See also:

• CREMATION (Lat. cremare, to burn)

CREMATION (See also:

• LAT

Lat. cremare, to See also:

• BURN, RICHARD (1709-1785)

burn)  , the burning of human corpses . This method of disposal of the dead may be said to have been the See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general practice of the See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient See also:

• WORLD

world, with the important exceptions of See also:

• EGYPT

Egypt, where bodies were embalmed, See also:

• JUDAEA

Judaea, where they were buried in sepulchres, and See also:

• CHINA

China, where they were buried in the See also:

• EARTH
• EARTH (a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Erde, Dutch aarde, Swed. and Dan. jord; outside Teutonic it appears only in the Gr. 'pq'e, on the ground; it has been connected by some etymologists with the Aryan root ar-, to plough, which is seen in
• EARTH, FIGURE OF
• EARTH, FIGURE OF THE

earth . In See also:

• GREECE

Greece, for instance, so well ascertained was the See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law that only suicides, unteethed See also:

• CHILDREN, LAW RELATING TO

children, and persons struck by See also:

• LIGHTNING

lightning were denied the right to be burned . At See also:

• ROME
• ROME (Roma)

Rome, one of the XII . Tables said, " Hominem mortuum in urbe ne sepelito, neve urito "; and in fact, from the See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close of the See also:

• REPUBLIC (Lat. respublica, a commonweal or common-wealth)

republic to the end of the 4th See also:

• CHRISTIAN
• CHRISTIAN, WILLIAM (1608-1663)

Christian See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century, burning on the pyre or rogus was the general See also:

• RULE

rule.' Whether in any of these cases See also:

• CREMATION (Lat. cremare, to burn)

cremation was adopted or rejected for sanitary or for superstitious reasons, it is difficult to say . See also:

• EMBALMING (Gr. 06Xaaµov, balsam; Ger. Einbalsamiren; Fr. embaumement)

Embalming would probably not succeed in climates less warm and dry than the See also:

• EGYPTIAN

Egyptian . The scarcity of See also:

• FUEL (O. Fr. feuaile, popular Lat. focalia, from focus, hearth, fire)

fuel might also be a See also:

• CONSIDERATION (from Lat. considerare, to look at closely, examine, generally taken to be from con-, and the base seen in sidus, sideris, a star, the word being supposed to be originally an astrological or astronomical term)

consideration . The See also:

• CHINESE, JAPANESE AND

Chinese are influenced by the See also:

• DOCTRINE

doctrine of Feng-Shui, or incomprehensible See also:

• WIND
• WIND (a common Teut. word, cognate with Skt. vats, Lat. ventus, cf. " weather," to be of course distinguished from to " wind," to coil or twist, O.Eng. windan, cf. "wander," "wend," &c.)

wind See also:

• WATER

water; they must have a properly placed See also:

• GRAVE

grave in their own See also:

• LAND

land, and with this view their corpses are sent See also:

• HOME
• HOME, DANIEL DUNGLAS (1833-1886)
• HOME, EARLS OF

home from See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long distances abroad . Even the See also:

• JEWS
• JEWS (Heb. Y8hudi, man of Judah; Gr. 'Iovbaiot; Lat. Judaei)

Jews used cremation in the vale of See also:

• TOPHET, or TOPHETH (nsnn)

Tophet when a See also:

• PLAGUE (in Gr. Xotµos; in Lat. pestis, pestilentia)

plague came; and the See also:

• MODERN

modern Jews of See also:

• BERLIN
• BERLIN, CONGRESS AND TREATY OF
• BERLIN, ISAIAH (1725–1799)

Berlin and the See also:

• SPANISH

Spanish and Portuguese Jews at Mile End See also:

• CEMETERY (Gr. Korrsnri7pwv, from Hoiµav, to sleep)

cemetery were among the first to welcome the lately revived See also:

• PROCESS

process . Probably also, some nations had religious objections to the pollution of the sacred principle of See also:

• FIRE (in O. Eng. f j'r; the word is common to West German languages, cf. Dutch vuur, Ger. Feuer; the pre-Teutonic form is seen in Sanskrit pu, pavaka, and Gr. irup; the ultimate origin is usually taken to be a root meaning to purify, cf. Lat. purus)

fire, and therefore practised exposure, suspension, throwing into the See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

sea, See also:

• CAVE (Lat. cavea, from caves, hollow)
• CAVE, EDWARD (1691–1754)
• CAVE, WILLIAM (1637–1713)

cave-See also:

• BURIAL

burial, See also:

• DESICCATION (from the Lat. desiccare, to dry up)

desiccation or envelopment ? Some at least of these methods must obviously have been suggested simply by the readiest means at See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand . Cremation is still practised over a See also:

• GREAT

great See also:

• PART

part of See also:

• ASIA

Asia and See also:

• AMERICA

America, but not always in the same See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form .

Thus, the ashes may be stored in urns, or buried in the earth, or thrown to the wind, or (as among the Digger See also:

• INDIANS, NORTH AMERICAN

Indians) smeared with See also:

• GUM (Fr. gomme, Lat. gommi, Gr. Kµµ1, possibly a Coptic word; distinguish " gum," the fleshy covering of the base of a tooth, in O. Eng. gbma, palate, cf. Ger. Gaumen, roof of the mouth; the ultimate origin is probably the root gha, to open wide, seen in

gum on the heads of the mourners . In one See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case the three processes of embalming, burning and burying are gone through; and in another, if a member of the tribe See also:

• DIE
• DIE (Fr. de, from Lat. datum, given)

die at a great distance from home, some of his See also:

• MONEY

money and clothes are nevertheless burned by the See also:

• FAMILY

family . As See also:

• FOOD
• FOOD (like the verb " to feed," from a Teutonic root, whence O. Eng. foda; cf. " fodder "; connected with Gr. lrareicOae, to feed)

food, weapons, &c., are sometimes ' See also:

• MACROBIUS, AMBROSIUS THEODOSIUS

Macrobius says it was disused in the reign of the younger See also:

• THEODOSIUS

Theodosius (See also:

• GIBBON
• GIBBON, EDWARD (1737–1794)

Gibbon v . 411) . 2 The Colchians, says See also:

• SIR

Sir Thos, See also:

• BROWNE
• BROWNE, EDWARD HAROLD (18,1–1891)
• BROWNE, ISAAC HAWKINS (1705-1760)
• BROWNE, JAMES (1793–1841)
• BROWNE, MAXIMILIAN ULYSSES, COUNT VON, BARON DE CAMUS AND MOUNTANY (1705-1757)
• BROWNE, PETER (?1665-1735)
• BROWNE, ROBERT (1550-1633)
• BROWNE, SIR JAMES (1839–1896)
• BROWNE, SIR THOMAS (1605-1682)
• BROWNE, WILLIAM (1591–1643)
• BROWNE, WILLIAM GEORGE (1768-1813)

Browne, made their See also:

• GRAVES, ALFRED PERCEVAL (1846— )

graves in the See also:

• AIR (from an Indo-European root meaning " breathe," " blow ")
• AIR, or ASBEN

air, i.e. on trees.buried with the See also:

• BODY

body, so they are sometimes burned with the body, the whole ashes being collected.' The Siamese have a singular institution, according to which, before burning, the embalmed body lies in a See also:

• TEMPLE
• TEMPLE, FREDERICK (1821-1902)
• TEMPLE, RICHARD
• TEMPLE, SIR RICHARD, BART
• TEMPLE, SIR WILLIAM, BART

temple for a See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period determined by the See also:

• RANK (O.Fr. rant or rent, mod. rang, generally connected with the O.E. and O.H.G. bring, a ring)

rank of the dead See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man,—the See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king for six months, and so down-wards . If the poor relatives cannot afford fuel and the other necessary preparations, they See also:

• BURY
• BURY, JOHN BAGNELL (1861- )

bury the body, but exhume its for burning when an opportunity occurs . There can be little doubt that the practice of cremation in modern See also:

• EUROPE

Europe was at first stopped, and has since been prevented in great measure, by the Christian doctrine of the resurrection of the body; partly also by the notion that the Christian's body was redeemed and purified.4 Some clergymen, however, as the See also:

• LATE

late Mr See also:

• HAWEIS, HUGH REGINALD (1838-1901)

Haweis in his Ashes to Ashes, a Cremation Prelude (See also:

• LONDON

London, 1874), have been prominent in favour of cremation . The objection of the See also:

• CLERGY (M.E. clergie, O. Fr. clergie, from Low Lat. form clericia [Skean, by assimilation with O. Fr. clergie, Fr. clerge,from Low Lat. clericatus)
• CLERGY, BENEFIT OF

clergy was disposed of by the philanthropist See also:

• LORD
• LORD (O. Eng. hldford, i.e. hldfweard, the warder or keeper of bread, hlIf, loaf; the word is not represented in any other Teutonic language)
• LORD, JOHN (1810-1894)

Lord See also:

• SHAFTESBURY
• SHAFTESBURY, ANTHONY ASHLEY COOPER, 1ST EARL OF (1621-1683)
• SHAFTESBURY, ANTHONY ASHLEY COOPER, 7TH EARL OF (1801–1885)
• SHAFTESBURY, ANTHONYASHLEY COOPER, 3RD EARL OF (1671-1713)

Shaftesbury when he asked, " What would in such a case become of the blessed martyrs ? " The very general practice of burying bodies in the precincts of a See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

church in See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order that the dead might take benefit from the prayers of persons resorting to the church, and the religious ceremony which precedes both See also:

• EUROPEAN

European burials and See also:

• ASIATIC

Asiatic cremations, have given the question a religious aspect . It is, however, in the ultimate resort, really a sanitary one . The disgusting results of See also:

• PIT (O. E. pytt, cognate with Du. put, Ger. Pfutze, &c., all ultimately adaptations of Lat. puteus, well, formed from root pu-, to cleanse, whence gurus, clean, pure)

pit-burial made cemeteries necessary . But cemeteries are equally liable to over-crowding, and are often nearer to inhabited houses than the old churchyards .

It is possible, no doubt, to make a cemetery safe approximately by selecting a See also:

• SOIL

soil which is dry, close and porous, by careful drainage, and by rigid enforcement of the rules prescribing a certain See also:

• DEPTH

depth (8 to 10 ft.) and a certain superficies (4 yds.) for graves . But a great See also:

• MASS (O.E. maesse; Fr. messe; Ger. Messe; Ital. messa; from eccl. Lat. missa)
• MASS, IN

mass of sanitary objections may be brought against even See also:

• RECENT

recent cemeteries in various countries . A dense See also:

• CLAY (from O. Eng. claeg, a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Klei)
• CLAY, CASSIUS MARCELLUS (1810-1903)
• CLAY, CHARLES (1801–1893)
• CLAY, FREDERIC (1838–1889)
• CLAY, HENRY (1777–1852)

clay, the best soil for preventing the levitation of See also:

• GAS

gas, is the worst for the process of decomposition . The danger is strikingly illustrated in the careful planting of trees and shrubs to absorb the carbonic See also:

• ACID (from the Lat. root ac-, sharp; acere, to be sour)

acid . Vault-burial in metallic coffins, even when sawdust See also:

• CHARCOAL

charcoal is used, is still more dangerous than See also:

• ORDINARY (med. Lat. ordinarius, Fr. ordinaire)

ordinary burial . It must also be remembered that the cemetery See also:

• SYSTEM

system can only be temporary . The soil is gradually filled with bones; houses See also:

• CROWD, CROUTH, CROWTH

crowd See also:

• ROUND (O. Fr. rond, Lat. rotundus, the Fr. is the source also of Du. rond; Ger., Swed., Dan. and Nor. rond)

round; the law itself permits the reopening of graves at the expiry of fourteen years . We shall not, indeed, as Browne says, " be knaved out of our graves to have our skulls made drinking See also:

• BOWLS

bowls and our bones turned into pipes!" But on this ground of sentiment cremation would certainly prevent any interruption of that " sweet See also:

• SLEEP (0. Eng. slcepan; Ger. schlafen; cf. Lat. labi, to glide, and " slip ")

sleep and See also:

• CALM

calm See also:

• REST (O. Eng. rest, reste, bed, cognate with other Teutonic forms, e.g. Ger. Rast, Riiste, rest, and probably Gothic Rasta, league, i.e. resting or stopping place)

rest " which the old See also:

• PRAYER (from Lat. precari, entreat; Ital. pregaria, Fr. priere)
• PRAYER, BOOK OF COMMON

prayer that the earth might See also:

• LIE, JONAS LAURITZ EDEMIL (1833—1908)
• LIE, MARIUS SOPHUS (1842–1899)

lie lightly has associated with the grave . And in the meantime we should See also:

• ESCAPE (in mid. Eng. eschape or escape, from the O. Fr. eschapper, modern echapper, and escaper, low Lat. escapium, from ex, out of, and cappa, cape, cloak; cf. for the sense development the Gr. iichueoOat, literally to put off one's clothes, hence to sli

escape the horror of putrefaction and of the " small See also:

• COLD (in O. Eng. cald and ceald, a word coming ultimately from a root cognate with the Lat. gelu, gelidus, and common in the Teutonic languages, which usually have two distinct forms for the substantive and the adjective, cf. Ger. Kolte, kalt, Dutch koude

cold See also:

• WORM

worm that fretteth the enshrouded form." ' In Europe Christian burial was long associated entirely with the ordinary practice of committing the See also:

• CORPSE (Lat. corpus, the body)

corpse to the grave . But in the See also:

• MIDDLE

middle of the 19th century many distinguished physicians and chemists, especially in See also:

• ITALY
• ITALY (Italia)

Italy, began prominently to See also:

• ADVOCATE (Lat. advocatus, from advocare, to summon, especially in law to call in the aid of a counsel or witness, and so generally to summon to one's assistance)

advocate cremation . In 1874, a See also:

• CONGRESS (Lat. congressus, coming together, from congredi; cum, with, and gradus, step)

congress called to consider the See also:

• MATTER

matter at See also:

• MILAN
• MILAN (Ital. Milano, Ger. Mailand, anc. Mediolanum, q.v.)

Milan resolved to See also:

• PETITION (Lat. for " seeking " or " praying ")

petition the Chamber of Deputies for a clause in the new sanitary See also:

• CODE (Lat. codex)

code, permitting cremation under the super-See also:

• VISION (from Lat. videre, to see), or SIGHT

vision of the syndics of the See also:

• COMMUNE (Med. Lat. communia, Lat. communis, common)
• COMMUNE, MEDIEVAL

commune . In See also:

• SWITZERLAND

Switzerland Dr Vegmann Ercolani was the See also:

• CHAMPION (Fr. champion, Late Lat. campio from campus; a field or open space, i.e. one " who takes the field " or fights; cf. Ger. Kampf, battle, and Kampfer, fighter)

champion of the cause (see his Cremation the most Rational Method of Disposing of the Dead, 4th ed., See also:

• ZURICH
• ZURICH (Fr. Zurich; Ital. Zurigo)

Zurich, 1874) .

So long ago as 1797 cremation was seriously discussed by the See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French See also:

• ASSEMBLY, UNLAWFUL

Assembly under the See also:

• DIRECTORY

Directory, and the events of the Franco-Prussian See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

War again brought the subject under the See also:

• NOTICE

notice of the medical See also:

• PRESS (through Fr. presse from Lat. pressare, frequentative of premere, to crush, squeeze, press)

press and the sanitary authorities . The military experiments at See also:

• SEDAN

Sedan, Chalons and See also:

• METZ

Metz, of burying large See also:

• NUMBERS, BOOK OF
• NUMBERS, PARTITION OF

numbers of bodies with quicklime, or See also:

• PITCH
• PITCH, MUSICAL

pitch and See also:

• STRAW

straw, were not successful, but very dangerous . The matter was considered by the municipal See also:

• COUNCIL (Lat. concilium, from cum, together, and the root cal, to call)

council of See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris in connexion with the new cemetery at Mery-sur-See also:

• OISE

Oise; and the See also:

• PREFECT (prefet)

prefect 3 In the case of a great man there was often a burnt offering of animals and even of slaves (see See also:

• CAESAR, GAIUS JULIUS (102—44 B.c.)
• CAESAR, SIR JULIUS (1557-1558-1636)

Caesar, De See also:

• BELL
• BELL, ALEXANDER MELVILLE (1819—1905)
• BELL, ANDREW (1753—1832)
• BELL, GEORGE JOSEPH (1770-1843)
• BELL, HENRY (1767-1830)
• BELL, HENRY GLASSFORD (1803-1874)
• BELL, JACOB (1810-1859)
• BELL, JOHN (1691-178o)
• BELL, JOHN (1763-1820)
• BELL, JOHN (1797-1869)
• BELL, ROBERT (1800-1867)
• BELL, SIR CHARLES (1774—1842)

bell . See also:

• GALL (a word common to many Teutonic languages, cf. Dutch gal, and Ger. Galle; the Indo-European root appears in Gr. xoXi,, and Lat. fel; possibly connected with " yellow," with reference to the colour of bile)
• GALL, FRANZ JOSEPH (1758-1828)

Gall. iv.) . 4 A temple of the See also:

• HOLY

Holy See also:

• GHOST (a word common to the W. Teutonic languages; O.E. vest, Dutch, 'geest, Ger. Geist)

Ghost (see See also:

• TERTULLIAN (c. 155-c. 222)

Tertullian, De anima, c . 51, cited in See also:

• MULLER, FERDINAND VON, BARON (1825–1896)
• MULLER, FRIEDRICH (1749-1825)
• MULLER, GEORGE (1805-1898)
• MULLER, JOHANNES PETER (18o1-1858)
• MULLER, JOHANNES VON (1752-1809)
• MULLER, JULIUS (18oi-1878)
• MULLER, KARL OTFRIED (1797-1840)
• MULLER, LUCIAN (1836-1898)
• MULLER, WILHELM (1794-1827)
• MULLER, WILLIAM JAMES (1812-1845)

Muller, Lex. See also:

• DES

des Kirchenrechts, s.v . " Begrabniss ") . 404 of the See also:

• SEINE
• SEINE (Lat. Sequana)
• SEINE, or SEAN (O. Fr. seigne, mod. seine, Lat. sagena, Gr. vaytivrl, a draw-net)

Seine in 1874 sent a circular asking See also:

• INFORMATION (from Lat. informare, to give shape or form to, to represent, describe)

information to all the cremation See also:

• SOCIETIES, LEARNED

societies in Europe . In See also:

• BRITAIN (Gr. Hperavuml vi7vot, Bperravia; Lat. Britannia, rarely Britannia)

Britain the subject had slumbered for two centuries, since in 1658 Sir See also:

• THOMAS
• THOMAS (c. 1654-1720)
• THOMAS (d. 110o)
• THOMAS, ARTHUR GORING (1850-1892)
• THOMAS, CHARLES LOUIS AMBROISE (1811-1896)
• THOMAS, GEORGE (c. 1756-1802)
• THOMAS, GEORGE HENRY (1816-187o)
• THOMAS, ISAIAH (1749-1831)
• THOMAS, PIERRE (1634-1698)
• THOMAS, SIDNEY GILCHRIST (1850-1885)
• THOMAS, ST
• THOMAS, THEODORE (1835-1905)
• THOMAS, WILLIAM (d. 1554)

Thomas Browne published his See also:

• QUAINT (O. Fr. cointe, from Lat. cognitus, known, probably influenced by association with Lat. corn plus, neat)

quaint Hydriotaphia, or See also:

• URN (Lat. urna, either from root of urere, to burn, being made of burnt clay, or connected with urceus, Gr. I5pxa, jar)

Urn-burial, which was mainly founded on the De funere Romanorum of the learned Kirchmannus . In 1817 Dr J . See also:

• JAMIESON, JOHN (1759-1838)
• JAMIESON, ROBERT (c. 1780-1844)

Jamieson gave a See also:

• SKETCH (directly adapted from Dutch schets, which was taken from Ital. schizzo, a rough draft, Lat. schedium, something hastily made, Gr. oxE&os, sudden, off-hand, axeb6v, near by; Ger. Skizze and Fr. esquisse are from the same source)

sketch of the " Origin of Cremation " (Prot . Royal See also:

• SOC

Soc .

Edin., 1817), and for many years See also:

• PRIOR (from Lat. prior—former, and hence superior, through O. Fr. priour)
• PRIOR, MATTHEW (1664-1721)

prior to 1874 Dr Lord, medical officer of See also:

• HEALTH

health for See also:

• HAMPSTEAD

Hampstead, continued to urge the See also:

• PRACTICAL

practical See also:

• NECESSITY (Lat. necessitas)

necessity for the • introduction of the system . It was Sir See also:

• HENRY
• HENRY (1129-1195)
• HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
• HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
• HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
• HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
• HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
• HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
• HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
• HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
• HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
• HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
• HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
• HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)

Henry See also:

• THOMPSON
• THOMPSON, FRANCIS (1860-1907)
• THOMPSON, LAUNT (1833-1894)
• THOMPSON, SIR HENRY, BART
• THOMPSON, SIR JOHN SPARROW (1844-1894)
• THOMPSON, THOMAS PERONNET (1783-1869)
• THOMPSON, WILLIAM HEPWORTH (18ro–1886)

Thompson, however, who first brought the question prominently before the public . Thompson's problem was—" Given a dead body, to resolve it into carbonic acid, water and See also:

• AMMONIA (NH3)

ammonia, rapidly, safely and not unpleasantly." To solve this problem, experiments were made by Dr Polli at the Milan gas See also:

• WORKS

works, fully described in Dr Pietra See also:

• SANTA

Santa's See also:

• BOOK

book, La Cremation des morts en See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France et d l'etranger, and by See also:

• PROFESSOR (the Latin noun formed from the verb profiteri, to declare publicly, to acknowledge, profess)

Professor Brunetti, who exhibited an apparatus at the See also:

• VIENNA (Ger. Wien; Lat. Vindobona)
• VIENNA, CONGRESS OF (1814-1815)

Vienna See also:

• EXHIBITION

Exhibition of 1873, and who stated his results in La Cremazione dei cadaveri (See also:

• PADUA (Lat. Patavium ; Ital. Padova)

Padua, 1873) . Polli obtained See also:

• COMPLETE

complete incineration or calcination of See also:

• DOGS, ISLE OF

dogs by the use of See also:

• COAL

coal-gas mixed with atmospheric air, applied to a cylindrical See also:

• RETORT (Lat. retorquere, to twist or turn back)

retort of refracting clay, so as to consume the gaseous products of See also:

• COMBUSTION (from the Lat. comburere, to burn up)

combustion . The process was complete in two See also:

• HOURS, CANONICAL

hours, and the ashes weighed about 5% of the See also:

• WEIGHT

weight before cremation . Brunetti used an oblong See also:

• FURNACE

furnace of refracting See also:

• BRICK (derived according to some etymologists from the Teutonic bricke, a disk or plate; but more authoritatively, through the French brique, originally a " broken piece," applied especially to bread, and so to clay, from the Teutonic brikan, to break)

brick with See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side-doors to regulate the See also:

• DRAUGHT (from the common Teutonic word " to draw "; cf. Ger. 7'racht, load; the pronunciation led to the variant form " draft," now confined to certain specific meanings)

draught, and above a See also:

• CAST (from the verb meaning " to throw "; the word is Scand. in origin, cf. Dan. kaste, and Swed. kasta; " cast " in Middle Eng. took the place of the A.S. weor pan, cf. Ger. werf en)

cast-See also:

• IRON [symbol Fe, atomic weight 55.85 (0=16)]

iron See also:

• DOME (Lat domus, house; Ital. duomo, cathedral)

dome with movable shutters . The body was placed on a metallic See also:

• PLATE

plate suspended on iron See also:

• WIRE (A.S. wir, a wire; cf. Swed. vire, to twist, M.H.G. wiere, a gold ornament, Lat. viriae, armlets, ultimately from the root wi, to twist, bind)

wire . The gas generated escaped by the shutters, and in two hours carbonization was complete . The See also:

• HEAT (0. E. haktu, which like " hot," Old Eng. hat, is from the Teutonic type haita, hit, to be hot; cf. Ger. hitze, heiss; Dutch, hitte, heet, &c.)

heat was then raised and concentrated, and at the end of four hours the operation was over; 18o lb of See also:

• WOOD, ANTHONY A2 (1632-1695)
• WOOD, JOHN GEORGE (1827—1889)
• WOOD, MRS HENRY [ELLEN] (1814—1887)
• WOOD, SEARLES VALENTINE (1798—188o)

wood costing 2S . 4d. See also:

• STERLING
• STERLING, ANTOINETTE (d. 1904)
• STERLING, JOHN (1806-1844)

sterling was burned . In a reverberating furnace used by Sir Henry Thompson a body, weighing 144 lb, was reduced in fifty minutes to about 4 lb of See also:

• LIME
• LIME (O. Eng. lim, Lat. limes, mud, from linere, to smear)

lime dust . The noxious gases, which were undoubtedly produced during the first five minutes of combustion, passed through a flue into a second furnace and were entirely consumed .

In the ordinary See also:

• SIEMENS, ERNST WERNER VON (1816-1892)
• SIEMENS, SIR WILLIAM [KARL WILHELM] (1823-1883)

Siemens regenerative furnace (which was adapted by Reclam in See also:

• GERMANY
• GERMANY (Ger. Deutschland)

Germany for cremation, and also by Sir Henry Thompson) only the hot-blast was used, the body supplying See also:

• HYDROGEN [symbol H, atomic weight x-oo8 (0=16)]

hydrogen and See also:

• CARBON (symbol C, atomic weight 12)

carbon; or a stream of heated See also:

• HYDROCARBON

hydrocarbon mixed with heated air was sent from a gasometer supplied with coal, charcoal, See also:

• PEAT (possibly connected with Med. Lat. petia, pecia, piece, ultimately of Celtic origin; cf. O. Celt. pet, O. Ir. pit, Welsh peth, portion)

peat or wood the brick or iron-cased chamber being thus heated to a high degree before cremation begins . Steps were at once taken to form an See also:

• ENGLISH

English society to See also:

• PRO

pro-mote the practice of cremation . A See also:

• DECLARATION (from Lat. declarare, to make fully clear, clams)

declaration of its See also:

• OBJECTS

objects was See also:

• DRAWN

drawn up and signed on the 13th See also:

• JANUARY

January 1874 by the following persons—See also:

• SHIRLEY (or SHERLEY), JAMES (1596-1666)
• SHIRLEY (or SHERLEY), SIR ANTHONY (1565-c. 1635)
• SHIRLEY, WILLIAM (1694-1771)

Shirley See also:

• BROOKS, CHARLES WILLIAM SHIRLEY (1816-1874)
• BROOKS, PHILLIPS (1835-1893)

Brooks, See also:

• WILLIAM
• WILLIAM (1143-1214)
• WILLIAM (1227-1256)
• WILLIAM (1J33-1584)
• WILLIAM (A.S. Wilhelm, O. Norse Vilhidlmr; O. H. Ger. Willahelm, Willahalm, M. H. Ger. Willehelm, Willehalm, Mod.Ger. Wilhelm; Du. Willem; O. Fr. Villalme, Mod. Fr. Guillaume; from " will," Goth. vilja, and " helm," Goth. hilms, Old Norse hidlmr, meaning
• WILLIAM (c. 1130-C. 1190)
• WILLIAM, 13TH

William Eassie, Ernest See also:

• HART, ALBERT BUSHNELL (1854– )
• HART, CHARLES (d. 1683)
• HART, ERNEST ABRAHAM (1835–1898)
• HART, SIR ROBERT
• HART, WILLIAM (1823–1894)

Hart, the Rev . H . R . Haweis, G . H . See also:

• HAWKINS, CAESAR HENRY (1798-1884)
• HAWKINS, or HAWKYNS, SIR JOHN (1532-1595)
• HAWKINS, or HAWKYNS, SIR RICHARD (c. 1562-1622)
• HAWKINS, SIR JOHN (1719-1789)

Hawkins, See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John Cordy Jeaffreson, F, See also:

• LEHMANN, JOHANN GOTTLOB (?-1767)
• LEHMANN, PETER MARTIN ORLA (1810-187o)

Lehmann, C . F . Lord, W . Shaen, A . Strahan, (Sir) Henry Thompson, See also:

• MAJOR
• MAJOR (Lat. for " greater ")
• MAJOR (or MAIR), JOHN (1470-1550)

Major See also:

• VAUGHAN, CHARLES JOHN (1816-1897)
• VAUGHAN, HENRY (1622-1695)
• VAUGHAN, HERBERT (1832-1903)
• VAUGHAN, THOMAS (1622-1666)
• VAUGHAN, WILLIAM (1577-1641)

Vaughan, Rev .

C . Voysey and (Sir) T . See also:

• SPENCER
• SPENCER, HERBERT (1820-1903)
• SPENCER, JOHN CHARLES SPENCER, 3RD EARL (1782-1845)
• SPENCER, JOHNPOYNTZ SPENCER
• SPENCER, WILLIAM ROBERT (1769-1834)

Spencer See also:

• WELLS
• WELLS, CHARLES JEREMIAH (1798?–1879)
• WELLS, DAVID AMES (1828—1898)
• WELLS, HERBERT GEORGE (1866— )
• WELLS, SIR THOMAS SPENCER, 1ST BART

Wells; and they frequently met to consider the necessary steps in order to attain their See also:

• OBJECT

object . The See also:

• LAWS

laws and regulations having been thoroughly discussed, the membership of the society was constituted by an See also:

• ANNUAL

annual contribution for expenses, and a subscription to the following declaration: " We disapprove the See also:

• PRESENT

present See also:

• CUSTOM (from O. Fr. costume, costume or coustume; Low Lat. costuma, a shortened form of consuetudo)

custom of burying the dead, and See also:

• DESIRE

desire to substitute some mode which shall rapidly resolve the body into its component elements by a process which cannot offend the living, and shall render the remains absolutely innocuous . Until some better method is devised, we desire to adopt that usually known as cremation." Finally, on 29th See also:

• APRIL

April a See also:

• MEETING (from " to meet," to come together, assemble, 0. Eng. metals ; cf. Du. moeten, Swed. mota, Goth. gamotjan, &c., derivatives of the Teut. word for a meeting, seen in O. Eng. Wit, moot, an assembly of the people; cf. witanagemot)

meeting was held, a council was formed, and Sir H . Thompson was elected See also:

• PRESIDENT (Fr. president, from Lat. praesidens, post-Augustan Lat. for praeses, director, ruler, from praesidere, to sit in front of, preside)

president and See also:

• CHAIR (in. Mid. Eng. chcere, through O. Fr. chaire or chaiere, from Lat. cathedra, later caledra, Gr. xaOi3pa, seat, cf. "cathedral"; the modern Fr. form chaise, a chair, has been adopted in English with a particular meaning as a form of carriage; chaire

chair-man . Mr Eassie (who in 1875 published a valuable See also:

• WORK

work on Cremation of the Dead) was at the same See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time appointed honorary secretary.' In 1875 the following were added:—Mrs See also:

• ROSE
• ROSE (Rosa)
• ROSE, GEORGE (1744-1818)
• ROSE, HUGH JAMES (1795—1838)
• ROSE, WILLIAM STEWART (1775-1843)

Rose See also:

• MARY
• MARY (1457-1482)
• MARY (1496-1533)
• MARY, QUEEN OF SCOTS

Mary Crawshay, Mr Higford See also:

• BURR, AARON (1756-1836)

Burr, Rev . J . Long, Mr W . See also:

• ROBINSON, EDWARD (1794–1863)
• ROBINSON, HENRY CRABB (1777–1867)
• ROBINSON, JOHN (1575–1625)
• ROBINSON, JOHN (1650-1723)
• ROBINSON, JOHN THOMAS ROMNEY (1792–1882)
• ROBINSON, MARY [" Perdita "] (1758–1800)
• ROBINSON, SIR JOHN BEVERLEY, BART
• ROBINSON, SIR JOSEPH BENJAMIN (1845– )
• ROBINSON, THEODORE (1852-1896)

Robinson and the Rev . See also:

• BROOKE, FRANCES (1724-1789)
• BROOKE, FULKE OREVILLE, 1ST BARON (1554-1628)
• BROOKE, HENRY (c. 1703-1783)
• BROOKE, SIR JAMES (1803-1868)
• BROOKE, STOPFORD AUGUSTUS (1832– )

Brooke See also:

• LAMBERT [alias NICHOLSON], JOHN (d. 1538)
• LAMBERT, DANIEL (1770-1809)
• LAMBERT, FRANCIS (c 1486-153o)
• LAMBERT, JOHANN HEINRICH (1728–1777)
• LAMBERT, JOHN (1619-1694)

Lambert . Subsequently followed Lord See also:

• BRAMWELL, GEORGE WILLIAM WILSHERE BRAMWELL, BARON (1808-1892)

Bramwell, Sir Chas .

See also:

• CAMERON, JOHN (1579–1623)
• CAMERON, RICHARD (1648?–168o)
• CAMERON, SIMON (1799-1889)
• CAMERON, VERNEY LOVETT (1844–1894)

Cameron, Dr Farquharson, Sir See also:

• DOUGLAS
• DOUGLAS, GAVIN (1474?-1522)
• DOUGLAS, JOHN (1721—1807.)
• DOUGLAS, SIR CHARLES
• DOUGLAS, SIR HOWARD
• DOUGLAS, STEPHEN ARNOLD (18,3–1861)

Douglas See also:

• GALTON, SIR FRANCIS (1822– )

Galton, Lord See also:

• PLAYFAIR, JOHN (1748-1819)
• PLAYFAIR, LYON PLAYFAIR

Playfair, Mr See also:

• MARTIN (Martinus)
• MARTIN, BON LOUIS HENRI (1810-1883)
• MARTIN, CLAUD (1735-1800)
• MARTIN, FRANCOIS XAVIER (1762-1846)
• MARTIN, HOMER DODGE (1836-1897)
• MARTIN, JOHN (1789-1854)
• MARTIN, LUTHER (1748-1826)
• MARTIN, SIR THEODORE (1816-1909)
• MARTIN, SIR WILLIAM FANSHAWE (1801–1895)
• MARTIN, ST (c. 316-400)
• MARTIN, WILLIAM (1767-1810)

Martin See also:

• RIDLEY, NICHOLAS (c. 1500-1555)

Ridley See also:

• SMITH
• SMITH, ADAM (1723–1790)
• SMITH, ALEXANDER (183o-1867)
• SMITH, ANDREW JACKSON (1815-1897)
• SMITH, CHARLES EMORY (1842–1908)
• SMITH, CHARLES FERGUSON (1807–1862)
• SMITH, CHARLOTTE (1749-1806)
• SMITH, COLVIN (1795—1875)
• SMITH, EDMUND KIRBY (1824-1893)
• SMITH, G
• SMITH, GEORGE (1789-1846)
• SMITH, GEORGE (184o-1876)
• SMITH, GEORGE ADAM (1856- )
• SMITH, GERRIT (1797–1874)
• SMITH, GOLDWIN (1823-191o)
• SMITH, HENRY BOYNTON (1815-1877)
• SMITH, HENRY JOHN STEPHEN (1826-1883)
• SMITH, HENRY PRESERVED (1847– )
• SMITH, JAMES (1775–1839)
• SMITH, JOHN (1579-1631)
• SMITH, JOHN RAPHAEL (1752–1812)
• SMITH, JOSEPH, JR
• SMITH, MORGAN LEWIS (1822–1874)
• SMITH, RICHARD BAIRD (1818-1861)
• SMITH, ROBERT (1689-1768)
• SMITH, SIR HENRY GEORGE WAKELYN
• SMITH, SIR THOMAS (1513-1577)
• SMITH, SIR WILLIAM (1813-1893)
• SMITH, SIR WILLIAM SIDNEY (1764-1840)
• SMITH, SYDNEY (1771-1845)
• SMITH, THOMAS SOUTHWOOD (1788-1861)
• SMITH, WILLIAM (1769-1839)
• SMITH, WILLIAM (c. 1730-1819)
• SMITH, WILLIAM (fl. 1596)
• SMITH, WILLIAM FARRAR (1824—1903)
• SMITH, WILLIAM HENRY (1808—1872)
• SMITH, WILLIAM HENRY (1825—1891)
• SMITH, WILLIAM ROBERTSON (1846-'894)

Smith, Mr See also:

• JAMES
• JAMES (Gr. 'IlrKw,l3or, the Heb. Ya`akob or Jacob)
• JAMES (JAMES FRANCIS EDWARD STUART) (1688-1766)
• JAMES, 2ND EARL OF DOUGLAS AND MAR(c. 1358–1388)
• JAMES, DAVID (1839-1893)
• JAMES, EPISTLE OF
• JAMES, GEORGE PAYNE RAINSFOP
• JAMES, HENRY (1843— )
• JAMES, JOHN ANGELL (1785-1859)
• JAMES, THOMAS (c. 1573–1629)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (1842–1910)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (d. 1827)

James A . ' This was the first society formed in Europe for the promotion of cremation . Budgett, Mr See also:

• EDMUND
• EDMUND, or EADMUND (c. 980-1016)
• EDMUND, SAINT [EDMUND RICE] (d. 1240)

Edmund See also:

• YATES, EDMUND HODGSON (1831–1894)
• YATES, MARY ANN (1728-1787)
• YATES, RICHARD (1818-1873)

Yates, Mr J . S . See also:

• FLETCHER, ALICE CUNNINGHAM (1845– )
• FLETCHER, ANDREW
• FLETCHER, GILES (c. 1548-1611)
• FLETCHER, GILES (c. 1584-1623)
• FLETCHER, JOHN WILLIAM (1729-1785)
• FLETCHER, PHINEAS (1582-1650)

Fletcher, Mr J . C . See also:

• SWINBURNE, ALGERNON CHARLES (1837–1909)

Swinburne-Hanham, the See also:

• DUKE (corresponding to Fr. duc, Ital. duca, Ger. Herzog)

duke of See also:

• WESTMINSTER
• WESTMINSTER, MARQUESSES AND DUKES OF
• WESTMINSTER, STATUTES OF
• WESTMINSTER, SYNODS OF

Westminster (on Lord Bramwell's See also:

• DEATH

death), and Sir See also:

• ARTHUR (Fr. Arius)
• ARTHUR, CHESTER ALAN (1830 – 1886)

Arthur See also:

• ARNOLD
• ARNOLD, BENEDICT (1741-1801)
• ARNOLD, GOTTFRIED (1666-1714)
• ARNOLD, MATTHEW (1822-1888)
• ARNOLD, SAMUEL (1740--18o2)
• ARNOLD, SIR EDWIN (1832-1904)
• ARNOLD, THOMAS (1745-1842)

Arnold . These may be considered the pioneers of the See also:

• MOVEMENT

movement for reform . On See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account of difficulties and prejudices2 the council was unable to See also:

• PURCHASE

purchase a See also:

• FREEHOLD

freehold until 1878, when an See also:

• ACRE
• ACRE, or AQUIRY

acre was obtained at See also:

• WOKING

Woking, not far distant from the cemetery . At this time the furnace employed by Professor Gorini of See also:

• LODI

Lodi, Italy, appeared to be the best for working with on a small See also:

• SCALE
• SCALE (1) A

scale; and he was invited to visit See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England to superintend its erection . This was completed in 1879, and the body of a See also:

• HORSE (a word common to Teutonic languages in such forms as hors, hros, ros; cf. the Ger. ross)

horse was cremated rapidly and completely without any See also:

• SMOKE (from O. Eng. smeocan, to smoke, reek, cf. Dutch meek, Ger. Schmauch, probably allied to Gr. vol9caiv)

smoke or effluvia from the See also:

• CHIMNEY (through the Fr. cheminee, from caminata, sc. camera, a Lat. derivative of caminus, an oven or furnace)

chimney . No sooner was this successful step taken than the president received a communication from the Home See also:

• OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")

Office, which resulted in a See also:

• PERSONAL

personal interview with the home secretary; the issue of which was that if the society desired to avoid See also:

• DIRECT

direct hostile See also:

• ACTION

action, an assurance must be given that no cremation should be attempted without leave first obtained from the See also:

• MINISTER (Lat. minister, servant)

minister .

This of course was given, no further See also:

• BUILDING

building took See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place, and the society's labours were confined to employing means to diffuse information on the subject . Sir Spencer Wells brought it before the annual meeting of the See also:

• BRITISH

British Medical Association in 188o, when a petition to the home' secretary for permission to adopt cremation was largely signed by the leading men in See also:

• TOWN

town and See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country, but without any immediate result . The next important development was an application to the council in 1882, by See also:

• CAPTAIN (derived from Lat. ca put, head, through the Low Lat. capitanus)

Captain Hanham in See also:

• DORSETSHIRE (DORSET)

Dorsetshire, to undertake the cremation of two deceased relatives who had See also:

• LEFT

left See also:

• EXPRESS (through the French from the past participle of the Lat. exprimere, to press out, by transference used of representing objects in painting or sculpture, or of thoughts, &c. in words)

express instructiorgto that effect . The home secretary was applied to, and refused . The bodies were preserved, and Captain Hanham erected a crematorium on his See also:

• ESTATE (through O. Fr. estat, mod. flat, from Lat. status, state, condition, position, stare, to stand)

estate, and the cremation took place there . He himself, dying a See also:

• YEAR

year later, was cremated also; in both cases the result was attained under the supervision of Mr J . C . Swinburne-Hanham, who succeeded Mr Eassie in 1888 as honorary secretary to the society . The See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government took no notice . But in 1883 a cremation was performed in See also:

• WALES (Cymru, Gwalia, Cambria)

Wales by a man on the body of his See also:

• CHILD
• CHILD, FRANCIS JAMES (1825-1896)
• CHILD, L
• CHILD, LYDIA MARIA (1802-1880)
• CHILD, SIR FRANCIS (1642-1713)
• CHILD, SIR JOHN (d. 1690)
• CHILD, SIR JOSIAH (163o - 1699)

child, and legal proceedings were taken against him . Mr See also:

• JUSTICE (Lat. justitia)

Justice See also:

• STEPHEN
• STEPHEN (1097?-1154)
• STEPHEN (ISTVAN) BATHORY (1533-1586)
• STEPHEN, SIR JAMES (1789-1859)
• STEPHEN, SIR JAMES FITZJAMES, BART
• STEPHEN, SIR LESLIE (1832-1904)

Stephen, in See also:

• FEBRUARY

February 1884, delivered his well-known See also:

• JUDGMENT

judgment at the Assizes there, declaring cremation to be a legal See also:

• PROCEDURE (Fr. procedure, from Lat. procedere, to go for-ward)

procedure, provided no See also:

• NUISANCE (through Fr. noisance, nuisance, from Lat. nocere, to hurt)

nuisance were caused thereby to others . The council of the society at once declared themselves absolved from their promise to the Home Office, and publicly offered to perform cremation, laying down strict rules for careful inquiry into the cause of death in every case .

They stated that they were fully aware that the See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief practical objection to cremation was that it removed traces of See also:

• POISON

poison or violence which might have caused death . Declining to See also:

• TRUST

trust the very imperfect statement generally made respecting the cause of death in the ordinary death certificate (unless a See also:

• CORONER

coroner's See also:

• INQUEST (O. Fr. enqueste, modern enqueete, from Lat.inquisitum, inquirere, to inquire)

inquest had been held), they adopted a system of very stringent inquiry, the result of which in each case was to be submitted to the president, to be investigated and approved by him before cremation could take place, with the right to decline or require an inquest if he thought proper; and this course has been followed ever since the first cremation . It was on 26th See also:

• MARCH
• MARCH (1) (from Fr. marcher, to walk; the earliest sense in French appears to be " to trample," and the origin has usually been found in the Lat. marcus, hammer; Low Lat. marcare, to hammer; hence to beat the road with the regular tread of a soldier: cf.
• MARCH, AUZIAS (c. "1395-1458)
• MARCH, EARLS OF
• MARCH, FRANCIS ANDREW (1825– )

March 1885 that the first cremation at Woking took place, the subject being a See also:

• LADY (0. Eng. hlaefdige, Mid. Eng. ldfdi, lavedi; the first part of the word is hldf, loaf, bread, as in the corresponding hldford, lord; the second part is usually taken to be from the root dig-, to knead, seen also in " dough "; the sense development fr

lady.3 In 1888 it became necessary, nearly too bodies having been by this date cremated, to build a large See also:

• HALL
• HALL (generally known as SCHWABISCH-HALL, tc distinguish it from the small town of Hall in Tirol and Bad-Hall, a health resort in Upper Austria)
• HALL (O.E. heall, a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Halle)
• HALL, BASIL (1788-1844)
• HALL, CARL CHRISTIAN (1812–1888)
• HALL, CHARLES FRANCIS (1821-1871)
• HALL, CHRISTOPHER NEWMAN (1816—19oz)
• HALL, EDWARD (c. 1498-1547)
• HALL, FITZEDWARD (1825-1901)
• HALL, ISAAC HOLLISTER (1837-1896)
• HALL, JAMES (1793–1868)
• HALL, JAMES (1811–1898)
• HALL, JOSEPH (1574-1656)
• HALL, MARSHALL (1790-1857)
• HALL, ROBERT (1764-1831)
• HALL, SAMUEL CARTER (5800-5889)
• HALL, SIR JAMES (1761-1832)