See also:

• CRIMEA (ancient Tauris or Tauric Chersonese, called by the Russians by the Tatar name Krym or Crim)

CRIMEA (See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient Tauris or Tauric See also:

• CHERSONESE, CHERSONESUS

Chersonese, called by the Russians by the Tatar name Krym or Crim)  , a See also:

• PENINSULA
• PENINSULA (Lat. paeninsula, from paene, almost, and insula, an island)

peninsula on the See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side of the See also:

• BLACK
• BLACK, ADAM (1784-1874)
• BLACK, JEREMIAH SULLIVAN (1810–1883)
• BLACK, WILLIAM (1841-1898)

Black See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

Sea, forming See also:

• PART

part of the See also:

• RUSSIAN

Russian See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government of See also:

• TAURIDA

Taurida, with the mainland of which it is connected by the See also:

• ISTHMUS (Gr.io0pbs, neck)

Isthmus of See also:

• PEREKOP

Perekop (3-4 M. across) . It is rudely rhomboid in shape, the angles being directed towards the See also:

• CARDINAL (Lat. cardinalis)

cardinal points, and See also:

• MEASURES

measures 200 M. between 440 23' and 46° 10' N., and I ro m. between 32° 30' and 36° 40' E . Its See also:

• AREA

area is 9700 sq. m . Its coasts are washed by the Black Sea, except on the north-See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

east, where is the Sivash or Putrid Sea, a shallow See also:

• LAGOON (Fr. lagune, Lat. lacuna, a pool)

lagoon separated from the Sea of See also:

• AZOV
• AZOV, SEA OF

Azov by the Arabat See also:

• SPIT

spit of See also:

• SAND
• SAND, GEORGE (1804-1876)

sand . The shores are broken by several bays and harbours—on the See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

west side of the Isthmus of Perekop by the See also:

• BAY

Bay of Karkinit; on the See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south-west by the open Bay of Kalamita, on the shores of which the See also:

• ALLIES, THOMAS WILLIAM (1813-1903)

allies landed in 1854, with the ports of See also:

• EUPATORIA (Russ. Evpatoria; also known as Kozlov and to the Turks as Gezlev)

Eupatoria, See also:

• SEVASTOPOL, or SEBASTOPOL

Sevastopol and See also:

• BALAKLAVA

Balaklava; by the Bay of Arabat on the north side of the Isthmus of Yenikale or See also:

• KERCH, or KERTCH

Kerch; and by the Bay of See also:

• KAFFA

Kaffa or Feodosiya (See also:

• THEODOSIA

Theodosia), with the See also:

• PORT

port of that name, on the south side of the same . The south-east See also:

• COAST (from Lat. costa, a rib, side)

coast is flanked at a distance of 5 to 8 m. from the sea by a parallel range of mountains, the Yaila-dagh, or Alpine Meadow mountains, and these are backed, inland, by secondary parallel ranges; but 75% of the remaining area consists of high arid See also:

• PRAIRIE (adopted from the Fr. prairie, a meadow-tract. Late Lat. prataria, Lat. pratum, meadow)

prairie lands, a southward continuation of the Pontic See also:

• STEPPES

steppes, which slope gently north-westwards from the See also:

• FOOT

foot of the Yaila-dagh: The See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

main range of these mountains shoots up with extraordinary abruptness from the deep See also:

• FLOOR (from O. Eng. flor, a word common to many Teutonic languages, cf. Dutch vloer, and Ger. Flur, a field, in the feminine, and a floor, masculine)

floor of the Black Sea to an See also:

• ALTITUDE (Lat. altitudo, from altus, high)

altitude of 2000 to 2500 ft., beginning at the south-west extremity of the peninsula, Cape Fiolente (anc . Parthenium), supposed to have been crowned by the See also:

• TEMPLE
• TEMPLE, FREDERICK (1821-1902)
• TEMPLE, RICHARD
• TEMPLE, SIR RICHARD, BART
• TEMPLE, SIR WILLIAM, BART

temple of See also:

• ARTEMIS

Artemis in which See also:

• IPHIGENEIA, or IPHIANASSA

Iphigeneia officiated as priestess . On the higher parts of this range are numerous See also:

• FLAT (a modification of O. Eng. flet, an obsolete word of Teutonic origin, meaning the ground beneath the feet)

flat See also:

• MOUNTAIN (0. Fr. montaigne; popular Lat. montanea, an adjectival form from the classical mons, montis, whence Eng. " mount," a form usually used along with the name of an individual mountain, e.g. Mt Everest)
• MOUNTAIN, THE (La Montagne)

mountain pastures (Turk. yailas), which, except for their scantier vegetation, are analogous to the almen of the Swiss See also:

• ALPS

Alps, and are crossed by various passes (bogaz), of which only six are available as See also:

• CARRIAGE

carriage roads . The most conspicuous summits in this range are the Demir-kapu or Kemal-egherek (5040 ft.), See also:

• ROMAN

Roman-kosh (5o6o ft.), Chatyr-dagh (5000 ft.), and Karabi-yaila (3975 ft.) . The second parallel range, which reaches altitudes of 1500 to 1900 ft., likewise presents steep crags to the south-east and a See also:

• GENTLE (through the Fr. gentil, from Lat. gentilis, belonging to the same gens, or family)

gentle slope towards the north-west . In the former slope are thousands of small caverns, probably inhabited in prehistoric times; and several See also:

• RIVERS
• RIVERS, ANTHONY WOODVILLE, or WYDEVILLE, 2ND EARL (c. 1442—1483)
• RIVERS, EARL
• RIVERS, RICHARD SAVAGE, 4TH EARL (c. 1660—1712)

rivers See also:

• PIERCE, FRANKLIN (1804—1869)

pierce the range in picturesque See also:

• GORGES, SIR FERDINANDO (c. 1566-1647)

gorges . A valley, 10 to 12 M. wide, separates this range from the main range, while another valley 2 to 3 M. across separates it from the third parallel range, which reaches altitudes of only 500 to 85o ft .

Evidences of a See also:

• FOURTH

fourth and still See also:

• LOWER

lower See also:

• RIDGE (a word. common to many Teutonic languages, meaning " back," whether of a man or an animal, cf. German Rucke)
• RIDGE, WILLIAM PETT (1864- )

ridge can be traced towards the south-west . A number of See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short streams, none of them anywhere navigable, leap down the flanks of the mountains by cascades in See also:

• SPRING (from " to spring," " to leap or jump up," " burst out," O. Eng., springau, a common Teut. word, cf. Ger. springer, possibly allied to Gr. QnrFpxecOac, to move rapidly)

spring, e.g. the Chernaya, Belbek, Kacha and See also:

• ALMA

Alma, to the Black Sea, and the Salghir, with its affluent, the Kara-su, to the Sivash lagoon . In point of See also:

• CLIMATE

climate and vegetation there exist marked See also:

• DIFFERENCES, CALCULUS OF (Theory of Finite Differences)

differences between the open steppes and the south-eastern littoral, with the slopes of the Yaila-dagh behind it . The former, although See also:

• GRASSES

grasses and See also:

• LILIACEAE

Liliaceae grow on them in See also:

• GREAT

great variety and luxuriance in the See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early spring, become completely parched up by See also:

• JULY

July and See also:

• AUGUST (originally Sextilis)

August, while the See also:

• AIR (from an Indo-European root meaning " breathe," " blow ")
• AIR, or ASBEN

air is then filled with clouds vu . 15of dust . There also high winds prevail, and snowstorms, See also:

• HAIL (O. Eng. kcegl and hagol, 1 cf. the cognate Teutonic hagel, as in German, Dutch, Swedish, &c.; the Gr. K&XX17E, pebble, is probably allied)

hail-storms and See also:

• FROST (a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch, vorst, Ger. Frost, from the common Teutonic verb meaning " to freeze," Dutch, vriezcn, Ger. frieren; the Indo-European root is seen in Lat. pruina, hoar-frost, cf. prurire, to itch, burn, pruna, burning coal, Sans
• FROST, WILLIAM EDWARD (1810–1877)

frost are of See also:

• COMMON

common occurrence . Nevertheless this region produces See also:

• WHEAT
• WHEAT (Triticum)

wheat and See also:

• BARLEY (Hordeum sativum)

barley, See also:

• RYE

rye and oats, and supports See also:

• NUMBERS, BOOK OF
• NUMBERS, PARTITION OF

numbers of See also:

• CATTLE (Norman Fr. catel, from Late Lat. capitale, wealth or property, a word applied in the feudal system to movable property and particularly to live stock, and surviving in its wider meaning as " chattel " or " chattle ")

cattle, See also:

• SHEEP
• SHEEP (from the Anglo-Saxon sceap, a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages; e.g. the German Schaf)

sheep and horses . Parts of the steppes are, however, impregnated with See also:

• SALT (a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch zout, Ger. Salz, Scand. salt; cognate with Gr. &Xs, Lat. sal)
• SALT, SIR TITUS, BART

salt, or studded with saline lakes; there nothing grows except the usual See also:

• SPECIES

species of See also:

• ARTEMISIA
• ARTEMISIA (159o-1642)

Artemisia and Salsola . As a See also:

• RULE

rule See also:

• WATER

water can only be obtained from See also:

• WELLS
• WELLS, CHARLES JEREMIAH (1798?–1879)
• WELLS, DAVID AMES (1828—1898)
• WELLS, HERBERT GEORGE (1866— )
• WELLS, SIR THOMAS SPENCER, 1ST BART

wells sunk 200 to 300 ft. deep, and artesian wells are now being bored in considerable numbers . All over the steppes are scattered numerous kurgans or See also:

• BURIAL

burial-mounds of the See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient Scythians . The picture which lies behind the sheltering See also:

• SCREEN (usually, but very doubtfully, connected with Lat. scrinium, a box for holding books, from scribere, to write; a connexion with Ger. Schranke, barrier, has been suggested)

screen of the Yailadagh is of an altogether different See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character . Here the narrow See also:

• STRIP

strip of coast and the slopes of the mountains are smothered with greenery .

This Russian See also:

• RIVIERA

Riviera stretches all along the, south-east coast from Cape Sarych (extreme S.) to Feodosiya (Theodosia), and is studded with summer sea-bathing resorts—Alupka, See also:

• YALTA

Yalta, Gursuv, Alushta, Sudak, Theodosia . Numerous Tatar villages, mosques, monasteries, palaces of the Russian imperial See also:

• FAMILY

family and Russian nobles, and picturesque ruins of ancient See also:

• GREEK
• GREEK, ETRUSCAN AND

Greek and See also:

• MEDIEVAL

medieval fortresses and other buildings cling to the acclivities and nestle amongst the underwoods of See also:

• HAZEL (0. Eng. hresell; cf. Ger. Hasel, Swed. and Dan. Kassel, &c.,; Fr. noiselier, coudrier)

hazel and other nuts, the groves of bays, cypresses, mulberries, See also:

• FIGS

figs, See also:

• OLIVES, MOUNT OF, or MOUNT OLIVET ("Opus 'EXc uwos or riov 'EXauav; mod. Jebel-et-Tur)

olives and pomegranates, amongst the vineyards, the See also:

• TOBACCO

tobacco plantations, and gardens See also:

• GAY, JOHN (1685-1732)
• GAY, MARIE FRANCOISE SOPHIE (1776-1852)
• GAY, WALTER (1856– )

gay with all sorts of See also:

• FLOWERS, ARTIFICIAL

flowers; while the higher slopes of the mountains are thickly clothed with forests of See also:

• OAK (O. Eng., (lc)

oak, See also:

• BEECH

beech, See also:

• ELM

elm, pines, firs and other Coniferae . Here have become acclimatized, and grow in the open air, such See also:

• PLANTS

plants as magnolias, oleanders, See also:

• TULIP (Tulipa)

tulip trees, bignonias, myrtles, camellias, mimosas and many See also:

• TENDER

tender See also:

• FRUIT (through the French from the Lat. fructus; frui, to enjoy)

fruit-trees . Vineyards See also:

• COVER (from the Fr. convert, from couvrir, to cover, Lat. cooperire)

cover over 19,000 acres, and the See also:

• WINE (Lat. vinum, Gr. oivos)

wine they yield (31 million gallons annually) enjoys a high reputation . Fruits of all kinds are produced in abundance . In some winters the tops of the mountains are covered with See also:

• SNOW (in O. Eng. sndw; a common Indo-European word; cf. in Teutonic languages, Ger. Schnee, Du. sneeuw; in Slavonic snieg', Lith. snegas; Gr. vi4a, Lat. nix, nivis, whence the Romanic forms, Ital. neve, Fr. neige, &c.; Ir. and Gael. sneachd; the original

snow, but snow seldom falls to the south of them, and See also:

• ICE (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Eis)

ice, too, is rarely seen in the same districts . The See also:

• HEAT (0. E. haktu, which like " hot," Old Eng. hat, is from the Teutonic type haita, hit, to be hot; cf. Ger. hitze, heiss; Dutch, hitte, heet, &c.)

heat of summer is moderated by breezes off the sea, and the nights are cool and serene; the winters are mild and healthy . See also:

• FEVER (Lat. febris, connected with fervere, to burn)

Fever and See also:

• AGUE (from Lat. acuta, sharp; sc. febris, fever)

ague prevail in the lower-lying districts for a few See also:

• WEEKS, EDWIN LORD (1849-1903)

weeks in autumn . Dense fogs occur sometimes in See also:

• MARCH
• MARCH (1) (from Fr. marcher, to walk; the earliest sense in French appears to be " to trample," and the origin has usually been found in the Lat. marcus, hammer; Low Lat. marcare, to hammer; hence to beat the road with the regular tread of a soldier: cf.
• MARCH, AUZIAS (c. "1395-1458)
• MARCH, EARLS OF
• MARCH, FRANCIS ANDREW (1825– )

March, See also:

• APRIL

April and May, but seldom penetrate inland . The difference of climate between the different parts of the See also:

• CRIMEA (ancient Tauris or Tauric Chersonese, called by the Russians by the Tatar name Krym or Crim)

Crimea is illustrated by the following data: See also:

• ANNUAL

annual mean, at Melitopol, on the See also:

• STEPPE (from the Russ. stepi, a waste)

steppe N. of Perekop, 48° Fahr.; at See also:

• SIMFEROPOL

Simferopol, just within the mountains, 50°; at Yalta, on the south-east coast, 56.5°; the respective See also:

• JANUARY

January means being 20°, 310 and 39.50, and the July means 74°, 7o° and 75.5° . The rainfall is small all over the peninsula, the annual See also:

• AVERAGE

average on the steppes being 13.8 in., at Simferopol 17.5, and at Yalta 18 in . It varies greatly, however, from See also:

• YEAR

year to year; thus at Simferopol it ranges between the extremes of 7.5 and 26.4 in .

Other products of the -Crimea, besides those already mentioned, are salt, See also:

• PORPHYRY (IlopcPisptos) (A.D. 233-c. 304)

porphyry and See also:

• LIMESTONE

limestone, `and ironstone has recently been brought to See also:

• LIGHT

light at Kerch . See also:

• FISH (O. Eng. fist, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dutch visch, Ger. Fisch, Goth. fisks, cognate with the Lat. piscis)
• FISH, HAMILTON (1808-1893)

Fish abound all See also:

• ROUND (O. Fr. rond, Lat. rotundus, the Fr. is the source also of Du. rond; Ger., Swed., Dan. and Nor. rond)

round the coast, such as red and See also:

• GREY, CHARLES GREY, 2ND EARL (1764-1845)
• GREY, HENRY GREY, 3RD EARL (1802-1894)
• GREY, LADY JANE (1537-1554)
• GREY, SIR EDWARD
• GREY, SIR GEORGE (1812–1898)

grey See also:

• MULLET

mullet, See also:

• HERRING (Clupea harengus, Haring in German, le hareng in French, sill in Swedish)

herring, See also:

• MACKEREL

mackerel, turbot, soles, See also:

• PLAICE (Pleuronectes platessa)

plaice, See also:

• WHITING
• WHITING (Gadus merlangus)

whiting, See also:

• BREAM (Abramis)

bream, See also:

• HADDOCK (Gadus aeglefinus)

haddock, See also:

• PILCHARD (in earlier 16th century forms pylcher, pilchar; of unknown origin; the Fr. pilseir is adapted from Eng.)

pilchard, a species of See also:

• PIKE
• PIKE, ZEBULON MONTGOMERY (1779-1813)

pike, See also:

• WHITEBAIT

whitebait, eels, See also:

• SALMON
• SALMON, GEORGE (1819-1904)

salmon and See also:

• STURGEON (Acipenser)

sturgeon . Manufacturing See also:

• INDUSTRIES

industries are represented by See also:

• SHIPBUILDING

shipbuilding, See also:

• FLOUR

flour-See also:

• MILLS, JOHN (d. 1736)
• MILLS, ROGER QUARLES (1832– )

mills, ironworks, jam and See also:

• PICKLE

pickle factories, See also:

• SOAP

soap-See also:

• WORKS

works and tanneries . The See also:

• TATARS (the common form Tartars is less correct)

Tatars excel in a great variety of domestic industries, especially in the working of See also:

• LEATHER (a word which appears in all Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Leder, Dutch leer or leder, Swed. leder, and in such Celtic forms as Welsh llader)
• LEATHER, ARTIFICIAL

leather, See also:

• WOOL, WORSTED AND WOOLLEN MANUFACTURES

wool and See also:

• METAL
• METAL (through Fr. from Lat. metallum, mine, quarry, adapted from Gr. µATaXAov, in the same sense, probably connected with ,ueraAAdv, to search after, explore, µeTa, after, aAAos, other)

metal . A railway, coming from See also:

• KHARKOV

Kharkov, crosses the peninsula from north to south, terminating at Sevastopol and sending off See also:

• BRANCH (from the Fr. branche, late Lat. branca, an animal's paw)

branch lines to Theodosia and Kerch . The bulk of the See also:

• POPULATION (Lat. populus, people; populare, to populate)

population consist of Tatars, who, however, are racially modified by intermarriage with Greeks and other ethnic elements . The See also:

• REMAINDER, REVERSION

remainder of the population is made up of Russians, Germans, Karaite See also:

• JEWS
• JEWS (Heb. Y8hudi, man of Judah; Gr. 'Iovbaiot; Lat. Judaei)

Jews, Greeks and a few Albanians . The See also:

• TOTAL

total in 1897 was 853,900, of whom only 150,000 lived in the towns . Simferopol is the See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief See also:

• TOWN

town; others of See also:

• NOTE
• NOTE (Lat. nota, mark, sign, from noscere, to know)

note, in addition to those already named, are Eupatoria and Bakhchisarai, the old Tatar See also:

• CAPITAL (i.e. capital stock or fund)
• CAPITAL (Lat. caput, head)

capital . See also:

• HISTORY

History.—The earliest inhabitants of whom we have any See also:

• AUTHENTIC (from Gr. aOO 'rns, one who does a thing himself)

authentic traces were the See also:

• CELTIC

Celtic Cimmerians, who were expelled [1 by the Scythians during the 7th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century B.C . A remnant, who took See also:

• REFUGE

refuge in the mountains, became known subsequently as the See also:

• TAURI

Tauri . In that same century Greek colonists began to See also:

• SETTLE
• SETTLE, ELKANAH (1648–1724)

settle on the coasts, e.g .

See also:

• DORIANS

Dorians from See also:

• HERACLEA

Heraclea at Chersonesus, and See also:

• IONIANS

Ionians from See also:

• MILETUS (mod. Palatia)

Miletus at Theodosia and Panticapaeum (also called See also:

• BOSPORUS, or BOSPHORUS (Gr. Boo-iopos=ox-ford, tradition-ally connected with Io, daughter of Inachus, who, in the form of a heifer, crossed the Thracian Bosporus on her wanderings)

Bosporus) . Two centuries later (438 B.c.) the See also:

• ARCHON (apywv, ruler)

archon or ruler of the last-named assumed the See also:

• TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title of See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king of Bosporus, a See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state which maintained See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close relations with See also:

• ATHENS
• ATHENS ['AN vat, Athenae, modem colloquial Greek `Ath va]

Athens, supplying that See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city with wheat and other commodities . The last of these See also:

• KINGS, FIRST AND SECOND BOOKS OF

kings, Paerisades V., being hard pressed by the Scythians, put himself under the See also:

• PROTECTION

protection of See also:

• MITHRADATES

Mithradates VI., king of See also:

• PONTUS

Pontus, in 114 B.C . After the See also:

• DEATH

death of this latter See also:

• SOVEREIGN

sovereign his son Pharnaces, as a See also:

• REWARD

reward for assistance rendered to the See also:

• ROMANS
• ROMANS, EPISTLE TO THE

Romans in their See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war against his See also:

• FATHER

father, was (63 B.c.) invested by See also:

• POMPEY

Pompey with the See also:

• KINGDOM

kingdom of Bosporus . In 15 B.C. it was once more restored to the king of Pontus, but henceforward ranked as a tributary state of See also:

• ROME
• ROME (Roma)

Rome . During the succeeding centuries the Crimea was overrun or occupied successively by the Goths (A.D . 250), the See also:

• HUNS

Huns (376), the See also:

• KHAZARS (known also as Chozars, as 'Aal r?'rpor or X6 apor in Byzantine writers, as Khazirs in Armenian and Khwalisses in Russian chronicles, and Ugri Bielii in Nestor)

Khazars (8th century), the See also:

• BYZANTINE

Byzantine Greeks (1016), the Kipchaks (1050), and the See also:

• MONGOLS

Mongols (1237) . In the 13th century the Genoese destroyed or seized the settlements which their rivals the Venetians had made on the See also:

• CRIMEAN

Crimean coasts, and established themselves at Eupatoria, Cembalo (Balaklava), Soldaia (Sudak), and Kaffa (Theodosia), flourishing trading towns, which existed down to the See also:

• CONQUEST

conquest of the peninsula by the See also:

• OTTOMAN

Ottoman See also:

• TURKS

Turks in 1475 . Meanwhile the Tatars had got a See also:

• FIRM

firm footing in the See also:

• NORTHERN

northern and central parts of the peninsula as early as the 13th century, and after the destruction of the See also:

• GOLDEN

Golden See also:

• HORDE

Horde by Tamerlane they founded an See also:

• INDEPENDENT

independent khanate under a descendant of Jenghiz See also:

• KHAN (from the Turki, hence Persian and Arabic Khan)

Khan, who is known as Hadji Ghirai . He and his successors reigned first at Solkhat (Eski-krym), and from the beginning of the 15th century at Bakhchi-sarai . But from 1478 they ruled as tributary princes of the Ottoman See also:

• EMPIRE

empire down to 1777, when having been defeated by See also:

• SUVAROV

Suvarov they became dependent upon See also:

• RUSSIA
• RUSSIA (Rossiya)

Russia, and finally in 1783 the whole of the Crimea was annexed to the Russian empire . Since that date the only important phase of its history has been the Crimean War of 1854-56, which is treated of under a See also:

• SEPARATE

separate See also:

• ARTICLE (from Lat. articulus, a joint)

article .

At various times, e.g. after the acquisition by Russia, after the Crimean War of 1854-56, and in the first years of the loth century, the Tatars emigrated in large numbers to the Ottoman empire . See Antiquites du Bosphore cimmerien (3 vols., St See also:

• PETERSBURG

Petersburg, 1854) ; C . Bossoll, The Beautiful Scenery of the Crimea (52 large drawings, Lon Jon, 1855–1856); P . See also:

• BRUNN (Czech Brno)

Brunn, Notices hist. et topogr. concernant See also:

• LES

les colonies italiennes en Gazarie (St Petersburg, 1866); J . B . Telfer, The Crimea and See also:

• TRANSCAUCASIA

Transcaucasia (2 vols., See also:

• LONDON

London, 2nd ed., 1877) ; F . Remy, See also:

• DIE
• DIE (Fr. de, from Lat. datum, given)

Die Krim in ethnographischer, landschaftlicher and hygienischer Beziehung (See also:

• LEIPZIG

Leipzig, 1872); See also:

• JOSEPH
• JOSEPH, COMTE DE (1785-1870)
• JOSEPH, FATHER (FRANCOIS LECLERC DU TREMBLAY) (1577-1638)

Joseph, See also:

• BARON
• BARON (1835-1895)
• BARON, MICHEL (1653—1729)

Baron von See also:

• HAMMER, FRIEDRICH JULIUS (1810-1862)

Hammer-Purgstall, Geschichte der Chane der Krim unter osmanischer Herrschaft (See also:

• VIENNA (Ger. Wien; Lat. Vindobona)
• VIENNA, CONGRESS OF (1814-1815)

Vienna, 1856) ; M . G . See also:

• CANALE (or CANALETTO), ANTONIO (1697-1768)

Canale, Della Crimea e dei suoi dominatori See also:

• DALLE (pronounced " dal," Fr. for a flag-stone or flat tile)

dalle See also:

• SUE, EUGENE [JosEPH MARIE] (1804—1857)

sue origini fino al trattato di Parigi (3 vols., See also:

• GENOA (anc. Genua, Ital. Genova, Fr. GPnes)

Genoa, 1855–1856) ; and See also:

• SIR

Sir See also:

• EVELYN, JOHN (1620-1706)

Evelyn See also:

• WOOD, ANTHONY A2 (1632-1695)
• WOOD, JOHN GEORGE (1827—1889)
• WOOD, MRS HENRY [ELLEN] (1814—1887)
• WOOD, SEARLES VALENTINE (1798—188o)

Wood, The Crimea in 1854 and 1894 (London, 1895) . (See also BOSPORUS CIMMERIUS.) (P . A . K.; J .

T .