Eusebius of Caesarea, presented to the Nicene Council . B . Revised Creed of See also:

• CYRIL (376-444)
• CYRIL (827-869)
• CYRIL (c. 315–386)

Cyril of See also:

• JERUSALEM (Heb. ^S0-r, Yerushalaim, pronounced as a dual)
• JERUSALEM, SYNOD OF (1672)

Jerusalem .

C . Creed of Antioch quoted by Cassian . D . Creed of Antioch quoted in the Apostolic Constitutions . E . Creed of See also:

• LUCIAN (d. 312)
• LUCIAN [Aowaavos] (c. A.D. 120-180)

Lucian the See also:

• MARTYR (Gr. pimp or µaprvs)

Martyr (Antioch) . F . Creed of See also:

• ARIUS ("Apews)

Arius (Alexandria) . t . One (God), A, B, C, D, E, F . Maker of heaven and earth and of all things visible and invisible (or a like phrase), A, B, C, D, E . 2 .

Lord Jesus Christ, His Son, the only begotten (or a like phrase), A, B, C, D, E, F . 3 . Crucified under Pontius Pilate, B, C, D (A, E, F omit because they are theological creeds . Loofs thinks that the baptismal creeds on which they are based may have contained the words) . 5 . Rose the third day, A, B, D, E (F omits " the third day " being a theological creed; the See also:

• TRANSLATION

translation of C is uncertain) . 6 . Went up, A, B, D, E, F . +and ... and ... and, A, B, C, D, E, F . 8 . And is coming, B, C, D, E, F; and is about to come, A; +again, A, C, D, E, F(B ?) ; +in glory, A, B ; with glory, D, E . to .

+Catholic, B, D, F (A, C, E ? ) 12 . +life eternal, B, C; +life of the age to come, D, F . Sanday (See also:

• JOURNAL
• JOURNAL (through Fr. from late Lat. diurnalis, daily)

Journal Theol . Studies, iii . I) does not See also:

• ATTEMPT (Lat. adtemptare, attentare, to try)

attempt a reconstruction on this elaborate See also:

• SCALE
• SCALE (1) A

scale, but contents himself with pointing out evidence, which Kattenbusch seems to him to have missed, for the existence of creeds of Egypt, Cappadocia and Palestine before the time of See also:

• AURELIAN [Lucius DoMITIus AURELIANUS]

Aurelian . He criticizes Harnack's theory that there existed in the East, that is, in Asia Minor, or in Asia Minor and Syria as far back as the beginning of the 2nd century, a Christological instruction (i&Orlµa) organically related to the second article of the Roman Creed, and formulas which taught that the " One God " was " Creator of heaven and earth," and referred to the holy prophetic spirit, and lasted on till they influenced the course of creed-development in the 4th century . He asks, is it not simpler to believe that there was a definite type in the background ? Another See also:

• ENGLISH

English student, the Rev . T . Barns, engaged specially in work upon the history of the creed of Cappadocia, points out the importance of the extraordinary influence of Firmilian of Caesarea in the affairs of the church of Antioch in the early part of the 3rd century . He is led to argue that the creed of Antioch came rather from Cappadocia than Rome .

Whether his conclusion is justified or not, it See also:

• HELPS, SIR ARTHUR (1813-1875)

helps to show how strongly the trend of contemporary See also:

• RESEARCH (O. Fr. recerche, from recercher, re- and cercer, mod. chercher, to search; Late Lat. circare, to go round in a circle, to explore)

research is setting against the theory of Kattenbusch that the Roman Creed when adopted at Antioch became the parent of all Eastern forms . It does not, however, militate against the possibility that the Roman Creed was carried from Rome to Asia Minor and to Palestine in the 2nd century . It is evidently impossible to arrive at a final decision until much more See also:

• SPADE

spade work has been done in the investigation of early Eastern creeds . Connolly's study of the early Syrian creed (Zeitschrift See also:

• FUR (connected with O. Fr. forre, a sheath or case; so " an outer covering ")

fur See also:

• DIE
• DIE (Fr. de, from Lat. datum, given)

die neutestamentliche Wissenschaft, 1906, p . 202) deserves careful See also:

• CONSIDERATION (from Lat. considerare, to look at closely, examine, generally taken to be from con-, and the base seen in sidus, sideris, a star, the word being supposed to be originally an astrological or astronomical term)

consideration . His reconstruction of the creed of See also:

• APHRAATES (a Greek form of the Persian name Aphraha>: or Pharhadh)

Aphraates is interesting in relation to the other traces of a See also:

• SYRIAC

Syriac creed form existing See also:

• PRIOR (from Lat. prior—former, and hence superior, through O. Fr. priour)
• PRIOR, MATTHEW (1664-1721)

prior to the 4th century . [I believe] in God the Lord of all, that made the heavens and the earth and the seas and all that in them is; [And in our Lord Jesus Christ] [the Son of God,] God, Son of God, King, Son of the King, Light from Light, (Son and Counsellor, and Guide, and Way, and Saviour, and Shepherd, and Gatherer, and See also:

• DOOR (corresponding to the Gr. Bbpa,. Lat. fores or valvae; the English word, with other forms common in allied languages, comes from the same Indo-European stem as the Gr. Obpa and Lat. fares)

Door, and See also:

• PEARL
• PEARL, THE

Pearl, and See also:

• LAMP (from Gr. Xag ras, a torch, Xaµaav, to shine)

Lamp,) and first-born of all creatures, who came and put on a See also:

• BODY

body from Mary the Virgin (of the seed of the See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house of David, from the Holy Spirit), and put on our manhood, and suffered, or and was crucified, went down to the place of the dead, or to Sheol, and lived again, and rose the third day, and ascended to the height, or to heaven, and sat on the right hand of His Father, and He is the Judge of the dead and of the living, who sitteth on the See also:

• THRONE

throne; [And in the Holy Spirit;] [And I believe] in the coming to life of the dead; [and] in the See also:

• MYSTERY (Gr. µw(Trilpcov, from tcuvrm, an initiate, µfew, to shut the mouth)

mystery of See also:

• BAPTISM

Baptism (of the remission of sins) . The probable See also:

• BATTLE

battle-ground of the future between the opposing theories lies in the writings of Irenaeus . He has most of the characteristic expressions of the Eastern creeds . He inserts " one " in clause 1 and 2 . He has the phrases " Maker of heaven and earth," " suffered," and " crucified," with " under Pontius Pilate " after instead of before it . Probably also he had " in glory " in clause 8 .

But there is always the possibility to be faced that Irenaeus See also:

• DREW
• DREW, SAMUEL (1765-1833)

drew his creed from Rome rather than Asia Minor . Kattenbusch does not shrink from suggesting that he shows acquaintance with the Roman Creed, and that See also:

• JUSTIN (JUNIANUS JUSTINUS)

Justin Martyr also knew it, in which See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case all the so-called Eastern characteristics have been imprinted on the original Roman form, and are not derived from an Eastern archetype . But the ordinary reader need not feel concern about the future victory of either theory . The See also:

• PLAIN (O. Fr. plain, from Lat. plenum)

plain fact is that the same facts were taught in Palestine, Asia Minor and Gaul, whether gathered up in a parallel creed form or not . The contrast which Rufinus draws between the Roman Creed and others, both of the East and the West, is justified . In comparison with them it was guarded more carefully from See also:

• CHANGE (derived through the Fr. from the Late Lat. cambium, cambiare, to barter; the ultimate derivation is probably from the root which appears in the Gr. «a urmu', to bend)

change' We have yet to inquire how it received the additions which distinguish the derived form now in use as the baptismal creed of all Western Christendom . Some had already found an entrance into Western creeds . We find " suffered " in the creed of See also:

• MILAN
• MILAN (Ital. Milano, Ger. Mailand, anc. Mediolanum, q.v.)

Milan, " descended into See also:

• HELL (0. Eng. hel, a Teutonic word from a root meaning " to cover," cf. Ger. Holle, Dutch hel)

hell " in the creed of Aquileia, the Danubian lands and Syria; the words " God " and " almighty " were shortly added to clause 7 in the See also:

• SPANISH

Spanish creed; " life everlasting " had stood from an early date in the African creed . The creed of Caesarius of See also:

• ARLES
• ARLES, KINGDOM OF

Arles (d . 543) proves that these See also:

• VARIATIONS
• VARIATIONS, CALCULUS
• VARIATIONS, CALCULUS OF

variations had all been See also:

• UNITED

united in one GalIican creed together with " catholic " and " communion of See also:

• SAINTS, BATTLE OF THE

saints," but this Gallican form still lacked " Maker of heaven and earth " and the additions in clause 7 . Two newly-discovered creeds help us greatly to narrow down the limits of the problem . The creed of Niceta of Remesiana in See also:

• DACIA

Dacia proves that c .

A.D . 400 the Dacian church had added to the Roman Creed " maker of heaven and earth," " suffered," " dead," " Catholic," " communion of saints " and " life everlasting." Parallel to it is the Faith of St See also:

• JEROME, JEROME KLAPKA (1859– )
• JEROME, ST (HIERONYMUS, in full EUSEBIUS SOPHRONIUS HIERONYMUS) (c. 340–420)

Jerome discovered in 1903 by Dom . See also:

• MORIN, JEAN (latinized JOANNES MORINUS) (1591-1659)

Morin.2 The Faith of St Jerome . " I believe in one God the Father almighty, maker of things visible and invisible . I believe in one Lord Jesus Christ, the Son of God, born of God, God of God, Light of Light, almighty of almighty, true God of true God, born before the ages, not made, by whom all things were made in heaven and in earth . Who for our salvation descended from heaven, was conceived of the Holy Ghost, born of the Virgin Mary, suffered by suffering under Pontius Pilate, under See also:

• HEROD
• HEROD (surnamed THE GREAT)

Herod the King, crucified, buried, descended into hell, trod down the sting of See also:

• DEATH

death, rose again the third day, appeared to the apostles . After this He ascended into heaven, sitteth at the right of God the Father, thence shall come to judge the quick and the dead . And I believe in the Holy Ghost, God not unbegotten nor begotten, not created nor made, but co-eternal with the Father and the Son . I believe (that there is) remission of sins in the holy catholic church, communion of saints, resurrection of the flesh unto eternal life . Amen." This creed may be the form which Jerome mentions in one of his letters (Ep . 17, n . 4)as sent to Cyril of Jerusalem .

It is important as connecting the creeds of East and West . Since Jerome was born in See also:

• PANNONIA

Pannonia we may conjecture that he is inserting Nicene phrases from the Jerusalem creed into his baptismal creed, and 1 It is probable that " one " has dropped out of the first clause . Zahn acutely suggests that it was omitted in the time of See also:

• ZEPHYRINUS, ST

Zephyrinus to counteract Monarchian teaching such as the formula: believe in one God, Jesus Christ." a Anecdota Maredsolana, iii. iii. p . 199.that this form added to Niceta's creed proves that the creed of the See also:

• DANUBE (Ger. Donau, Hungarian Duna, Rumanian Dunarea, Lat. Danubius or Danuvius, and in the lower part of its course Ister)

Danube lands possessed the clauses " maker of heaven and earth " and " communion of saints." The first occurrence of the completed form is in a See also:

• TREATISE

treatise (Scarepsus) of the See also:

• BENEDICTINE

Benedictine missionary Pirminius, See also:

• ABBOT (from the Hebrew ab, a father, through the Syriac abba, Lat. abbas, gen. abbatis, O.E. abbad, fr. late Lat. form abbad-em changed in 13th century under influence of the Lat. form to abbat, used alternatively till the end of the 17th century; Ger. Ab
• ABBOT, EZRA (1819-1884)
• ABBOT, GEORGE (1603-1648)
• ABBOT, ROBERT (1588?–1662?)
• ABBOT, WILLIAM (1798-1843)

abbot of See also:

• REICHENAU

Reichenau (c . A.D . 730) . The difficulty hitherto has been to trace the source from which the clause " maker of heaven and earth " has come into it . It has been known that the forms in use in the See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south of See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France approximated to it but without those words . In the 6th century we find creed forms in use in Gaul which include them, but include also other variations distinguishing them from the form which we seek . The missing See also:

• LINK

link which has hitherto been lacking in the evidence has been found by Barns in the influence of See also:

• CELTIC

Celtic missionaries who streamed across from See also:

• EUROPE

Europe until they came in touch with the remnants of the Old Latin Christianity of the Danube . The See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief documents of the date A.D . 700, which contain forms almost identical with the received text, are connected with monasteries founded by See also:

• COLUMBAN (543-615)

Columban and his friends: See also:

• BOBBIO

Bobbio, Luxeuil, S .

Gallen, Reichenau . From one of these monasteries the received text seems to 'have been taken to Rome . Certainly it was from Rome that it was spread . We can trace the use of the received text along the See also:

• LINE

line of the journeys both of Pirminius and See also:

• BONIFACE (Bonifacius)
• BONIFACE, SAINT (680-754)

Boniface, and there is little doubt that they received it from the Roman Church, with which Boniface was in frequent communication . See also:

• POPE (Gr. irarraas, post-classical Lat. papa, father)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1688–1744)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1763-1835)
• POPE, JANE (1742-1818)
• POPE, JOHN (1822-1892)
• POPE, SIR THOMAS (c. 1507-1559)

Pope See also:

• GREGORY
• GREGORY (Gregorius)
• GREGORY (Grigorii) GRIGORIEVICH ORLOV, COUNT (1734-1783)
• GREGORY, EDWARD JOHN (1850-19o9)
• GREGORY, OLINTHUS GILBERT (1774—1841)
• GREGORY, ST (c. 213-C. 270)
• GREGORY, ST, OF NAZIANZUS (329–389)
• GREGORY, ST, OF NYSSA (c.331—c. 396)
• GREGORY, ST, OF TOURS (538-594)

Gregory II. sent him instructions to use what seems to have been an See also: