See also:

• CREMATION (Lat. cremare, to burn)

CREMATION (See also:

• LAT

Lat. cremare, to See also:

• BURN, RICHARD (1709-1785)

burn)  , the burning of human corpses . This method of disposal of the dead may be said to have been the See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general practice of the See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient See also:

• WORLD

world, with the important exceptions of See also:

• EGYPT

Egypt, where bodies were embalmed, See also:

• JUDAEA

Judaea, where they were buried in sepulchres, and See also:

• CHINA

China, where they were buried in the See also:

• EARTH
• EARTH (a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Erde, Dutch aarde, Swed. and Dan. jord; outside Teutonic it appears only in the Gr. 'pq'e, on the ground; it has been connected by some etymologists with the Aryan root ar-, to plough, which is seen in
• EARTH, FIGURE OF
• EARTH, FIGURE OF THE

earth . In See also:

• GREECE

Greece, for instance, so well ascertained was the See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law that only suicides, unteethed See also:

• CHILDREN, LAW RELATING TO

children, and persons struck by See also:

• LIGHTNING

lightning were denied the right to be burned . At See also:

• ROME
• ROME (Roma)

Rome, one of the XII . Tables said, " Hominem mortuum in urbe ne sepelito, neve urito "; and in fact, from the See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close of the See also:

• REPUBLIC (Lat. respublica, a commonweal or common-wealth)

republic to the end of the 4th See also:

• CHRISTIAN
• CHRISTIAN, WILLIAM (1608-1663)

Christian See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century, burning on the pyre or rogus was the general See also:

• RULE

rule.' Whether in any of these cases See also:

• CREMATION (Lat. cremare, to burn)

cremation was adopted or rejected for sanitary or for superstitious reasons, it is difficult to say . See also:

• EMBALMING (Gr. 06Xaaµov, balsam; Ger. Einbalsamiren; Fr. embaumement)

Embalming would probably not succeed in climates less warm and dry than the See also:

• EGYPTIAN

Egyptian . The scarcity of See also:

• FUEL (O. Fr. feuaile, popular Lat. focalia, from focus, hearth, fire)

fuel might also be a See also:

• CONSIDERATION (from Lat. considerare, to look at closely, examine, generally taken to be from con-, and the base seen in sidus, sideris, a star, the word being supposed to be originally an astrological or astronomical term)

consideration . The See also:

• CHINESE, JAPANESE AND

Chinese are influenced by the See also:

• DOCTRINE

doctrine of Feng-Shui, or incomprehensible See also:

• WIND
• WIND (a common Teut. word, cognate with Skt. vats, Lat. ventus, cf. " weather," to be of course distinguished from to " wind," to coil or twist, O.Eng. windan, cf. "wander," "wend," &c.)

wind See also:

• WATER

water; they must have a properly placed See also:

• GRAVE

grave in their own See also:

• LAND

land, and with this view their corpses are sent See also:

• HOME
• HOME, DANIEL DUNGLAS (1833-1886)
• HOME, EARLS OF

home from See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long distances abroad . Even the See also:

• JEWS
• JEWS (Heb. Y8hudi, man of Judah; Gr. 'Iovbaiot; Lat. Judaei)

Jews used cremation in the vale of See also:

• TOPHET, or TOPHETH (nsnn)

Tophet when a See also:

• PLAGUE (in Gr. Xotµos; in Lat. pestis, pestilentia)

plague came; and the See also:

• MODERN

modern Jews of See also:

• BERLIN
• BERLIN, CONGRESS AND TREATY OF
• BERLIN, ISAIAH (1725–1799)

Berlin and the See also:

• SPANISH

Spanish and Portuguese Jews at Mile End See also:

• CEMETERY (Gr. Korrsnri7pwv, from Hoiµav, to sleep)

cemetery were among the first to welcome the lately revived See also:

• PROCESS

process . Probably also, some nations had religious objections to the pollution of the sacred principle of See also:

• FIRE (in O. Eng. f j'r; the word is common to West German languages, cf. Dutch vuur, Ger. Feuer; the pre-Teutonic form is seen in Sanskrit pu, pavaka, and Gr. irup; the ultimate origin is usually taken to be a root meaning to purify, cf. Lat. purus)

fire, and therefore practised exposure, suspension, throwing into the See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

sea, See also:

• CAVE (Lat. cavea, from caves, hollow)
• CAVE, EDWARD (1691–1754)
• CAVE, WILLIAM (1637–1713)

cave-See also:

• BURIAL

burial, See also:

• DESICCATION (from the Lat. desiccare, to dry up)

desiccation or envelopment ? Some at least of these methods must obviously have been suggested simply by the readiest means at See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand . Cremation is still practised over a See also:

• GREAT

great See also:

• PART

part of See also:

• ASIA

Asia and See also:

• AMERICA

America, but not always in the same See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form .

Thus, the ashes may be stored in urns, or buried in the earth, or thrown to the wind, or (as among the Digger See also:

• INDIANS, NORTH AMERICAN

Indians) smeared with See also:

• GUM (Fr. gomme, Lat. gommi, Gr. Kµµ1, possibly a Coptic word; distinguish " gum," the fleshy covering of the base of a tooth, in O. Eng. gbma, palate, cf. Ger. Gaumen, roof of the mouth; the ultimate origin is probably the root gha, to open wide, seen in

gum on the heads of the mourners . In one See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case the three processes of embalming, burning and burying are gone through; and in another, if a member of the tribe See also:

• DIE
• DIE (Fr. de, from Lat. datum, given)

die at a great distance from home, some of his See also:

• MONEY

money and clothes are nevertheless burned by the See also:

• FAMILY

family . As See also:

• FOOD
• FOOD (like the verb " to feed," from a Teutonic root, whence O. Eng. foda; cf. " fodder "; connected with Gr. lrareicOae, to feed)

food, weapons, &c., are sometimes ' See also:

• MACROBIUS, AMBROSIUS THEODOSIUS

Macrobius says it was disused in the reign of the younger See also:

• THEODOSIUS

Theodosius (See also:

• GIBBON
• GIBBON, EDWARD (1737–1794)

Gibbon v . 411) . 2 The Colchians, says See also:

• SIR

Sir Thos, See also:

• BROWNE
• BROWNE, EDWARD HAROLD (18,1–1891)
• BROWNE, ISAAC HAWKINS (1705-1760)
• BROWNE, JAMES (1793–1841)
• BROWNE, MAXIMILIAN ULYSSES, COUNT VON, BARON DE CAMUS AND MOUNTANY (1705-1757)
• BROWNE, PETER (?1665-1735)
• BROWNE, ROBERT (1550-1633)
• BROWNE, SIR JAMES (1839–1896)
• BROWNE, SIR THOMAS (1605-1682)
• BROWNE, WILLIAM (1591–1643)
• BROWNE, WILLIAM GEORGE (1768-1813)

Browne, made their See also:

• GRAVES, ALFRED PERCEVAL (1846— )

graves in the See also:

• AIR (from an Indo-European root meaning " breathe," " blow ")
• AIR, or ASBEN

air, i.e. on trees.buried with the See also:

• BODY

body, so they are sometimes burned with the body, the whole ashes being collected.' The Siamese have a singular institution, according to which, before burning, the embalmed body lies in a See also:

• TEMPLE
• TEMPLE, FREDERICK (1821-1902)
• TEMPLE, RICHARD
• TEMPLE, SIR RICHARD, BART
• TEMPLE, SIR WILLIAM, BART

temple for a See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period determined by the See also:

• RANK (O.Fr. rant or rent, mod. rang, generally connected with the O.E. and O.H.G. bring, a ring)

rank of the dead See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man,—the See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king for six months, and so down-wards . If the poor relatives cannot afford fuel and the other necessary preparations, they See also:

• BURY
• BURY, JOHN BAGNELL (1861- )

bury the body, but exhume its for burning when an opportunity occurs . There can be little doubt that the practice of cremation in modern See also:

• EUROPE

Europe was at first stopped, and has since been prevented in great measure, by the Christian doctrine of the resurrection of the body; partly also by the notion that the Christian's body was redeemed and purified.4 Some clergymen, however, as the See also:

• LATE

late Mr See also:

• HAWEIS, HUGH REGINALD (1838-1901)

Haweis in his Ashes to Ashes, a Cremation Prelude (See also:

• LONDON

London, 1874), have been prominent in favour of cremation . The objection of the See also:

• CLERGY (M.E. clergie, O. Fr. clergie, from Low Lat. form clericia [Skean, by assimilation with O. Fr. clergie, Fr. clerge,from Low Lat. clericatus)
• CLERGY, BENEFIT OF

clergy was disposed of by the philanthropist See also:

• LORD
• LORD (O. Eng. hldford, i.e. hldfweard, the warder or keeper of bread, hlIf, loaf; the word is not represented in any other Teutonic language)
• LORD, JOHN (1810-1894)

Lord See also:

• SHAFTESBURY
• SHAFTESBURY, ANTHONY ASHLEY COOPER, 1ST EARL OF (1621-1683)
• SHAFTESBURY, ANTHONY ASHLEY COOPER, 7TH EARL OF (1801–1885)
• SHAFTESBURY, ANTHONYASHLEY COOPER, 3RD EARL OF (1671-1713)

Shaftesbury when he asked, " What would in such a case become of the blessed martyrs ? " The very general practice of burying bodies in the precincts of a See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

church in See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order that the dead might take benefit from the prayers of persons resorting to the church, and the religious ceremony which precedes both See also:

• EUROPEAN

European burials and See also:

• ASIATIC

Asiatic cremations, have given the question a religious aspect . It is, however, in the ultimate resort, really a sanitary one . The disgusting results of See also:

• PIT (O. E. pytt, cognate with Du. put, Ger. Pfutze, &c., all ultimately adaptations of Lat. puteus, well, formed from root pu-, to cleanse, whence gurus, clean, pure)

pit-burial made cemeteries necessary . But cemeteries are equally liable to over-crowding, and are often nearer to inhabited houses than the old churchyards .

It is possible, no doubt, to make a cemetery safe approximately by selecting a See also:

• SOIL

soil which is dry, close and porous, by careful drainage, and by rigid enforcement of the rules prescribing a certain See also:

• DEPTH

depth (8 to 10 ft.) and a certain superficies (4 yds.) for graves . But a great See also:

• MASS (O.E. maesse; Fr. messe; Ger. Messe; Ital. messa; from eccl. Lat. missa)
• MASS, IN

mass of sanitary objections may be brought against even See also:

• RECENT

recent cemeteries in various countries . A dense See also:

• CLAY (from O. Eng. claeg, a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Klei)
• CLAY, CASSIUS MARCELLUS (1810-1903)
• CLAY, CHARLES (1801–1893)
• CLAY, FREDERIC (1838–1889)
• CLAY, HENRY (1777–1852)

clay, the best soil for preventing the levitation of See also:

• GAS

gas, is the worst for the process of decomposition . The danger is strikingly illustrated in the careful planting of trees and shrubs to absorb the carbonic See also:

• ACID (from the Lat. root ac-, sharp; acere, to be sour)

acid . Vault-burial in metallic coffins, even when sawdust See also:

• CHARCOAL

charcoal is used, is still more dangerous than See also:

• ORDINARY (med. Lat. ordinarius, Fr. ordinaire)

ordinary burial . It must also be remembered that the cemetery See also:

• SYSTEM

system can only be temporary . The soil is gradually filled with bones; houses See also:

• CROWD, CROUTH, CROWTH

crowd See also:

• ROUND (O. Fr. rond, Lat. rotundus, the Fr. is the source also of Du. rond; Ger., Swed., Dan. and Nor. rond)

round; the law itself permits the reopening of graves at the expiry of fourteen years . We shall not, indeed, as Browne says, " be knaved out of our graves to have our skulls made drinking See also:

• BOWLS

bowls and our bones turned into pipes!" But on this ground of sentiment cremation would certainly prevent any interruption of that " sweet See also:

• SLEEP (0. Eng. slcepan; Ger. schlafen; cf. Lat. labi, to glide, and " slip ")

sleep and See also:

• CALM

calm See also:

• REST (O. Eng. rest, reste, bed, cognate with other Teutonic forms, e.g. Ger. Rast, Riiste, rest, and probably Gothic Rasta, league, i.e. resting or stopping place)

rest " which the old See also:

• PRAYER (from Lat. precari, entreat; Ital. pregaria, Fr. priere)
• PRAYER, BOOK OF COMMON

prayer that the earth might See also:

• LIE, JONAS LAURITZ EDEMIL (1833—1908)
• LIE, MARIUS SOPHUS (1842–1899)

lie lightly has associated with the grave . And in the meantime we should See also:

• ESCAPE (in mid. Eng. eschape or escape, from the O. Fr. eschapper, modern echapper, and escaper, low Lat. escapium, from ex, out of, and cappa, cape, cloak; cf. for the sense development the Gr. iichueoOat, literally to put off one's clothes, hence to sli

escape the horror of putrefaction and of the " small See also:

• COLD (in O. Eng. cald and ceald, a word coming ultimately from a root cognate with the Lat. gelu, gelidus, and common in the Teutonic languages, which usually have two distinct forms for the substantive and the adjective, cf. Ger. Kolte, kalt, Dutch koude

cold See also:

• WORM

worm that fretteth the enshrouded form." ' In Europe Christian burial was long associated entirely with the ordinary practice of committing the See also:

• CORPSE (Lat. corpus, the body)

corpse to the grave . But in the See also:

• MIDDLE

middle of the 19th century many distinguished physicians and chemists, especially in See also:

• ITALY
• ITALY (Italia)

Italy, began prominently to See also:

• ADVOCATE (Lat. advocatus, from advocare, to summon, especially in law to call in the aid of a counsel or witness, and so generally to summon to one's assistance)

advocate cremation . In 1874, a See also:

• CONGRESS (Lat. congressus, coming together, from congredi; cum, with, and gradus, step)

congress called to consider the See also:

• MATTER

matter at See also:

• MILAN
• MILAN (Ital. Milano, Ger. Mailand, anc. Mediolanum, q.v.)

Milan resolved to See also:

• PETITION (Lat. for " seeking " or " praying ")

petition the Chamber of Deputies for a clause in the new sanitary See also:

• CODE (Lat. codex)

code, permitting cremation under the super-See also:

• VISION (from Lat. videre, to see), or SIGHT

vision of the syndics of the See also:

• COMMUNE (Med. Lat. communia, Lat. communis, common)
• COMMUNE, MEDIEVAL

commune . In See also:

• SWITZERLAND

Switzerland Dr Vegmann Ercolani was the See also:

• CHAMPION (Fr. champion, Late Lat. campio from campus; a field or open space, i.e. one " who takes the field " or fights; cf. Ger. Kampf, battle, and Kampfer, fighter)

champion of the cause (see his Cremation the most Rational Method of Disposing of the Dead, 4th ed., See also:

• ZURICH
• ZURICH (Fr. Zurich; Ital. Zurigo)

Zurich, 1874) .

So long ago as 1797 cremation was seriously discussed by the See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French See also:

• ASSEMBLY, UNLAWFUL

Assembly under the See also:

• DIRECTORY

Directory, and the events of the Franco-Prussian See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

War again brought the subject under the See also:

• NOTICE

notice of the medical See also:

• PRESS (through Fr. presse from Lat. pressare, frequentative of premere, to crush, squeeze, press)

press and the sanitary authorities . The military experiments at See also:

• SEDAN

Sedan, Chalons and See also:

• METZ

Metz, of burying large See also:

• NUMBERS, BOOK OF
• NUMBERS, PARTITION OF

numbers of bodies with quicklime, or See also:

• PITCH
• PITCH, MUSICAL

pitch and See also:

• STRAW

straw, were not successful, but very dangerous . The matter was considered by the municipal See also:

• COUNCIL (Lat. concilium, from cum, together, and the root cal, to call)

council of See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris in connexion with the new cemetery at Mery-sur-See also:

• OISE

Oise; and the See also:

• PREFECT (prefet)

prefect 3 In the case of a great man there was often a burnt offering of animals and even of slaves (see See also:

• CAESAR, GAIUS JULIUS (102—44 B.c.)
• CAESAR, SIR JULIUS (1557-1558-1636)

Caesar, De See also:

• BELL
• BELL, ALEXANDER MELVILLE (1819—1905)
• BELL, ANDREW (1753—1832)
• BELL, GEORGE JOSEPH (1770-1843)
• BELL, HENRY (1767-1830)
• BELL, HENRY GLASSFORD (1803-1874)
• BELL, JACOB (1810-1859)
• BELL, JOHN (1691-178o)
• BELL, JOHN (1763-1820)
• BELL, JOHN (1797-1869)
• BELL, ROBERT (1800-1867)
• BELL, SIR CHARLES (1774—1842)

bell . See also:

• GALL (a word common to many Teutonic languages, cf. Dutch gal, and Ger. Galle; the Indo-European root appears in Gr. xoXi,, and Lat. fel; possibly connected with " yellow," with reference to the colour of bile)
• GALL, FRANZ JOSEPH (1758-1828)

Gall. iv.) . 4 A temple of the See also:

• HOLY

Holy See also:

• GHOST (a word common to the W. Teutonic languages; O.E. vest, Dutch, 'geest, Ger. Geist)

Ghost (see See also:

• TERTULLIAN (c. 155-c. 222)

Tertullian, De anima, c . 51, cited in See also:

• MULLER, FERDINAND VON, BARON (1825–1896)
• MULLER, FRIEDRICH (1749-1825)
• MULLER, GEORGE (1805-1898)
• MULLER, JOHANNES PETER (18o1-1858)
• MULLER, JOHANNES VON (1752-1809)
• MULLER, JULIUS (18oi-1878)
• MULLER, KARL OTFRIED (1797-1840)
• MULLER, LUCIAN (1836-1898)
• MULLER, WILHELM (1794-1827)
• MULLER, WILLIAM JAMES (1812-1845)

Muller, Lex. See also:

• DES

des Kirchenrechts, s.v . " Begrabniss ") . 404 of the See also:

• SEINE
• SEINE (Lat. Sequana)
• SEINE, or SEAN (O. Fr. seigne, mod. seine, Lat. sagena, Gr. vaytivrl, a draw-net)

Seine in 1874 sent a circular asking See also:

• INFORMATION (from Lat. informare, to give shape or form to, to represent, describe)

information to all the cremation See also:

• SOCIETIES, LEARNED

societies in Europe . In See also:

• BRITAIN (Gr. Hperavuml vi7vot, Bperravia; Lat. Britannia, rarely Britannia)

Britain the subject had slumbered for two centuries, since in 1658 Sir See also:

• THOMAS
• THOMAS (c. 1654-1720)
• THOMAS (d. 110o)
• THOMAS, ARTHUR GORING (1850-1892)
• THOMAS, CHARLES LOUIS AMBROISE (1811-1896)
• THOMAS, GEORGE (c. 1756-1802)
• THOMAS, GEORGE HENRY (1816-187o)
• THOMAS, ISAIAH (1749-1831)
• THOMAS, PIERRE (1634-1698)
• THOMAS, SIDNEY GILCHRIST (1850-1885)
• THOMAS, ST
• THOMAS, THEODORE (1835-1905)
• THOMAS, WILLIAM (d. 1554)

Thomas Browne published his See also:

• QUAINT (O. Fr. cointe, from Lat. cognitus, known, probably influenced by association with Lat. corn plus, neat)

quaint Hydriotaphia, or See also:

• URN (Lat. urna, either from root of urere, to burn, being made of burnt clay, or connected with urceus, Gr. I5pxa, jar)

Urn-burial, which was mainly founded on the De funere Romanorum of the learned Kirchmannus . In 1817 Dr J . See also:

• JAMIESON, JOHN (1759-1838)
• JAMIESON, ROBERT (c. 1780-1844)

Jamieson gave a See also:

• SKETCH (directly adapted from Dutch schets, which was taken from Ital. schizzo, a rough draft, Lat. schedium, something hastily made, Gr. oxE&os, sudden, off-hand, axeb6v, near by; Ger. Skizze and Fr. esquisse are from the same source)

sketch of the " Origin of Cremation " (Prot . Royal See also:

• SOC

Soc .

Edin., 1817), and for many years See also:

• PRIOR (from Lat. prior—former, and hence superior, through O. Fr. priour)
• PRIOR, MATTHEW (1664-1721)

prior to 1874 Dr Lord, medical officer of See also:

• HEALTH

health for See also:

• HAMPSTEAD

Hampstead, continued to urge the See also:

• PRACTICAL

practical See also:

• NECESSITY (Lat. necessitas)

necessity for the • introduction of the system . It was Sir See also:

• HENRY
• HENRY (1129-1195)
• HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
• HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
• HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
• HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
• HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
• HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
• HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
• HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
• HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
• HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
• HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
• HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)

Henry See also:

• THOMPSON
• THOMPSON, FRANCIS (1860-1907)
• THOMPSON, LAUNT (1833-1894)
• THOMPSON, SIR HENRY, BART
• THOMPSON, SIR JOHN SPARROW (1844-1894)
• THOMPSON, THOMAS PERONNET (1783-1869)
• THOMPSON, WILLIAM HEPWORTH (18ro–1886)

Thompson, however, who first brought the question prominently before the public . Thompson's problem was—" Given a dead body, to resolve it into carbonic acid, water and See also:

• AMMONIA (NH3)

ammonia, rapidly, safely and not unpleasantly." To solve this problem, experiments were made by Dr Polli at the Milan gas See also:

• WORKS

works, fully described in Dr Pietra See also:

• SANTA

Santa's See also:

• BOOK

book, La Cremation des morts en See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France et d l'etranger, and by See also:

• PROFESSOR (the Latin noun formed from the verb profiteri, to declare publicly, to acknowledge, profess)

Professor Brunetti, who exhibited an apparatus at the See also:

• VIENNA (Ger. Wien; Lat. Vindobona)
• VIENNA, CONGRESS OF (1814-1815)

Vienna See also:

• EXHIBITION

Exhibition of 1873, and who stated his results in La Cremazione dei cadaveri (See also:

• PADUA (Lat. Patavium ; Ital. Padova)

Padua, 1873) . Polli obtained See also:

• COMPLETE

complete incineration or calcination of See also:

• DOGS, ISLE OF

dogs by the use of See also:

• COAL

coal-gas mixed with atmospheric air, applied to a cylindrical See also:

• RETORT (Lat. retorquere, to twist or turn back)

retort of refracting clay, so as to consume the gaseous products of See also:

• COMBUSTION (from the Lat. comburere, to burn up)

combustion . The process was complete in two See also:

• HOURS, CANONICAL

hours, and the ashes weighed about 5% of the See also:

• WEIGHT

weight before cremation . Brunetti used an oblong See also:

• FURNACE

furnace of refracting See also:

• BRICK (derived according to some etymologists from the Teutonic bricke, a disk or plate; but more authoritatively, through the French brique, originally a " broken piece," applied especially to bread, and so to clay, from the Teutonic brikan, to break)

brick with See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side-doors to regulate the See also:

• DRAUGHT (from the common Teutonic word " to draw "; cf. Ger. 7'racht, load; the pronunciation led to the variant form " draft," now confined to certain specific meanings)

draught, and above a See also:

• CAST (from the verb meaning " to throw "; the word is Scand. in origin, cf. Dan. kaste, and Swed. kasta; " cast " in Middle Eng. took the place of the A.S. weor pan, cf. Ger. werf en)

cast-See also:

• IRON [symbol Fe, atomic weight 55.85 (0=16)]

iron See also:

• DOME (Lat domus, house; Ital. duomo, cathedral)

dome with movable shutters . The body was placed on a metallic See also:

• PLATE

plate suspended on iron See also:

• WIRE (A.S. wir, a wire; cf. Swed. vire, to twist, M.H.G. wiere, a gold ornament, Lat. viriae, armlets, ultimately from the root wi, to twist, bind)

wire . The gas generated escaped by the shutters, and in two hours carbonization was complete . The See also:

• HEAT (0. E. haktu, which like " hot," Old Eng. hat, is from the Teutonic type haita, hit, to be hot; cf. Ger. hitze, heiss; Dutch, hitte, heet, &c.)

heat was then raised and concentrated, and at the end of four hours the operation was over; 18o lb of See also:

• WOOD, ANTHONY A2 (1632-1695)
• WOOD, JOHN GEORGE (1827—1889)
• WOOD, MRS HENRY [ELLEN] (1814—1887)
• WOOD, SEARLES VALENTINE (1798—188o)

wood costing 2S . 4d. See also:

• STERLING
• STERLING, ANTOINETTE (d. 1904)
• STERLING, JOHN (1806-1844)

sterling was burned . In a reverberating furnace used by Sir Henry Thompson a body, weighing 144 lb, was reduced in fifty minutes to about 4 lb of See also:

• LIME
• LIME (O. Eng. lim, Lat. limes, mud, from linere, to smear)

lime dust . The noxious gases, which were undoubtedly produced during the first five minutes of combustion, passed through a flue into a second furnace and were entirely consumed .

In the ordinary See also:

• SIEMENS, ERNST WERNER VON (1816-1892)
• SIEMENS, SIR WILLIAM [KARL WILHELM] (1823-1883)

Siemens regenerative furnace (which was adapted by Reclam in See also:

• GERMANY
• GERMANY (Ger. Deutschland)

Germany for cremation, and also by Sir Henry Thompson) only the hot-blast was used, the body supplying See also:

• HYDROGEN [symbol H, atomic weight x-oo8 (0=16)]

hydrogen and See also:

• CARBON (symbol C, atomic weight 12)

carbon; or a stream of heated See also:

• HYDROCARBON

hydrocarbon mixed with heated air was sent from a gasometer supplied with coal, charcoal, See also:

• PEAT (possibly connected with Med. Lat. petia, pecia, piece, ultimately of Celtic origin; cf. O. Celt. pet, O. Ir. pit, Welsh peth, portion)

peat or wood the brick or iron-cased chamber being thus heated to a high degree before cremation begins . Steps were at once taken to form an See also:

• ENGLISH

English society to See also:

• PRO

pro-mote the practice of cremation . A See also:

• DECLARATION (from Lat. declarare, to make fully clear, clams)

declaration of its See also:

• OBJECTS

objects was See also:

• DRAWN

drawn up and signed on the 13th See also:

• JANUARY

January 1874 by the following persons—See also:

• SHIRLEY (or SHERLEY), JAMES (1596-1666)
• SHIRLEY (or SHERLEY), SIR ANTHONY (1565-c. 1635)
• SHIRLEY, WILLIAM (1694-1771)

Shirley See also:

• BROOKS, CHARLES WILLIAM SHIRLEY (1816-1874)
• BROOKS, PHILLIPS (1835-1893)

Brooks, See also:

• WILLIAM
• WILLIAM (1143-1214)
• WILLIAM (1227-1256)
• WILLIAM (1J33-1584)
• WILLIAM (A.S. Wilhelm, O. Norse Vilhidlmr; O. H. Ger. Willahelm, Willahalm, M. H. Ger. Willehelm, Willehalm, Mod.Ger. Wilhelm; Du. Willem; O. Fr. Villalme, Mod. Fr. Guillaume; from " will," Goth. vilja, and " helm," Goth. hilms, Old Norse hidlmr, meaning
• WILLIAM (c. 1130-C. 1190)
• WILLIAM, 13TH

William Eassie, Ernest See also:

• HART, ALBERT BUSHNELL (1854– )
• HART, CHARLES (d. 1683)
• HART, ERNEST ABRAHAM (1835–1898)
• HART, SIR ROBERT
• HART, WILLIAM (1823–1894)

Hart, the Rev . H . R . Haweis, G . H . See also:

• HAWKINS, CAESAR HENRY (1798-1884)
• HAWKINS, or HAWKYNS, SIR JOHN (1532-1595)
• HAWKINS, or HAWKYNS, SIR RICHARD (c. 1562-1622)
• HAWKINS, SIR JOHN (1719-1789)

Hawkins, See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John Cordy Jeaffreson, F, See also:

• LEHMANN, JOHANN GOTTLOB (?-1767)
• LEHMANN, PETER MARTIN ORLA (1810-187o)

Lehmann, C . F . Lord, W . Shaen, A . Strahan, (Sir) Henry Thompson, See also:

• MAJOR
• MAJOR (Lat. for " greater ")
• MAJOR (or MAIR), JOHN (1470-1550)

Major See also:

• VAUGHAN, CHARLES JOHN (1816-1897)
• VAUGHAN, HENRY (1622-1695)
• VAUGHAN, HERBERT (1832-1903)
• VAUGHAN, THOMAS (1622-1666)
• VAUGHAN, WILLIAM (1577-1641)

Vaughan, Rev .

C . Voysey and (Sir) T . See also:

• SPENCER
• SPENCER, HERBERT (1820-1903)
• SPENCER, JOHN CHARLES SPENCER, 3RD EARL (1782-1845)
• SPENCER, JOHNPOYNTZ SPENCER
• SPENCER, WILLIAM ROBERT (1769-1834)

Spencer See also:

• WELLS
• WELLS, CHARLES JEREMIAH (1798?–1879)
• WELLS, DAVID AMES (1828—1898)
• WELLS, HERBERT GEORGE (1866— )
• WELLS, SIR THOMAS SPENCER, 1ST BART

Wells; and they frequently met to consider the necessary steps in order to attain their See also:

• OBJECT

object . The See also:

• LAWS

laws and regulations having been thoroughly discussed, the membership of the society was constituted by an See also:

• ANNUAL

annual contribution for expenses, and a subscription to the following declaration: " We disapprove the See also:

• PRESENT

present See also:

• CUSTOM (from O. Fr. costume, costume or coustume; Low Lat. costuma, a shortened form of consuetudo)

custom of burying the dead, and See also:

• DESIRE

desire to substitute some mode which shall rapidly resolve the body into its component elements by a process which cannot offend the living, and shall render the remains absolutely innocuous . Until some better method is devised, we desire to adopt that usually known as cremation." Finally, on 29th See also:

• APRIL

April a See also:

• MEETING (from " to meet," to come together, assemble, 0. Eng. metals ; cf. Du. moeten, Swed. mota, Goth. gamotjan, &c., derivatives of the Teut. word for a meeting, seen in O. Eng. Wit, moot, an assembly of the people; cf. witanagemot)

meeting was held, a council was formed, and Sir H . Thompson was elected See also:

• PRESIDENT (Fr. president, from Lat. praesidens, post-Augustan Lat. for praeses, director, ruler, from praesidere, to sit in front of, preside)

president and See also:

• CHAIR (in. Mid. Eng. chcere, through O. Fr. chaire or chaiere, from Lat. cathedra, later caledra, Gr. xaOi3pa, seat, cf. "cathedral"; the modern Fr. form chaise, a chair, has been adopted in English with a particular meaning as a form of carriage; chaire

chair-man . Mr Eassie (who in 1875 published a valuable See also:

• WORK

work on Cremation of the Dead) was at the same See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time appointed honorary secretary.' In 1875 the following were added:—Mrs See also:

• ROSE
• ROSE (Rosa)
• ROSE, GEORGE (1744-1818)
• ROSE, HUGH JAMES (1795—1838)
• ROSE, WILLIAM STEWART (1775-1843)

Rose See also:

• MARY
• MARY (1457-1482)
• MARY (1496-1533)
• MARY, QUEEN OF SCOTS

Mary Crawshay, Mr Higford See also:

• BURR, AARON (1756-1836)

Burr, Rev . J . Long, Mr W . See also:

• ROBINSON, EDWARD (1794–1863)
• ROBINSON, HENRY CRABB (1777–1867)
• ROBINSON, JOHN (1575–1625)
• ROBINSON, JOHN (1650-1723)
• ROBINSON, JOHN THOMAS ROMNEY (1792–1882)
• ROBINSON, MARY [" Perdita "] (1758–1800)
• ROBINSON, SIR JOHN BEVERLEY, BART
• ROBINSON, SIR JOSEPH BENJAMIN (1845– )
• ROBINSON, THEODORE (1852-1896)

Robinson and the Rev . See also:

• BROOKE, FRANCES (1724-1789)
• BROOKE, FULKE OREVILLE, 1ST BARON (1554-1628)
• BROOKE, HENRY (c. 1703-1783)
• BROOKE, SIR JAMES (1803-1868)
• BROOKE, STOPFORD AUGUSTUS (1832– )

Brooke See also:

• LAMBERT [alias NICHOLSON], JOHN (d. 1538)
• LAMBERT, DANIEL (1770-1809)
• LAMBERT, FRANCIS (c 1486-153o)
• LAMBERT, JOHANN HEINRICH (1728–1777)
• LAMBERT, JOHN (1619-1694)

Lambert . Subsequently followed Lord See also:

• BRAMWELL, GEORGE WILLIAM WILSHERE BRAMWELL, BARON (1808-1892)

Bramwell, Sir Chas .

See also:

• CAMERON, JOHN (1579–1623)
• CAMERON, RICHARD (1648?–168o)
• CAMERON, SIMON (1799-1889)
• CAMERON, VERNEY LOVETT (1844–1894)

Cameron, Dr Farquharson, Sir See also:

• DOUGLAS
• DOUGLAS, GAVIN (1474?-1522)
• DOUGLAS, JOHN (1721—1807.)
• DOUGLAS, SIR CHARLES
• DOUGLAS, SIR HOWARD
• DOUGLAS, STEPHEN ARNOLD (18,3–1861)

Douglas See also:

• GALTON, SIR FRANCIS (1822– )

Galton, Lord See also:

• PLAYFAIR, JOHN (1748-1819)
• PLAYFAIR, LYON PLAYFAIR

Playfair, Mr See also:

• MARTIN (Martinus)
• MARTIN, BON LOUIS HENRI (1810-1883)
• MARTIN, CLAUD (1735-1800)
• MARTIN, FRANCOIS XAVIER (1762-1846)
• MARTIN, HOMER DODGE (1836-1897)
• MARTIN, JOHN (1789-1854)
• MARTIN, LUTHER (1748-1826)
• MARTIN, SIR THEODORE (1816-1909)
• MARTIN, SIR WILLIAM FANSHAWE (1801–1895)
• MARTIN, ST (c. 316-400)
• MARTIN, WILLIAM (1767-1810)

Martin See also:

• RIDLEY, NICHOLAS (c. 1500-1555)

Ridley See also:

• SMITH
• SMITH, ADAM (1723–1790)
• SMITH, ALEXANDER (183o-1867)
• SMITH, ANDREW JACKSON (1815-1897)
• SMITH, CHARLES EMORY (1842–1908)
• SMITH, CHARLES FERGUSON (1807–1862)
• SMITH, CHARLOTTE (1749-1806)
• SMITH, COLVIN (1795—1875)
• SMITH, EDMUND KIRBY (1824-1893)
• SMITH, G
• SMITH, GEORGE (1789-1846)
• SMITH, GEORGE (184o-1876)
• SMITH, GEORGE ADAM (1856- )
• SMITH, GERRIT (1797–1874)
• SMITH, GOLDWIN (1823-191o)
• SMITH, HENRY BOYNTON (1815-1877)
• SMITH, HENRY JOHN STEPHEN (1826-1883)
• SMITH, HENRY PRESERVED (1847– )
• SMITH, JAMES (1775–1839)
• SMITH, JOHN (1579-1631)
• SMITH, JOHN RAPHAEL (1752–1812)
• SMITH, JOSEPH, JR
• SMITH, MORGAN LEWIS (1822–1874)
• SMITH, RICHARD BAIRD (1818-1861)
• SMITH, ROBERT (1689-1768)
• SMITH, SIR HENRY GEORGE WAKELYN
• SMITH, SIR THOMAS (1513-1577)
• SMITH, SIR WILLIAM (1813-1893)
• SMITH, SIR WILLIAM SIDNEY (1764-1840)
• SMITH, SYDNEY (1771-1845)
• SMITH, THOMAS SOUTHWOOD (1788-1861)
• SMITH, WILLIAM (1769-1839)
• SMITH, WILLIAM (c. 1730-1819)
• SMITH, WILLIAM (fl. 1596)
• SMITH, WILLIAM FARRAR (1824—1903)
• SMITH, WILLIAM HENRY (1808—1872)
• SMITH, WILLIAM HENRY (1825—1891)
• SMITH, WILLIAM ROBERTSON (1846-'894)

Smith, Mr See also:

• JAMES
• JAMES (Gr. 'IlrKw,l3or, the Heb. Ya`akob or Jacob)
• JAMES (JAMES FRANCIS EDWARD STUART) (1688-1766)
• JAMES, 2ND EARL OF DOUGLAS AND MAR(c. 1358–1388)
• JAMES, DAVID (1839-1893)
• JAMES, EPISTLE OF
• JAMES, GEORGE PAYNE RAINSFOP
• JAMES, HENRY (1843— )
• JAMES, JOHN ANGELL (1785-1859)
• JAMES, THOMAS (c. 1573–1629)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (1842–1910)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (d. 1827)

James A . ' This was the first society formed in Europe for the promotion of cremation . Budgett, Mr See also:

• EDMUND
• EDMUND, or EADMUND (c. 980-1016)
• EDMUND, SAINT [EDMUND RICE] (d. 1240)

Edmund See also:

• YATES, EDMUND HODGSON (1831–1894)
• YATES, MARY ANN (1728-1787)
• YATES, RICHARD (1818-1873)

Yates, Mr J . S . See also:

• FLETCHER, ALICE CUNNINGHAM (1845– )
• FLETCHER, ANDREW
• FLETCHER, GILES (c. 1548-1611)
• FLETCHER, GILES (c. 1584-1623)
• FLETCHER, JOHN WILLIAM (1729-1785)
• FLETCHER, PHINEAS (1582-1650)

Fletcher, Mr J . C . See also:

• SWINBURNE, ALGERNON CHARLES (1837–1909)

Swinburne-Hanham, the See also:

• DUKE (corresponding to Fr. duc, Ital. duca, Ger. Herzog)

duke of See also:

• WESTMINSTER
• WESTMINSTER, MARQUESSES AND DUKES OF
• WESTMINSTER, STATUTES OF
• WESTMINSTER, SYNODS OF

Westminster (on Lord Bramwell's See also:

• DEATH

death), and Sir See also:

• ARTHUR (Fr. Arius)
• ARTHUR, CHESTER ALAN (1830 – 1886)

Arthur See also:

• ARNOLD
• ARNOLD, BENEDICT (1741-1801)
• ARNOLD, GOTTFRIED (1666-1714)
• ARNOLD, MATTHEW (1822-1888)
• ARNOLD, SAMUEL (1740--18o2)
• ARNOLD, SIR EDWIN (1832-1904)
• ARNOLD, THOMAS (1745-1842)

Arnold . These may be considered the pioneers of the See also:

• MOVEMENT

movement for reform . On See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account of difficulties and prejudices2 the council was unable to See also:

• PURCHASE

purchase a See also:

• FREEHOLD

freehold until 1878, when an See also:

• ACRE
• ACRE, or AQUIRY

acre was obtained at See also:

• WOKING

Woking, not far distant from the cemetery . At this time the furnace employed by Professor Gorini of See also:

• LODI

Lodi, Italy, appeared to be the best for working with on a small See also:

• SCALE
• SCALE (1) A

scale; and he was invited to visit See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England to superintend its erection . This was completed in 1879, and the body of a See also:

• HORSE (a word common to Teutonic languages in such forms as hors, hros, ros; cf. the Ger. ross)

horse was cremated rapidly and completely without any See also:

• SMOKE (from O. Eng. smeocan, to smoke, reek, cf. Dutch meek, Ger. Schmauch, probably allied to Gr. vol9caiv)

smoke or effluvia from the See also:

• CHIMNEY (through the Fr. cheminee, from caminata, sc. camera, a Lat. derivative of caminus, an oven or furnace)

chimney . No sooner was this successful step taken than the president received a communication from the Home See also:

• OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")

Office, which resulted in a See also:

• PERSONAL

personal interview with the home secretary; the issue of which was that if the society desired to avoid See also:

• DIRECT

direct hostile See also:

• ACTION

action, an assurance must be given that no cremation should be attempted without leave first obtained from the See also:

• MINISTER (Lat. minister, servant)

minister .

This of course was given, no further See also:

• BUILDING

building took See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place, and the society's labours were confined to employing means to diffuse information on the subject . Sir Spencer Wells brought it before the annual meeting of the See also:

• BRITISH

British Medical Association in 188o, when a petition to the home' secretary for permission to adopt cremation was largely signed by the leading men in See also:

• TOWN

town and See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country, but without any immediate result . The next important development was an application to the council in 1882, by See also:

• CAPTAIN (derived from Lat. ca put, head, through the Low Lat. capitanus)

Captain Hanham in See also:

• DORSETSHIRE (DORSET)

Dorsetshire, to undertake the cremation of two deceased relatives who had See also:

• LEFT

left See also:

• EXPRESS (through the French from the past participle of the Lat. exprimere, to press out, by transference used of representing objects in painting or sculpture, or of thoughts, &c. in words)

express instructiorgto that effect . The home secretary was applied to, and refused . The bodies were preserved, and Captain Hanham erected a crematorium on his See also:

• ESTATE (through O. Fr. estat, mod. flat, from Lat. status, state, condition, position, stare, to stand)

estate, and the cremation took place there . He himself, dying a See also:

• YEAR

year later, was cremated also; in both cases the result was attained under the supervision of Mr J . C . Swinburne-Hanham, who succeeded Mr Eassie in 1888 as honorary secretary to the society . The See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government took no notice . But in 1883 a cremation was performed in See also:

• WALES (Cymru, Gwalia, Cambria)

Wales by a man on the body of his See also:

• CHILD
• CHILD, FRANCIS JAMES (1825-1896)
• CHILD, L
• CHILD, LYDIA MARIA (1802-1880)
• CHILD, SIR FRANCIS (1642-1713)
• CHILD, SIR JOHN (d. 1690)
• CHILD, SIR JOSIAH (163o - 1699)

child, and legal proceedings were taken against him . Mr See also:

• JUSTICE (Lat. justitia)

Justice See also:

• STEPHEN
• STEPHEN (1097?-1154)
• STEPHEN (ISTVAN) BATHORY (1533-1586)
• STEPHEN, SIR JAMES (1789-1859)
• STEPHEN, SIR JAMES FITZJAMES, BART
• STEPHEN, SIR LESLIE (1832-1904)

Stephen, in See also:

• FEBRUARY

February 1884, delivered his well-known See also:

• JUDGMENT

judgment at the Assizes there, declaring cremation to be a legal See also:

• PROCEDURE (Fr. procedure, from Lat. procedere, to go for-ward)

procedure, provided no See also:

• NUISANCE (through Fr. noisance, nuisance, from Lat. nocere, to hurt)

nuisance were caused thereby to others . The council of the society at once declared themselves absolved from their promise to the Home Office, and publicly offered to perform cremation, laying down strict rules for careful inquiry into the cause of death in every case .

They stated that they were fully aware that the See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief practical objection to cremation was that it removed traces of See also:

• POISON

poison or violence which might have caused death . Declining to See also:

• TRUST

trust the very imperfect statement generally made respecting the cause of death in the ordinary death certificate (unless a See also:

• CORONER

coroner's See also:

• INQUEST (O. Fr. enqueste, modern enqueete, from Lat.inquisitum, inquirere, to inquire)

inquest had been held), they adopted a system of very stringent inquiry, the result of which in each case was to be submitted to the president, to be investigated and approved by him before cremation could take place, with the right to decline or require an inquest if he thought proper; and this course has been followed ever since the first cremation . It was on 26th See also:

• MARCH
• MARCH (1) (from Fr. marcher, to walk; the earliest sense in French appears to be " to trample," and the origin has usually been found in the Lat. marcus, hammer; Low Lat. marcare, to hammer; hence to beat the road with the regular tread of a soldier: cf.
• MARCH, AUZIAS (c. "1395-1458)
• MARCH, EARLS OF
• MARCH, FRANCIS ANDREW (1825– )

March 1885 that the first cremation at Woking took place, the subject being a See also:

• LADY (0. Eng. hlaefdige, Mid. Eng. ldfdi, lavedi; the first part of the word is hldf, loaf, bread, as in the corresponding hldford, lord; the second part is usually taken to be from the root dig-, to knead, seen also in " dough "; the sense development fr

lady.3 In 1888 it became necessary, nearly too bodies having been by this date cremated, to build a large See also:

• HALL
• HALL (generally known as SCHWABISCH-HALL, tc distinguish it from the small town of Hall in Tirol and Bad-Hall, a health resort in Upper Austria)
• HALL (O.E. heall, a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Halle)
• HALL, BASIL (1788-1844)
• HALL, CARL CHRISTIAN (1812–1888)
• HALL, CHARLES FRANCIS (1821-1871)
• HALL, CHRISTOPHER NEWMAN (1816—19oz)
• HALL, EDWARD (c. 1498-1547)
• HALL, FITZEDWARD (1825-1901)
• HALL, ISAAC HOLLISTER (1837-1896)
• HALL, JAMES (1793–1868)
• HALL, JAMES (1811–1898)
• HALL, JOSEPH (1574-1656)
• HALL, MARSHALL (1790-1857)
• HALL, ROBERT (1764-1831)
• HALL, SAMUEL CARTER (5800-5889)
• HALL, SIR JAMES (1761-1832)
• HALL, WILLIAM EDWARD (1835-1894)

hall for religious service, as well as waiting-rooms, in connexion with the crematorium there: The See also:

• DUKES
• DUKES, LEOPOLD (1810-1891)

dukes of See also:

• BEDFORD

Bedford and Westminster headed the See also:

• APPEAL

appeal for funds, each with boy . The former (the 9th duke of Bedford) especially took great See also:

• INTEREST

interest in the progress of the society, and offered to furnish further donations to any extent necessary . During the next two years he generously defrayed See also:

• COSTS

costs to the amount of £3500, and built a smaller crematorium adjacent for himself and family . The latter building was first used on the 18th of January 1891, a few days after the duke's own death . The number of cremations 2 For a full account of these, see Modern Cremation.: Its See also:

• HISTORY

History and Practice to the Present Date, by Sir H . Thompson, Part., F.R.G.S„ &c . (4th ed., Smith, See also:

• ELDER (0. Eng. ellarn; Ger. Holunder; Fr. sureau)
• ELDER (Gr. 1rpev(3iTepos)

Elder, See also:

• WATERLOO

Waterloo Place, 1901) . 2 The Times, 27th March 1885 . slowly increased year by year, and the See also:

• TOTAL

total at the end of 1900 was 1824 . Many of these were persons of distinction—by rank, or by attainments in See also:

• ART

art, literature and See also:

• SCIENCE (Lat. scientia, from scire; to learn, know)

science, or in public See also:

• LIFE

life .

The council next turned their See also:

• ATTENTION (from Lat. ad-tendo, await, expect; the condition of being " stretched " or " tense ")

attention to the need for a See also:

• NATIONAL

national system of death certification, to be enforced by law as an essential and much-needed reform in connexion Death with cremation . On the 6th of January 1893 the duke certifies- of Westminster introduced a deputation to the secretary See also:

• DON
• DON (anc. Tanais)

Don . of See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state for the home See also:

• DEPARTMENT (Fr. departement, from departir, to separate into parts)

department, Mr See also:

• ASQUITH, HERBERT HENRY (1852– )

Asquith, and the president of the Cremation Society opened the case, showing that no less than 7 % of the burials in England took place without any certificate, while in some districts it was far greater . In See also:

• CON

con-sequence of this the home secretary appointed a select See also:

• COMMITTEE (from commute, an Anglo-Fr. past participle of commettre, Lat. committere, to entrust; the modern Fr. equivalent comite is derived from the Eng.)

committee of the See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

House of See also:

• COMMONS

Commons, which was presided over by Sir See also:

• WALTER, HUBERT (d. 1205)
• WALTER, JOHN (1738/9-1812)

Walter See also:

• FOSTER, GEORGE EULAS (1847– )
• FOSTER, JOHN (177o-1843)
• FOSTER, MYLES BIRKET (1825-1899)
• FOSTER, SIR CLEMENT LE NEVE (1841-1904)
• FOSTER, SIR MICHAEL (1836-r9o7)
• FOSTER, STEPHEN COLLINS (1826-1864)

Foster, of the See also:

• LOCAL

Local Government See also:

• BOARD (O. Eng. bord)

Board, to " inquire into the sufficiency of the existing law as to the disposal of the dead .. . and especially for detecting the causes of death due to poison, violence, and criminal neglect." After a prolonged inquiry and careful consideration of the See also:

• EVIDENCE (Lat. evidentia, evideri, to appear clearly)

evidence, a full See also:

• REPORT (O.Fr. report or raport, modern rapport, from O.Fr. reporter, mod. rap porter, Lat. reportare, to bring back, in poetical use only, of bringing back an account, news, &c.)

report and conclusions drawn therefrom were unanimously agreed to, and published as a See also:

• BLUE (common in different forms to most European languages)

blue-book in the autumn of 18931 The following conclusions are quoted from this See also:

• VOLUME

volume:—See also:

• PAGE
• PAGE, THOMAS NELSON (1853- )
• PAGE, WILLIAM (1811-1885)

Page iii . " So far as affording a See also:

• RECORD (Lat. recordari, to recall to mind, from cor, heart or mind)

record of the true cause of death and the detection of it in cases where death may have been due to violence, poison, or where criminal neglect is concerned, the class of certified deaths leaves much to be desired." Page iv . Certification is extremely important as a deterrent of See also:

• CRIME (Lat. crimen, accusation)

crime, and numerous proofs are given at length in support of the statement .... " Contrast this class with that of uncertified deaths, when the result is such as to force upon your Committee the conviction that vastly more deaths occur annually from foul See also:

• PLAY

play and criminal neglect than the law recognizes." Page viii . Great uncertainty in resorting to the coroner's See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

court, and want of system in connexion with the practice of it, are affirmed to exist . Page x . It is stated that the opportunity for perpetrating crime is great in the considerable class of uncertified cases .. " in See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short, the existing procedure plays into the hands of the criminal classes." " Your Committee are much impressed with the serious possibilities implied in a system which permits death and burial to take place without the See also:

• PRODUCTION (Lat. productionem, from producere, to pro-duce)

production of satisfactory medical evidence of the cause of death." Page xii .

" Your Committee have arrived at the conclusion that the See also:

• APPOINTMENT, POWER OF

appointment of medical officials, who should investigate all cases of death which are not certified by a medical practitioner in attendance, is a proposal which deserves their support." In considering cremation, the committee reported as follows:—Page xxii . " Your Committee are of See also:

• OPINION (Lat. opinio, from opinari, to think)

opinion that there is only one question in connexion with this method of disposing of a dead body to which it is necessary for them to refer . That question is the sup-posed danger to the community arising from the fact that with the destruction of the body the possibility of obtaining evidence of the cause of death by See also:

• POST

post-mortem examination also disappears." The mode of proceeding adopted by the Cremation Society of England having been described, " your Committee are of opinion that with the precautions adopted in connexion with cremation, as carried out by the Cremation Society, there is little See also:

• PROBABILITY (Lat. probabilis, probable or credible)

probability that cases of crime would escape detection, but inasmuch as these precautions are purely voluntary, your Committee consider that in the interests of public safety such regulations should be enforced by law." The Cremation Society See also:

• FELT (cognate with Ger. Filz, Du. vilt, Swed. and Dan. fill; the root is unknown; the word has given Med. Lat. filtrum, " filter ")

felt that this report much strengthened the case for legislation amending the law of death certification . In See also:

• AUGUST (originally Sextilis)

August 1894 the president of the society laid the results of the select committee before the British Medical Association at See also:

• BRISTOL
• BRISTOL, EARLS AND MARQUESSES OF
• BRISTOL, GEORGE DIGBY, 2ND EARL OF1 (1612-1677)
• BRISTOL, JOHN DIGBY, 1ST EARL OF 6 (1580-1653)

Bristol, and a unanimous See also:

• VOTE

vote was obtained in favour of the suggestions made by it . In See also:

• NOVEMBER (Lat. novem, nine)

November a second deputation waited on Mr Asquith, in which the president of the society begged him to carry out the system recommended . The home secretary replied that the business belonged to the department of the Local Government Board, and that it was already dealing with the question and bringing it to a satisfactory See also:

• SOLUTION (from Lat. solvere, to loosen, dissolve)

solution . Soon afterwards, however, the government changed, other questions became pressing and further consideration of the subject was postponed . With reference to the recommendations of the select committee before mentioned, the regulations necessary for See also:

• REGISTRATION

registration of death and the disposal of the dead may be outlined as follows: 1 Reports on Death Certification (1893), See also:

• EYRE, EDWARD JOHN (1815-1901)
• EYRE, SIR JAMES (1734-1799)

Eyre & See also:

• SPOTTISWOODE (SPOTTISwooD, SPOTISWOOD Or SPOTSWOOD), JOHN (1565-1639)
• SPOTTISWOODE, WILLIAM (1825-1883)

Spottiswoode, London (373,472).(i) That no body should be buried, cremated, or otherwise disposed of without a medical certificate of death signed, after personal knowledge and observation, or by information obtained after investigation made by a qualified medical officer appointed for the purpose . (2) A qualified medical man should be appointed as See also:

• OFFICIAL (Late Lat. QJicialis, for class. Lat. apparitor, from officium, office, duty)

official certifier in every See also:

• PARISH (Gr. irapouda, district, neighbourhood; 7r&poucos, one dwelling near or beside, from crap&, OtKOS, house; Lat. paroecur, Late Lat. parochia; cf. Fr. paroisse)

parish, or See also:

• DISTRICT

district of neighbouring parishes, his See also:

• DUTY (from " due," that which is owing, O. Fr. deu, dil, past participle of devoir; Lat. debere, debitum; cf. " debt ")

duty being to inquire into all cases of death and report the cause in See also:

• WRITING
• WRITING (the verbal noun of " to write," O. Eng. writan, to inscribe)

writing, together with such other details as may be deemed necessary . This would naturally fall within the duties of the medical officer of health for the district, and registration should be made at his office . (3) If the circumstances of death obviously demand a coroner's inquest, the case should be transferred to his court and the cause determined, with or without See also:

• AUTOPSY (Gr. aisros, self, and i4'tc, sight, investigation)

autopsy . If there appears to be no ground for holding an inquest, and autopsy be necessary to the furnishing of a certificate, the official certifier should make it, and state the result in his report .

(4) No See also:

• PERSON, OFFENCES AGAINST THE

person or See also:

• COMPANY

company should be henceforth permitted to construct or use an apparatus for cremating human bodies without license from the Local Government Board or other authority . (5) No crematory should be so employed unless the site, construction, and system of management have been approved after survey by an officer appointed by government for the purpose . But the See also:

• LICENCE (through the French from Lat. licentia, licere, to be lawful)

licence to construct or use a crematory should not be withheld if guarantees are given that the conditions required are or will be complied with . All such crematories to be subject at all times to inspection by an officer appointed by the government . (6) The burning of a human body, otherwise than in an officially recognized crematory, should be illegal, and punishable by See also:

• PENALTY (Lat. poena, punishment)

penalty . (7) No human body should be cremated unless the official examiner added the words " Cremation permitted." This he should be See also:

• BOUND, or BOUNDARY (from O. Fr. bonde, Med. Lat. bodena or butina, a frontier line)

bound to do if, after due inquiry, he can certify that the deceased has died from natural causes, and not from See also:

• ILL

ill-treatment, poison or violence . The Cremation See also:

• ACT (Lat. actus, actum)

Act 1902 (2 Ed . VII. ch . 8), and the regulations 2 made thereunder by the home secretary, have since given legislative effect to some of the foregoing recommendations and have laid down a code of laws applicable and binding where cremation is resorted to . But the amendments in the law of death certification generally, so long pressed for by the Cremation Society of England and recommended by the select committee, are none the less necessary . Undoubtedly in populous communities and in crowded districts the burial of dead bodies is liable to be a source of danger to the living . As See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early as 1840 a See also:

• COMMISSION (from Lat. commissio, committere)

commission had been appointed, including some of the earliest authorities on sanitary science,—namely, Drs Southwood Smith, See also:

• CHADWICK, SIR EDWIN (18o0-1890)

Chadwick, Milroy, See also:

• SUTHERLAND, EARLS AND DUKES OF

Sutherland, See also:

• WALLER, EDMUND (1606-1687)
• WALLER, LEWIS (186o- )
• WALLER, SIR WILLIAM (c. 1597-1668)

Waller See also:

• LEWIS, HENRY CARVILL
• LEWIS, JOHN FREDERICK (180 1876)
• LEWIS, MATTHEW GREGORY (1775-1818)
• LEWIS, MERIWETHER (1774-1809)
• LEWIS, SIR GEORGE CORNEWALL, BART

Lewis and others; to conduct a searching inquiry into the state of the burial-grounds of London and large provincial towns .

By the report 3 the existence of such a danger was strikingly demonstrated, and intramural interments were in consequence made illegal . The See also:

• ADVOCATES, FACULTY OF

advocates of burial then declared that interment in certain See also:

• LIGHT

light soils would safely and efficiently decompose the putrefying elements which begin to be See also:

• DEVELOPED

developed the moment death takes place, and which rapidly become dangerous to the living, still more so in the case of deaths from contagious disease . But these light dry soils and elevated spots are precisely those best adapted for human habitation; to say nothing of their value for food-production . Granted the efficiency of such burial, it only effects in the course of a few years what exposure to a high temperature accomplishes with See also:

• ABSOLUTE (Lat. absolvere, to loose, set free)

absolute safety in an See also:

• HOUR

hour . In a densely populated country the struggle between the claims of the dead and the living to occupy the choicest sites becomes a serious matter . All decaying See also:

• ANIMAL
• ANIMAL (Lat. animalis, from anima, breath, soul)

animal remains give off effluvia—gases—which are transferred through the See also:

• MEDIUM

medium of the See also:

• ATMOSPHERE (Gr. fir µ6r, vapour; orkaipa, a sphere)

atmosphere to become converted into See also:

• VEGETABLE

vegetable growth of some See also:

• KIND (O. E. ge-cynde, from the same root as is seen in " kin," supra)

kind—trees, crops, See also:

• GARDEN (from O. Fr. garden, mod. Fr. jardin; this, like our words " garth," a paddock attached to a building, and " yard," comes from a Teutonic word for an enclosure which appears in Gothic as gards and O. H. Ger. gart, cf. Dutch gaarde and Ger. .garten)

garden produce, grass, &c . Every plant absorbs these gases by its leaves, each one of which is provided with hundreds of stomata—open mouths —by which they See also:

• FIX, THEODORE (180o-1846)

fix or utilize the carbon to form woody fibre, and give off See also:

• FREE

free See also:

• OXYGEN (symbol 0, atomic weight 16)

oxygen to the atmosphere . Thus it is that the air we breathe is kept pure by the See also:

• CONSTANT, BENJAMIN (1845-1902)

constant interaction between the animal and vegetable kingdoms . It may be taken as certain that the gaseous products arising from a cremated body—amounting, although invisible, to no less than 97 % of its weight, 3% only remaining as solids, in the form of a pure See also:

• WHITE
• WHITE, ANDREW DICKSON (1832– )
• WHITE, GILBERT (1720–1793)
• WHITE, HENRY KIRKE (1785-1806)
• WHITE, HUGH LAWSON (1773-1840)
• WHITE, JOSEPH BLANCO (1775-1841)
• WHITE, RICHARD GRANT (1822-1885)
• WHITE, ROBERT (1645-1704)
• WHITE, SIR GEORGE STUART (1835– )
• WHITE, SIR THOMAS (1492-1567)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM ARTHUR (1824--1891)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM HENRY (1845– )
• WHITE, THOMAS (1628-1698)
• WHITE, THOMAS (c. 1550-1624)

white ash 2 Statutory Rules and Orders, 1903, No . 286, Eyre & Spottiswoode . 3 A See also:

• SPECIAL

Special Inquiry into the Practice of Interment in Towns, by See also:

• EDWIN, AEDUINI
• EDWIN, JOHN (1749–1790)

Edwin Chadwick (London, 1843), is replete with evidence,and should be read by those who desire to pursue the inquiry further . 406 become in the course of a few hours integral and active elements in some form of vegetable life .

The result of this reasoning has been that, by slow degrees, crematoria have been constructed at many of the populous cities in Great Britain and abroad (see See also:

• STATISTICS

Statistics below) . The subject of employing cremation for the bodies of those who die of contagious disease is a most important one . Sir H . Thompson advocated this course in a See also:

• PAPER
• PAPER (Fr. papier, from Lat. papyrus)

paper read before the See also:

• INTERNATIONAL, THE

International Congress of See also:

• HYGIENE (Fr. hygiene, from Gr. ir'taivety, to be healthy)

Hygiene held in London in 1891; and a See also:

• RESOLUTION

resolution strongly approving the practice was carried unanimously at a large meeting of experts and medical See also:

• OFFICERS

officers of health . Such diseases are small-pox, See also:

• SCARLET

scarlet See also:

• FEVER (Lat. febris, connected with fervere, to burn)

fever, See also:

• DIPHTHERIA (from 8c4BEpa, a skin or membrane)

diphtheria, See also:

• CONSUMPTION (Lat. consumere)

consumption, See also:

• MALIGNANT (Lat. malignus, evil-disposed, from maligenus)

malignant See also:

• CHOLERA (from the Gr. Xo)du, tile, and Map, to flow)

cholera, enteric, relapsing and puerperal fevers, the annual number of deaths from which in the See also:

• UNITED

United See also:

• KINGDOM

Kingdom is upwards of 8o,000 . Complete disinfection takes place by means of the high temperature to which the body is exposed . At the present See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day it is compulsory to report any case in the foregoing See also:

• LIST (O.E. lisle, a Teutonic word, cf. Dut. lust, Ger. Leiste, adapted in Ital. lista and Fr. lisle)
• LIST, FRIEDRICH (1789-1846)

list, whenever it occurs, to the medical officer of health for the district; and it is customary to disinfect the rooms themselves, as well as the clothes and See also:

• FURNITURE (from " furnish," Fr. fournir)

furniture used by the patient if the case be fatal; but the body, which is the source and origin of the evil, and is itself loaded with the germs of a specific poison, is left to the chances which attach to its preservation in that See also:

• CONDITION (Lat. condicio, from condicere, to agree upon, arrange; not connected with conditio, from condere, conditum, to put together)

condition, when buried in a See also:

• FIT

fit or unfit soil or situation . The process of preparing a body for cremation requires a brief notice . The See also:

• PLAN
• PLAN (from Lat. planes, flat)

plan generally adopted is to place it (in the usual See also:

• SHROUD (O. Eng. scrud, garment; cf. Icel. skrudh, in the secondary sense of rigging, allied with " shred," O. Eng. screade, a piece, strip)

shroud) in a light See also:

• PINE (Lat. Pinus, Gr. srlrur)

pine See also:

• SHELL
• SHELL (O. Eng. scell, scyll, cf. Du. sceel, shell, Goth. skalja, tile; the word means originally a thin flake,. cf. Swed. skalja, to peel off; it is allied to " scale " and " skill," from a root meaning to cleave, divide, separate)

shell, discarding all heavy See also:

• OAK (O. Eng., (lc)

oak or other See also:

• COFFIN (from Lat. cophinus, Gr. K64wos, a coffer, chest or basket, but never meaning " coffin " in its present sense)

coffin, and to introduce it into the furnace in that manner . Thus there is no handling or exposure of the body after it reaches the crematorium . The type of furnace in general use is on the reverberatory principle, the body being consumed in a See also:

• SEPARATE

separate chamber heated to over 2000° Fahr. by a See also:

• COKE (a northern English word, possibly connected with " colk," core)
• COKE, SIR EDWARD (1552-1634)
• COKE, SIR JOHN (1563-1644)
• COKE, THOMAS (1747-1814)

coke fire . In a few instances a furnace burning ordinary See also:

• ILLUMINATING

illuminating gas instead of coke is in use .

(H . TH.) Statistics.—The following statistics show the history of modern cremation and its progress at home and abroad: See also:

• FOREIGN

Foreign Countries.—The first experiment in Italy was made by Brunetti in 1869, his second and third in 1870 . Gorini and Polli published their first cases in 1872 . Brunetti exhibited his at Vienna in 1873 . All were performed in the open air . The next in Europe was a single case at See also:

• BRESLAU (Polish Wraclaw)

Breslau in 1874 .. Soon after, an English lady was cremated in a closed apparatus (Siemens) at See also:

• DRESDEN

Dresden . The next cremation in a closed receptacle took place at Milan in 1876 . In the same year a Cremation Society was formed, a handsome building was erected, and two Gorini furnaces were at work in 188b . In 1899 the total number of cremations was 1355 . In Italy citematoria exist, viz. at See also:

• ALESSANDRIA

Alessandria, See also:

• ASTI (anc. Hasta)

Asti, See also:

• BOLOGNA
• BOLOGNA, GIOVANNI DA (1524–1608)

Bologna, Bra, See also:

• BRESCIA
• BRESCIA (anc. Brixia)

Brescia,eComo, See also:

• CREMONA
• CREMONA, LUIGI (1830-1903)

Cremona, See also:

• FLORENCE
• FLORENCE (Ital. Firenze, Lat. Florentia)

Florence, See also:

• GENOA (anc. Genua, Ital. Genova, Fr. GPnes)

Genoa, See also:

• LEGHORN (Ital. Livorno, Fr. Livourne)

Leghorn, Lodi, See also:

• MANTUA (Ital. Mantova)

Mantua, Milan, See also:

• MODENA (ancient Mutina)

Modena, See also:

• NOVARA

Novara, Padua, See also:

• PERUGIA (anc. Perusia)

Perugia, See also:

• PISA
• PISA, COUNCIL OF (1409)

Pisa, See also:

• PISTOIA
• PISTOIA, SYNOD OF

Pistoia, Rome, See also:

• SAN

San Remo, See also:

• SIENA

Siena, See also:

• SPEZIA

Spezia, See also:

• TURIN

Turin, See also:

• UDINE

Udine, See also:

• VERONA
• VERONA, CONGRESS OF

Verona and See also:

• VENICE
• VENICE (continued)
• VENICE (Venezia)

Venice . The total number of cremations in Italy in 1906 was 440 .

In Germany the first crematorium was erected at See also:

• GOTHA

Gotha; it was opened in 1878, and the total cremations down to See also:

• SEPTEMBER (Lat. septem, seven)

September 1st, 1907, numbered 4584 . At Ohlsdorf, See also:

• HAMBURG

Hamburg, the crematorium was opened in November 1892, and the total cremations down to September 1st, 1907, numbered 2521 . At See also:

• HEIDELBERG

Heidelberg the crematorium was opened in 1891, and the total cremations down to September 1st, 1907, numbered 1741 . Throughout the See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German See also:

• EMPIRE

empire there are, in addition to the above, crematoria at See also:

• BREMEN

Bremen, See also:

• EISENACH

Eisenach, See also:

• JENA

Jena, See also:

• KARLSRUHE, or CARLSRUHE

Karlsruhe, See also:

• MANNHEIM

Mannheim, See also:

• MAINZ (Fr. Mayence)

Mainz, See also:

• OFFENBACH
• OFFENBACH, JACQUES (1819-1880)

Offenbach, See also:

• HEILBRONN

Heilbronn, See also:

• ULM

Ulm, See also:

• CHEMNITZ
• CHEMNITZ (or KEMNITZ), MARTIN (1522-1586)

Chemnitz and See also:

• STUTTGART

Stuttgart, besides over eighty societies for promoting cremation . The total number of cremations which took place in Germany in 1906 was 2057, making a total of 13,614 down to September 1st, 1907 . Other societies exist in See also:

• DENMARK
• DENMARK (Danmark)

Denmark, See also:

• HOLLAND
• HOLLAND, CHARLES (1733–1769)
• HOLLAND, COUNTY AND PROVINCE OF
• HOLLAND, HENRY FOX, 1ST BARON (1705–1774)
• HOLLAND, HENRY RICH, 1ST EARL OF (1S9o-,649)
• HOLLAND, HENRY RICHARD VASSALL FOX, 3RD
• HOLLAND, JOSIAH GILBERT (1819-1881)
• HOLLAND, PHILEMON (1552-1637)
• HOLLAND, RICHARD, or RICHARD DE HOLANDE (fl. 1450)
• HOLLAND, SIR HENRY, BART

Holland, See also:

• BELGIUM
• BELGIUM (Fr. Belgique; Flem. Belgic)

Belgium, See also:

• SWEDEN
• SWEDEN [Sverige]
• SWEDEN, NORWAY AND

Sweden, See also:

• NORWAY
• NORWAY (Norge)

Norway and Switzerland . At the crematorium at See also:

• COPENHAGEN (Danish Kjobenhavn)

Copenhagen 77 bodies were cremated in 1906, the total being 500 . The Stock-holm crematorium was opened in See also:

• OCTOBER

October 1887, and the cremations in 1906 numbered 56 . The See also:

• GOTHENBURG (Swed. Goteborg)

Gothenburg crematorium (also in Sweden) was opened in January 189o, and the cremations there in 1906 were 14 . Switzerland has four crematoria, viz. at See also:

• BASEL (Fr. Bale)
• BASEL (Fr. Belle, but Basle is a wholly erroneous form; Ital. Basilea)
• BASEL, CONFESSION OF
• BASEL, COUNCIL OF

Basel, See also:

• GENEVA
• GENEVA (Fr. Geneve, Ger. Genf, Ital. Ginevra, Late Lat. Gebenna, though Genava in good Latin)
• GENEVA, LAKE OF

Geneva, Zurich and St Gallen—524 cremations took place in that country in 1906 . In Paris a cremation society was founded in 188o, and in 1886-1887 a large crematorium was constructed by the municipal council at Pere Lachaise, containing three Gorini furnaces . It was first used in October 1887 for two men who died of small-pox .

The demand became large; an improved furnace was soon devised, the unclaimed bodies at the hospitals and the remains at the dissectingrooms being cremated there, besides a large number of embryos . In 1906 the number, including .the last-named class, was 6906 . The total number of incinerations at Pere Lachaise down to See also:

• DECEMBER (Lat. decent, ten)

December 31st, 1906 (including both classes) was 86,962; but the employment of cremation for the purposes named has deterred a resort to it by many . Had a separate See also:

• ESTABLISHMENT (0. Fr. establissement, Fr. etablissement, late Norm. Fr. establishement, from O. Fr. establir, Fr. etablir, Lat. stabilire, to make stable)

establishment been organized for the public, its success would have been greater . A magnificent edifice has been constructed by the See also:

• MUNICIPALITY

municipality of Paris for the conservation of the ashes of persons who have been cremated . Crematoria have been established also at See also:

• ROUEN

Rouen, Rheims and See also:

• MARSEILLES

Marseilles, and the construction of crematoria in other of the great provincial centres of France was in contemplation . In Buenos Aires, since 1844, the bodies of all persons dying of contagious disease are cremated, and there is also a separate establishment for the use of the public . At Tokio in See also:

• JAPAN

Japan no fewer than 22 crematoria exist, and about an equal number of cremations and burials in earth take place . At See also:

• CALCUTTA

Calcutta a crematorium was opened in 1906 . At See also:

• MONTREAL

Montreal, See also:

• CANADA

Canada, there is a crematorium which began operations in 1902, and completed 44 cremations up to the 31st of December 1905 . United Slates.—There were 33 crematoria in the United States on September 1st, 1907 . At Fresh See also:

• POND
• POND, JOHN (c. 1767-1836)

Pond, New See also:

• YORK
• YORK (HOUSE OF)
• YORK, EDMUND OF LANGLEY, DUKE OF (1341-1402)
• YORK, EDWARD
• YORK, FREDERICK AUGUSTUS, DUKE OF (1763-1827)
• YORK, RICHARD, DUKE

York, erected in 1885, the total number of cremations to December 31st, 1906, being 8514 .

At See also:

• BUFFALO

Buffalo, N.Y., the first cremation taking place in 1885, and the total number down to December 31st, 1905, being 787 . At See also:

• TROY
• TROY, JEAN FRANCOIS DE (1679–1752)

Troy (See also:

• EARL

Earl Crematorium) ,N.Y., the first cremation taking place in 189o, and the total number down to December 31st, 1905, 249 . At Swinburne See also:

• ISLAND (O.E. ieg =isle, +land')

Island, N.Y., cremations beginning in 189o, total to December 31st, 1905, 123 . At See also:

• WATERVILLE

Waterville, N.Y., cremations beginning in 1893, total to December 31st, 1906, 62 . At St See also:

• LOUIS
• LOUIS (804–876)
• LOUIS (893–911)
• LOUIS, JOSEPH DOMINIQUE, BARON (1755-1837)
• LOUIS, or LEWIS (from the Frankish Chlodowich, Chlodwig, Latinized as Chlodowius, Lodhuwicus, Lodhuvicus, whence-in the Strassburg oath of 842-0. Fr. Lodhuwigs, then Chlovis, Loys and later Louis, whence Span. Luiz and—through the Angevin kings—Hungarian

Louis, See also:

• MISSOURI

Missouri, cremations beginning in 1888, total to September 1st, 1907, 2151 . At See also:

• PHILADELPHIA

Philadelphia, See also:

• PENN, WILLIAM (1621–1670)
• PENN, WILLIAM (1644-1718)

Penn., cremations beginning in 1888, total to September 1st, 1907, 1685 . At San Francisco, Cal., " See also:

• ODD (in middle English odde, from old Norwegian oddi, an angle of a triangle; the old Norwegian oddamann is used of the third man who gives a casting vote in a dispute)

Odd See also:

• FELLOWS, SIR CHARLES (1799-1860)

Fellows," opened in 1895, total to December 31st, 1906, 6151 . Also at San Francisco, Cal., " See also:

• CYPRESS (Cupressus)

Cypress See also:

• LAWN

Lawn," opened in 1893, total to December 31st, 1905, 1492 . At Los Angeles, Cal., No . 1, Rosedale, opened in 1887, total to December 31st, 1905, 866; No . 2, See also:

• EVERGREEN

Evergreen, opened in 1902, total to December 31st, 1905, 413; No . 3, See also:

• GOWER
• GOWER, JOHN (d. 1408)

Gower See also:

• STREET
• STREET, GEORGE EDMUND (1824-1881)

Street, opened in 1907 with 54 down to September 1st .

At See also:

• BOSTON
• BOSTON, THOMAS (1676-1732)

Boston, Mass., opened in 1893, total to September 1st, 1907, 2493 . At See also:

• CINCINNATI

Cincinnati, See also:

• OHIO

Ohio, opened in 1887, total to September 1st, 1907, 1245 . At See also:

• CHICAGO
• CHICAGO, UNIVERSITY OF

Chicago, opened in 1893, total to September 1st, 1907, 2188 . At See also:

• DETROIT

Detroit, See also:

• MICHIGAN
• MICHIGAN, LAKE
• MICHIGAN, UNIVERSITY OF

Michigan, opened in 1887, total to December 31st, 1905, 689 . At See also:

• PITTSBURG
• PITTSBURG, or PITTSBURGH

Pittsburg, Penn., opened in 1886, total to September 1st, 1907, 377 . At See also:

• BALTIMORE
• BALTIMORE, GEORGE CALVERT, 1ST BARON (C. 1580—1632)

Baltimore, opened in 1889, total to December 31st, 1905, 263 . At See also:

• LANCASTER
• LANCASTER, HOUSE OF
• LANCASTER, JOHN OF GAUNT
• LANCASTER, JOSEPH (1778-1838)
• LANCASTER, SIR JAMES (f1. 1591—1618)
• LANCASTER, THOMAS, EARL OF (c. 1277-1322)

Lancaster, Penn., opened in 1884, total to December 31st, 1906, io6 . At See also:

• DAVENPORT
• DAVENPORT, EDWARD LOOMIS (1816-1877)
• DAVENPORT, ROBERT (fl. 1623—1639)

Davenport, See also:

• IOWA

Iowa, opened in 1891, total to September 1st, 1907, 331 . At See also:

• MILWAUKEE

Milwaukee, opened in 1896, total to October 1905, 442 . At See also:

• WASHINGTON
• WASHINGTON (or WASHINGTON COURT HOUSE)
• WASHINGTON, BOOKER TALIAFERRO (c. 1859– )
• WASHINGTON, BUSHROD (1762-1829)
• WASHINGTON, GEORGE (1732-1799)

Washington, opened in 1897, total to December 31st, 1905, 275 . The Le Moyne (Washington, Pa.) crematory, the first in the United States, was erected by Dr F . See also:

• JULIUS

Julius le Moyne in 1876, for private use .

The first cremation was that of the See also:

• BARON
• BARON (1835-1895)
• BARON, MICHEL (1653—1729)

baron de Palin, of New York, December 6th, 1876 . Dr F . Julius le Moyne died October 1879, and his remains were cremated in his own crematory . Total number of cremations (to 1907) 41 . At See also:

• PASADENA

Pasadena, Cal., opened in 1895, total to September 1st, 1907, 491 . At St . See also:

• PAUL
• PAUL (PAULUS)

Paul, Minn., opened in 1897, total to December 31st, 1905, 145 . At Fort See also:

• WAYNE, ANTHONY (1745-1796)

Wayne, Ind., opened in 1897, total to September 1st, 1907, 41 . At See also:

• CAMBRIDGE
• CAMBRIDGE, EARLS AND DUKES OF
• CAMBRIDGE, RICHARD OWEN (1717-1802)

Cambridge, Mass., opened in 1900, total to September 1st, 1907, 1090 . At See also:

• CLEVELAND
• CLEVELAND (or CLEIVELAND), JOHN (1613—1658)
• CLEVELAND, BARBARA VILLIERS, DUCHESS OF (1641-1709)
• CLEVELAND, STEPHEN GROVER (1837-1908)

Cleveland, Ohio, opened in 1901, total to December 31st, 1905, 283 . At See also:

• DENVER

Denver, See also:

• COL
• COL (Fr. for " neck," Lat. collum)

Col., opened in 1904, total to December 31st, 1905, 109 . At See also:

• INDIANAPOLIS

Indianapolis, opened in 1904, total to December 31st, 1905, 32 .

At See also:

• OAKLAND

Oakland, Cal., opened in 1902, total to September 1st, 1907, 2196 . At See also:

• PORT

Port-land, Ore., opened in 1901, total to December 31st, 1905, 327 . At See also:

• SEATTLE

Seattle, Washington, opened in 1905, with 21 to the end of that year . United Kingdom.—There were 13 crematoria in operation in the United Kingdom on September 1st, 1907 . The See also:

• OLDEST

oldest is that at Woking, See also:

• SURREY
• SURREY, EARLDOM OF
• SURREY, HENRY HOWARD, EARL OF (1518?-1547)

Surrey, which was first used for the cremation of human remains in 1885 . In that year three cremations took place there, the number gradually increasing each year until in 1901 301 bodies were cremated . Up to September 1st, 1907, the total number-of cremations at Woking was 2939 . Then followed the crematorium at See also:

• MANCHESTER
• MANCHESTER (popularly Manchester-by-the-Sea)
• MANCHESTER, EARLS AND DUKES OF

Manchester, opened in 1892 with 90 in 1906 and a total of Io85; at See also:

• GLASGOW

Glasgow, opened in 1895 with 45 in 1906 and a total of 252; at See also:

• LIVERPOOL
• LIVERPOOL, EARLS
• LIVERPOOL, EARLS OF

Liverpool, opened in 1896, with 46 in Igoe, and atotal of 374; at See also:

• HULL
• HULL (in O.Eng. hulu, from helan, to cover, cf. Ger. Hiille, covering)
• HULL (officially KINGSTON-UPON-HULL)
• HULL, ISAAC (1775-1843)

Hull, opened in 1901 (the first municipal crematorium), with 17 in 1906 and a total of 116; at See also:

• DARLINGTON

Darlington, also opened in 1901, with 13 in 1906 and a total of 33 . The See also:

• LEICESTER
• LEICESTER, EARLS OF
• LEICESTER, ROBERT DUDLEY, EARL
• LEICESTER, ROBERT SIDNEY, EARL OF (1563-1626)
• LEICESTER, THOMAS WILLIAM COKE, EARL OF (1754-1842)

Leicester See also:

• CORPORATION (from Lat. corporare, to form into a body, corpus, corporis)

Corporation crematorium was opened in 1902, with 12 in 1906 and a total of 50 . Next in order came the Golder's See also:

• GREEN, A
• GREEN, ALEXANDER HENRY (1832—1896)
• GREEN, DUFF (1791—1875)
• GREEN, JOHN RICHARD (1837—1883)
• GREEN, MATTHEW (1696-1737)
• GREEN, THOMAS HILL (1836-1882)
• GREEN, VALENTINE (1739–1813)
• GREEN, WILLIAM HENRY (.1825–1900)

Green crematorium, Hampstead, London, which was opened in December 1902 . In 1906 298 cremations took place there, making a total of 1091 . After this followed the See also:

• BIRMINGHAM

Birmingham crematorium, opened in 1903, with 21 in 1906 and a total of 84; the See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

City of London crematorium at Little See also:

• ILFORD [GREAT ILFORD]

Ilford, opened in 1905, with 23 for 1906 and a total of 46; the See also:

• LEEDS
• LEEDS, THOMAS OSBORNE

Leeds crematorium, opened in 1905, with 15 in 1906 and a total of 42; the See also:

• BRADFORD
• BRADFORD, JOHN (1510?—1555)
• BRADFORD, WILLIAM (1590—1657)
• BRADFORD, WILLIAM (1663—1752)
• BRADFORD, WILLIAM (1827—1892)

Bradford Corporation crematorium, opened in 1905, with 13 in 1906, and a total of 20; and the See also:

• SHEFFIELD
• SHEFFIELD, JOHN BAKER HOLROYD, 1ST EARL

Sheffield Corporation crematorium, opened in 1905, with 6 in 1906 and a total of 26 .

Thus there were 739 cremations in the United Kingdom in 1906, making a total at the above crematoria down to September 1st, 1907, of 6158 . The Golder's Green crematorium, situated on the See also:

• NORTHERN

northern boundary of Hampstead See also:

• HEATH
• HEATH, BENJAMIN (1704-1766)
• HEATH, WILLIAM (1737—1814)

Heath, stands in its own grounds of 12 acres, and is but 35 minutes' drive from See also:

• OXFORD
• OXFORD, EARLS OF
• OXFORD, EDWARD DE VERE, 17TH EARL
• OXFORD, JOHN DE VERE, 13TH EARL OF (1443-1513)
• OXFORD, PROVISIONS OF
• OXFORD, ROBERT DE VERE, 9TH EARL OF (1362-1392)
• OXFORD, ROBERT HARLEY, 1ST

Oxford See also:

• CIRCUS (Lat. circus, Gr. Kipeos or Kptxot, a ring or' circle; probably " circus " and " ring " are of the same origin)

Circus . London thus has two crematoria within See also:

• DRIVING (from " to drive," i.e. generally to propel, force along or in, a word common in various forms to the Teutonic languages)

driving distance of its centre, and the Woking crematorium within easy reach of the See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south-See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

west suburbs . (J . C .