CARLO See also:

• CARLO CRIVELLI

CRIVELLI  , Venetian painter, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born in the earlier See also:

• PART

part of the 15th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century . The only See also:

• DATES

dates that can with certainty be given are 1468 and 1493; these are respectively the earliest and the latest years signed on his pictures—the former on an See also:

• ALTAR (Lat. altare, from alias, high; some ancient etymological guesses are recorded by St Isidore of Seville in Etymologiae xv. 4)

altar-piece in the See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

church of See also:

• SAN

San Silvestro at See also:

• MASSA

Massa near See also:

• FERMO (anc. 1%irmum Picenum)

Fermo, and the latter on a picture in the Oggioni collection in See also:

• MILAN
• MILAN (Ital. Milano, Ger. Mailand, anc. Mediolanum, q.v.)

Milan . Though born in See also:

• VENICE
• VENICE (continued)
• VENICE (Venezia)

Venice, See also:

• CRIVELLI, CARLO

Crivelli seems to have worked chiefly in the See also:

• MARCH
• MARCH (1) (from Fr. marcher, to walk; the earliest sense in French appears to be " to trample," and the origin has usually been found in the Lat. marcus, hammer; Low Lat. marcare, to hammer; hence to beat the road with the regular tread of a soldier: cf.
• MARCH, AUZIAS (c. "1395-1458)
• MARCH, EARLS OF
• MARCH, FRANCIS ANDREW (1825– )

March of See also:

• ANCONA
• ANCONA, ALESSANDRO (1835– )

Ancona, and especially in and near See also:

• ASCOLI
• ASCOLI, GRAZIADIO ISAIA (1829–1907)

Ascoli; there are only two pictures of his proper to a Venetian See also:

• BUILDING

building, both of these being in the church of San Sebastiano . He is said to have studied under Jacobello del Fiore, who was See also:

• PAINTING

painting as See also:

• LATE

late at any See also:

• RATE

rate as 1436; at that See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time Crivelli was probably only a boy . The latter always signed as " Carolus Crivellus Venetus "; from 1490 he added " See also:

• MILES, NELSON APPLETON (1839— )

Miles," having been then knighted (" See also:

• CAVALIERE, EMILIO DEL

Cavaliere ") by See also:

• FERDINAND
• FERDINAND (1577-1650)
• FERDINAND (COLOGNE)
• FERDINAND (Span. Fernando or Hernando; Ital. Ferdinando or Ferrante; in O. H. Ger. Herinand, i.e. " brave in the host," from O. H. G. Heri, "army," A. S. here, Mod. Ger. Heer, and the Goth. nan]jan, " to dare ")
• FERDINAND, MAXIMILIAN KARL LEOPOLD MARIA

Ferdinand II. of See also:

• NAPLES
• NAPLES (Ital. Napoli, and Lat. Neapolis)
• NAPLES, KINGDOM OF

Naples . He painted in See also:

• TEMPERA (the Italian term), or DISTEMPER

tempera only, and is seen to most See also:

• ADVANTAGE

advantage in subject pictures of moderate See also:

• SIZE

size . He introduced agreeable landscape back-grounds; and was particularly partial to giving fruits and See also:

• FLOWERS, ARTIFICIAL

flowers (the See also:

• PEACH
• PEACH, CHARLES WILLIAM (1800-1886)

peach is one of his favourite fruits) as accessories, often in pendent festoons . The See also:

• NATIONAL

National See also:

• GALLERY (through Ital. galleria, from Med. Lat. galeria, of which the origin is unknown)

Gallery in See also:

• LONDON

London is well supplied with examples of Crivelli; the " See also:

• ANNUNCIATION

Annunciation," and the " Beato Ferretti " (of the same See also:

• FAMILY

family as See also:

• POPE (Gr. irarraas, post-classical Lat. papa, father)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1688–1744)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1763-1835)
• POPE, JANE (1742-1818)
• POPE, JOHN (1822-1892)
• POPE, SIR THOMAS (c. 1507-1559)

Pope See also:

• PIUS

Pius IX.) in religious See also:

• ECSTASY (Gr. iarra(TLc, from i LarliU, put out of its place, alter)

ecstasy, may be specified . Another of his See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal pictures is in San See also:

• FRANCESCO
• FRANCESCO, 210

Francesco di Matelica; in See also:

• BERLIN
• BERLIN, CONGRESS AND TREATY OF
• BERLIN, ISAIAH (1725–1799)

Berlin is a " Madonna and See also:

• SAINTS, BATTLE OF THE

Saints " (1491) ; in the Vatican Gallery a " Dead See also:

• CHRIST (Gr. X pLQTOS, Anointed)
• CHRIST, WILHELM VON (1831-1906)

Christ," and in the Brera of Milan the painter's own portrait, with other examples . Crivelli is a painter of marked individuality,—hard in See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form, crudely definite in See also:

• CONTOUR

contour; stern, forced, energetic, almost See also:

• GROTESQUE

grotesque and repellent, in feature and expression, and yet well capable of a See also:

• PRIM, JUAN, MARQUIS DE LOS CASTILLEJOS, COUNT DE REDS (1814-187o)

prim sort of prettiness; simply vigorous in his effect of detachment and See also:

• RELIEF

relief, and sometimes admitting into his pictures See also:

• OBJECTS

objects actually raised in See also:

• SURFACE

surface; distinct and warm in See also:

• COLOUR (Lat. color, connected with celare, to hide, the root meaning, therefore, being that of a covering)

colour, with an effect at once harsh and harmonious . His pictures gain by being seen in See also:

• HALF

half-See also:

• LIGHT

light, and at some little distance; under favouring conditions they grip the spectator with uncommon See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power . Few artists seem to have worked with more uniformity of purpose, or more forthright command of his materials, so far as they go .

It is surmised that Carlo was of the same family as the painters Donato Crivelli (who was working in 1459, and was also a See also:

• SCHOLAR, SCHOLARSHIP

scholar of Jacobello) and See also:

• VITTORIO

Vittorio Crivelli . Pietro See also:

• ALAMANNI, or ALEMANNI, LUIGI (1495-1556)
• ALAMANNI, or ALLEMANNI

Alamanni was his See also:

• PUPIL (Lat. pupillus, orphan, minor, dim. of pupus, boy, allied to puer, from root pm- or peu-, to beget, cf. "pupa," Lat. for " doll," the name given to the stage intervening between the larval and imaginal stages in certain insects)

pupil . See, along with See also:

• CROWE, EYRE EVANS (1799-1868)
• CROWE, SIR JOSEPH ARCHER (1828-1896)

Crowe and Cavalcaselle, Berenson, Venetian Painters of the See also:

• RENAISSANCE, THE

Renaissance (1899) ; See also:

• MORELLI, GIOVANNI (1816-1891)

Morelli, See also:

• ITALIAN

Italian Painters (1892-1893) ; Rushforth, Carlo Crivelli (1900) . (W . M . R.) CROATIA-SLAVONIA (Serbo-Croatian Hrvatska i Slavonija; Hung . Horvdt-Szlavonorszdg; Ger . Kroatien and Slawonien), a See also:

• KINGDOM

kingdom of the Hungarian See also:

• MONARCHY (Fr. monarchic, from Lat. monarchia, Gr. uovapXia, rule of one, µbvos, alone, apXi7, rule)

monarchy; bounded on the N. by See also:

• CARNIOLA (Ger. Krain)

Carniola, See also:

• STYRIA (German, Steiermark or Steyermark)

Styria and See also:

• HUNGARY
• HUNGARY (Hungarian Magyarorszdg)

Hungary proper; E. by Hungary and See also:

• SERVIA

Servia; S. by Servia, Bosnia and See also:

• DALMATIA (Ger. Dalmatien; Ital. Dalmazia; Serbo-Croatian, Dalmacija)

Dalmatia; and W. by the Adriatic See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

Sea, See also:

• ISTRIA (Ger. Istrien)

Istria and Carniola . Until 1881 Croatia, in the N.W. of this region, was divided from Slavonia, in the N.E., by a See also:

• SECTION
• SECTION (Lat. sectio, cutting, secare, to cut)

section of the See also:

• AUSTRIAN

Austrian Military Frontier . This section is now the See also:

• COUNTY (through Norm. Fr. comae, cf. O. Fr. cunte, conk', Mod. Fr. comae, from Lat. comitatus, cf. Ital. comitato, Prov. comtat; see COUNT)

county of Bjelovar, and forms part of the See also:

• UNITED

united kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia . The See also:

• RIVER

river Kulpa, which bisects the county of See also:

• AGRAM (Hungarian Zagreb, Croatian Zagreb)

Agram, is usually regarded as the See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north-eastern limit of the See also:

• BALKAN

Balkan See also:

• PENINSULA
• PENINSULA (Lat. paeninsula, from paene, almost, and insula, an island)

Peninsula; and thus the greater part of Croatia, lying See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south of this river, falls within the See also:

• PENINSULAR

peninsular boundary, while the See also:

• REMAINDER, REVERSION

remainder, with all Slavonia, belongs to the See also:

• CONTINENTAL

continental mainland . According to the See also:

• OFFICIAL (Late Lat. QJicialis, for class. Lat. apparitor, from officium, office, duty)

official survey of 1900, the See also:

• TOTAL

total See also:

• AREA

area of the See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country is 16,423 sq. m .

The Croatian littoral extends for about 90 M. from See also:

• FIUME (Slay. Rjeka, Rieka or Reka, Ger. St Veit am Flaum)

Fiume to the Dalmatian frontier . A narrow strait, the See also:

• CANALE (or CANALETTO), ANTONIO (1697-1768)

Canale della Morlacca (or della Montagna), separates it from See also:

• VEGLIA (Slavonic, Krk)

Veglia, Arbe, Pago and other Istrian or Dalmatian islands . The See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city and territories of Fiume, the See also:

• SOLE (Solea)

sole important See also:

• HARBOUR (from M.E. hereberge, here, an army; cf. Ger. Heer and -beorg, protection or shelter. Other early forms in English were herberwe and haiborow, as seen in various place names, such as Market Harborough.. The French auberge, an inn, derived through

harbour on this See also:

• COAST (from Lat. costa, a rib, side)

coast, are included in Hungary proper, and controlled by the See also:

• BUDAPEST

Budapest See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government . Westward from See also:

• WARASDIN (Hungarian, Varasd; Croatian, Varaz'din)

Warasdin, and along the See also:

• BORDERS, THE

borders of Styria, Carniola, Istria, Dalmatia and north-western Bosnia, the frontier is generally mountainous and follows an irregular course . The central and eastern region, situated between the See also:

• DRAVE, or DRAVA (Ger. Drau, Hung. Drava, Lat. Dravus)

Drave and See also:

• DANUBE (Ger. Donau, Hungarian Duna, Rumanian Dunarea, Lat. Danubius or Danuvius, and in the lower part of its course Ister)

Danube on the north, and the See also:

• SAVE, or SAVA (Ger. Sau; Hungarian Szdva; Lat. Savus)

Save on the south, forms one See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long See also:

• WEDGE (O. Eng. wecg, a mass of metal, cognate with Dutch wig, wigge, Dan. vaegge, &c.; in Lith. the cognate form outside Teut. is found in wagis, a peg, spigot; there is no connexion with " weigh," " weight," which must be referred to the root wegh, to li

wedge, with its point at See also:

• SEMLIN (Hungarian, Zimony; Servian, Zemun)

Semlin . See also:

• PHYSICAL

Physical Features.—Croatia-Slavonia is naturally divided into two See also:

• GREAT

great sections, the See also:

• HIGHLANDS, THE

highlands of the See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

west and the See also:

• LOW, SETH (1850- )
• LOW, WILL HICOK (1853- )

low-lands of the See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

east . The See also:

• PLATEAU (a French term, older platel, for a flat piece of wood, metal, &c., from plat, flat)
• PLATEAU, JOSEPH ANTOINE FERDINAND (1801-1883)

plateau of the Istrian See also:

• KARST

Karst is prolonged in several of the See also:

• BARE

bare and desolate See also:

• MOUNTAIN (0. Fr. montaigne; popular Lat. montanea, an adjectival form from the classical mons, montis, whence Eng. " mount," a form usually used along with the name of an individual mountain, e.g. Mt Everest)
• MOUNTAIN, THE (La Montagne)

mountain chains between the Save and the Adriatic, notably the Great and Little Kapella (or Kapela), which See also:

• LINK

link together the Karst and the Dinaric See also:

• ALPS

Alps, culminating in Biela Lazica (5029 ft.); the Pljesevica or Plisevica Planina (5410 ft.), overlooking the valley of the river Una ; and the Velebit Planina, which follows the westward See also:

• CURVE (Lat. curvus, bent)

curve of the coast, and rises above the sea in an abrupt See also:

• WALL (O. Eng. weal, weall, Mid. Eng. wal, wane, adapted from Lat. vallum, rampart; the original O. Eng. word for a wall was wag or tenth)
• WALL, RICHARD (1694-1778)

wall, unbroken by any considerable See also:

• BAY

bay or inlet . As it skirts the Dalmatian border, this range attains its greatest See also:

• ALTITUDE (Lat. altitudo, from altus, high)

altitude in the adjacent peaks of Sveto Brdo (5751 ft.), and Vakanski Vrh (5768 ft.) . Large tracts of the Croatian highlands are well-nigh waterless, and it is only in the more sheltered hollc ws that sufficient See also:

• SOIL

soil collects for large trees to flourish . In See also:

• NORTHERN

northern Croatia and Slavonia the mountains are far more fertile, being often densely wooded with oaks, beeches and pines . They comprise the Uskoken Gebirge, or See also:

• USKOKS

Uskoks Mountains, named after the piratical Uskoks (q.v.) of See also:

• ZENGG(Hungarian, Zeng; Croatian, Senj; Italian, Segna)

Zengg, who were deported hither after the fall of their stronghold in 1617; the Warasdin Mountains, with the See also:

• PEAK, THE

peak of Ivanscica (3478 ft.); the Agram Mountains, culminating in Sljeme or Slema (3396 ft.), and including the beautiful stretches of Alpine pasture known as the Zagorje, or " See also:

• LAND

land beyond the hills "; the Bilo Gebirge, or See also:

• WHITE
• WHITE, ANDREW DICKSON (1832– )
• WHITE, GILBERT (1720–1793)
• WHITE, HENRY KIRKE (1785-1806)
• WHITE, HUGH LAWSON (1773-1840)
• WHITE, JOSEPH BLANCO (1775-1841)
• WHITE, RICHARD GRANT (1822-1885)
• WHITE, ROBERT (1645-1704)
• WHITE, SIR GEORGE STUART (1835– )
• WHITE, SIR THOMAS (1492-1567)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM ARTHUR (1824--1891)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM HENRY (1845– )
• WHITE, THOMAS (1628-1698)
• WHITE, THOMAS (c. 1550-1624)

White Mountains, a low range of See also:

• CHALK

chalk, and, farther to the south, several See also:

• GROUPS
• GROUPS, THEORY

groups of mountains, among which Psunj (3228 ft.), Papuk (3217 ft.) Crni Vrh (2833 ft.), and the Ravna Gora (2808 ft.) are the See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief summits . All these ranges, except the Uskoken Gebirge, constitute the central See also:

• WATERSHED

watershed of the kingdom, between the Drave and Save .

In the east Slavonian county of Syrmia 1 the Fruska Gora or Vrdnik Mountains rise to a height of 1768 ft. along the See also:

• SOUTHERN

southern See also:

• BANK

bank of the Danube, their picturesque vineyards and See also:

• PINE (Lat. Pinus, Gr. srlrur)

pine or See also:

• OAK (O. Eng., (lc)

oak See also:

• WOODS, LEONARD (1774-1854)
• WOODS, SIR ALBERT (1816-1904)

woods contrasting strongly with the plains that surround them . The lowlands, in the valleys of the Drave, Danube, Save and Kulpa, belong partly to the great Hungarian Plains, or Alfold . Besides the sterile and monotonous See also:

• STEPPES

steppes, valuable only as pasture, and so sparsely populated that it is possible to travel for many See also:

• HOURS, CANONICAL

hours without encountering any sign of human See also:

• LIFE

life except a See also:

• PRIMITIVE

primitive artesian well or a shepherd's hut, there are wide expanses of fen-country, regularly flooded in See also:

• SPRING (from " to spring," " to leap or jump up," " burst out," O. Eng., springau, a common Teut. word, cf. Ger. springer, possibly allied to Gr. QnrFpxecOac, to move rapidly)

spring and autumn . The marshes which See also:

• LINE

line the Save below See also:

• SISSEK (Hungarian, Sziszek; Croatian, Sisak)

Sissek are often impassable except at See also:

• BROD

Brod and See also:

• MITROVICA (Hungarian, Mitrovicz; German, Mitrowitz)

Mitrovica, and the river is constantly scooping out fresh channels in the soft soil, only to abandon each in turn . The total area liable to yearly inundation exceeds 200 sq. m . But along the Drave and Danube the plains are sometimes strikingly fertile, and yield an abundance of See also:

• GRAIN (derived through the French from Lat. granum, seed, from an Aryan root meaning " to wear down," which also appears in the common Teutonic word " corn ")

grain, See also:

• FRUIT (through the French from the Lat. fructus; frui, to enjoy)

fruit and See also:

• WINE (Lat. vinum, Gr. oivos)

wine . The See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

main See also:

• RIVERS
• RIVERS, ANTHONY WOODVILLE, or WYDEVILLE, 2ND EARL (c. 1442—1483)
• RIVERS, EARL
• RIVERS, RICHARD SAVAGE, 4TH EARL (c. 1660—1712)

rivers of Croatia-Slavonia, the Danube, Drave and Save, are fully described under See also:

• SEPARATE

separate headings . After reaching Croatian territory 13 M . N.W. of Warasdin, the Drave flows along the northern frontier for 155 m., receiving the Bednja and Karasnica on the right, and falling, near See also:

• ESSEG, ESSEGG

Esseg, into the Danube, which serves as the Hungaro-Slavonian boundary for an additional 116 m . The Save enters the country 16 m . W. of Agram, and, after winding for io6 m . S.E. to Jasenovac, constitutes the southern frontier for 253 m., and meets the Danube at See also:

• BELGRADE (Servian, Biograd or Beograd, i.e. " White Castle")

Belgrade .

It is joined by the Sotla, Krapina, Lonja, Ilova, Pakra and Oljana, which drain the central See also:

• WATER

water-See also:

• SHED

shed; but its only large tributaries are the Una, a Bosnian stream, which springs in the Dinaric Alps, and skirts the Croatian border for 40 M. before entering the Save at Jasenovac; and 1 Also written Sirmia and Sirmium; Serbo-Croatian Sriem; Hungarian Szerim.the Kulpa, which follows a tortuous course of 6o m. from its headwaters north of Fiume, to its confluence with the Save at Sissek . The Mreznica, Dobra, Glina and Korana are right-See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand tributaries of the Kulpa . In the Croatian Karst the seven streams of the Lika unite and plunge into a rocky chasm near Gospic, and the few small See also:

• BROOKS, CHARLES WILLIAM SHIRLEY (1816-1874)
• BROOKS, PHILLIPS (1835-1893)

brooks of this region usually vanish underground in a similar manner . Near Fiume, the Recina, Rjeka or Fiumara falls into the Adriatic after a brief course . There is no large See also:

• LAKE
• LAKE, GERARD LAKE, 1ST VISCOUNT (1744-1808)

lake in Croatia-Slavonia, but the upland pools and waterfalls of Plitvica, near Ogulin, are celebrated for their beauty . After a thaw or heavy See also:

• RAIN (O.E. regn; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Regen, Swed. and Dan. regn; it has been connected with Lat. rigare, to wet, Gr. 13pixeav)

rain, the subterranean rivers See also:

• FLOOD (in O. Eng. flod, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Flut, Dutch vloed, from the same root as is seen in " flow," " float ")
• FLOOD, HENRY (1732-1791)

flood the mountain hollows of the Karst; and a lake thus formed by the river Gajka, near Otocac, has occasionally filled its See also:

• BASIN, or BASON (the older form bacin is found in many of the Romanic languages, from the Late Lat. baccinus or bacchinus, probably derived from bacca, a bowl)
• BASIN, THOMAS (1412—1491)

basin to a See also:

• DEPTH

depth of 16o ft . Minerals.—The See also:

• MINERAL

mineral resources of the kingdom, though capable of further development, are not See also:

• RICH, BARNABE (c. 1540-1617)
• RICH, CLAUDIUS JAMES (1787-1821)
• RICH, JOHN (1692-1761)
• RICH, PENELOPE, LADY (c. 1562–1607)
• RICH, RICHARD, 1ST BARON RICH (1490?-1567)

rich . They are chiefly confined to the mountains, where See also:

• IRON [symbol Fe, atomic weight 55.85 (0=16)]

iron, See also:

• COAL

coal, See also:

• COPPER (symbol Cu, atomic weight 63.1, H=1, or 63.6, O = 16)

copper, See also:

• LEAD
• LEAD (pronounced iced)

lead, See also:

• ZINC

zinc, See also:

• SILVER

silver and See also:

• SULPHUR

sulphur are See also:

• MINED

mined in small quantities . Warm mineral springs rise at Krapina, at Toplice near WI'arasdin, at Stubica near Agram, and elsewhere . See also:

• CLIMATE

Climate.—The climate of Croatia-Slavonia varies greatly in different regions . In the Karst it is liable to sudden and violent changes, and especially to the See also:

• BORE

bore, a fierce N.N.E. See also:

• WIND
• WIND (a common Teut. word, cognate with Skt. vats, Lat. ventus, cf. " weather," to be of course distinguished from to " wind," to coil or twist, O.Eng. windan, cf. "wander," "wend," &c.)

wind, which renders See also:

• NAVIGATION (from Lat. navis, ship, and agere, to move)

navigation perilous among the islands off the coast, and, in See also:

• WINTER, JOHN STRANGE
• WINTER, PETER (c. 1755-1825)

winter, blocks the roads and railway-cuttings with deep snowdrifts . The sheltered bays near Fiume enjoy an equable climate; but in all other districts the temperature in See also:

• MID

mid-winter falls regularly below zero, and the summer heats are excessive .

Earthquakes are See also:

• COMMON

common among the mountains, and the eastern lowlands are exposed to the great winds and sandstorms which sweep, down the Alfold . At Agram, during the years 1896-1900, the mean See also:

• ANNUAL

annual temperature was 52° F., with 34.6 in. of rain and See also:

• SNOW (in O. Eng. sndw; a common Indo-European word; cf. in Teutonic languages, Ger. Schnee, Du. sneeuw; in Slavonic snieg', Lith. snegas; Gr. vi4a, Lat. nix, nivis, whence the Romanic forms, Ital. neve, Fr. neige, &c.; Ir. and Gael. sneachd; the original

snow; at Fiume, the figures for the same See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period were 57° and 71 in . See also:

• AGRICULTURE
• AGRICULTURE (from Lat. ages, field, and colere, to cultivate)
• AGRICULTURE, BOARD OF

Agriculture.—The agricultural inquiry of 1895 showed that 94.5 % of the country consisted of arable land, gardens, vineyards, meadows, pastures and forests; but much of this area must be set down as mountainous and swampy pasture of poor quality . The richest land occurs in the Zagorje and its neighbourhood, in the hills near Warasdin and in the northern half of Syrmia . The Karst and the See also:

• FENS

fens are of least agricultural value . See also:

• INDIAN

Indian See also:

• CORN (a common Teutonic word; cf. Lat. granum, seed, grain)
• CORN (fromm Lat. corms, horn)

corn heads the See also:

• LIST (O.E. lisle, a Teutonic word, cf. Dut. lust, Ger. Leiste, adapted in Ital. lista and Fr. lisle)
• LIST, FRIEDRICH (1789-1846)

list of cereals, but See also:

• WHEAT
• WHEAT (Triticum)

wheat, oats, See also:

• RYE

rye and See also:

• BARLEY (Hordeum sativum)

barley are also cultivated, besides See also:

• HEMP (in O. Eng. henep, cf. Dutch hennep, Ger. Hanf , cognate with Gr. Kavval3er, Lat. cannabis)

hemp, See also:

• FLAX

flax, See also:

• TOBACCO

tobacco and large quantities of potatoes . The extensive See also:

• VINE

vine-yards were much injured by See also:

• PHYLLOXERA (Gr. 4suXXov, leaf, and Erlpbs, dry)

phylloxera towards the See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close of the 19th century . The Slavonian See also:

• PLUM

plum orchards furnish dried prunes, besides a See also:

• KIND (O. E. ge-cynde, from the same root as is seen in " kin," supra)

kind of See also:

• BRANDY

brandy largely exported under the name of sliwowitz or shlivovitsa . Near Fiume the See also:

• ORANGE
• ORANGE (Citrus Aurantium)
• ORANGE, HOUSE OF

orange, See also:

• LEMON
• LEMON, MARK (1809-1870)

lemon, See also:

• POMEGRANATE

pomegranate, fig and See also:

• OLIVE (Olea europaea)

olive See also:

• BEAR
• BEAR, BLACK
• BEAR, BROWN
• BEAR, GRIZZLY
• BEAR, ISABELLINE
• BEAR, WHITE

bear well; mulberries are planted on many estates for silkworms; and the heather-clad uplands of the central region favour the keeping of bees . Large herds of See also:

• SWINE

swine fatten in the oak and See also:

• BEECH

beech forests; and See also:

• DAIRY

dairy-farming is a thriving See also:

• INDUSTRY (Lat. industria, from indu-, a form of the pre, position in, and either stare, to stand, or struere, to pile up)

industry in the highlands between Agram and Warasdin, where, during the last years of the 19th century, systematic attempts were made to replace the mountain pastures by See also:

• CLOVER

clover and sown grass . The proportion of See also:

• SHEEP
• SHEEP (from the Anglo-Saxon sceap, a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages; e.g. the German Schaf)

sheep to other live-stock is See also:

• LOWER

lower than in most of the South See also:

• SLAVONIC, OLD

Slavonic lands, and the scarcity of goats is also noteworthy . Horsebreeding is a favourite pursuit in Slavonia; and between 1900 and 1902 many thousands of remounts were shipped to the See also:

• BRITISH

British See also:

• ARMY
• ARMY (from Fr. armee, Lat. armata)

army in South See also:

• AFRICA
• AFRICA, ROMAN

Africa .

The See also:

• LOCAL

local See also:

• ADMINISTRATION (Lat. administrare, to serve)

administration endeavours to better the quality of live-stock by importing purer breeds, distributing prizes, and other See also:

• MEASURES

measures; but the native farmers are slow to accept improvements . Forests.—Forests, principally of oak, pine and beech, covered 3,734,00o acres in 1895, about one-fifth being See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state See also:

• PROPERTY

property . Especially valuable are the Croatian oak-forests, near Agram and Sissek . See also:

• TIMBER

Timber is exported from Fiume and down the Danube . See also:

• INDUSTRIES

Industries.—Apart from the distilleries and breweries scattered throughout the country, the See also:

• RUDE, FRANCOIS (1784–1855)

rude See also:

• FLOUR

flour-See also:

• MILLS, JOHN (d. 1736)
• MILLS, ROGER QUARLES (1832– )

mills which See also:

• LIE, JONAS LAURITZ EDEMIL (1833—1908)
• LIE, MARIUS SOPHUS (1842–1899)

lie moored in the rivers, and a few See also:

• GLASS
• GLASS (O.E. glees, cf. Ger. Glas, perhaps derived from an old Teutonic root gla-, a variant of glo-, having the general sense of shining, cf. " glare," " glow ")
• GLASS, STAINED

glass-See also:

• WORKS

works, saw-mills, See also:

• SILK

silk-mills and tobacco factories, the chief See also:

• INDUSTRIAL

industrial establishments of Croatia-Slavonia are at Agram, Fiume, Semlin, See also:

• BUCCARI (Serbo-Croatian Bakar)

Buccari and See also:

• PORTO

Porto Re . Only 8.3 of the See also:

• POPULATION (Lat. populus, people; populare, to populate)

population was, in 1900, engaged in industries other than farming, which occupied 85.2 % . The exports mainly consist of foodstuffs, especially grain, of live-stock, especially pigs and horses, and of timber . The imports include textiles, iron, coal, wine and colonial products; with machinery and other finished articles . Goods in transit to and from Hungary figure largely in the official returns for Fiume2 and Semlin, which are the centres of the See also:

• FOREIGN

foreign See also:

• TRADE (O. Eng. trod, footstep, from tredan, to tread; in M. Eng. the forms teed, trod and trade appear, the last in the sense of a beaten track)
• TRADE, BOARD OF

trade . In 1900 Croatia-Slavonia possessed 253 banking establishments . Communications.—The See also:

• COMMERCE
• COMMERCE (Lat. commercium, from, cum, together, and rnerx, merchandise)

commerce of the country is furthered by upwards of 2000 M. of See also:

• CARRIAGE

carriage-roads, the most remarkable of these 2 It is impossible to exclude Fiume from any survey of Croatian trade, although Fiume belongs politically to Hungary proper, and is the main outlet for Hungarian See also:

• EMIGRATION (from Lat. emigrare; e, ex, out of, and migrare, to depart)

emigration and maritime commerce . being the Maria Louisa, which connects See also:

• KARLSTADT

Karlstadt with Fiume, and the Josephina, which passes inland from Zengg .

Many excellent highways were built for strategic purposes before the abolition of the Military Frontier in 1881 . The See also:

• RAILWAYS

railways, which are all owned and managed by the Hungarian state, intersect most parts of the country except the mountains south of Ogulin, where there is, nevertheless, a considerable See also:

• TRAFFIC

traffic over the passes into Dalmatia and Bosnia . Agram is the principal railway centre, from which lines radiate S . W. to Fiume, W. into See also:

• AUSTRIA
• AUSTRIA, LOWER (Ger. Niederosterreich or Osterreich unter der Enns, " Austria below the river Enns ")
• AUSTRIA, UPPER (Ger. Oberosterreich or Osterreich ob der Enns, " Austria above the river Enns ")

Austria, N.N.E. to Warasdin and into Hungary, and S.E. into Bosnia by way of Kostajnica . The main line eastward from Agram passes through Brod, where it meets the Bosnian See also:

• SYSTEM

system, and on to Belgrade; throwing out two See also:

• BRANCH (from the Fr. branche, late Lat. branca, an animal's paw)

branch lines to Brcka and Samac in Bosnia, and several branches on the north, which See also:

• TRAVERSE

traverse the central watershed, and See also:

• CROSS

cross the Hungarian frontier at Many, Bares, Esseg, Erdar and See also:

• PETERWARDEIN (Hung. Petervarad, Serv. Petrovaradin)

Peterwardein . Above Agram the Save is used chiefly for floating rafts of timber; east of Sissek it is navigable by small steamboats, but, despite its great See also:

• VOLUME

volume, the multitude of its perpetually shifting sandbanks interferes greatly with traffic . Steamers also ply on the Una, the Drave below Bares, and the Danube . The marshes of Syrmia are partially drained by the so-called " See also:

• CANAL
• CANAL (from Lat. canalis, " channel " and " kennel " being doublets of the word)

Canal of See also:

• PROBUS, MARCUS AURELIUS
• PROBUS, MARCUS VALERIUS

Probus," the one large artificial waterway in the country, said to have been cut by the See also:

• ROMANS
• ROMANS, EPISTLE TO THE

Romans in the 3rd century . Chief Towns.—The principal towns are Agram, the See also:

• CAPITAL (i.e. capital stock or fund)
• CAPITAL (Lat. caput, head)

capital, with 61,002 inhabitants in 1900; Esseg, the capital of Slavonia (24,930) ; Semlin (15,079) ; Mitrovica (11,518) ; Warasdin (12,930) ; Karlstadt (7396) ; Brod (7310) ; Sissek (7047) ; See also:

• DJAKOVO (sometimes written Djakovar, Hungarian Diakovdr)

Djakovo (6824) ; See also:

• KARLOWITZ, or CARLOWITZ (Hungarian, Karloeza; Croatian, Karlovci)

Karlowitz (5643) ; Peterwardein (5019) ; Zengg (3182) ; and Buccari (187o) . These are described in separate articles . The centre of the See also:

• COASTING

coasting trade is Novi, and other small seaports are San Giorgio (Sveto Juraj), Porto Re (Kraljevica) and Carlopago . Agram, Gospic (10,799), Ogulin (8699), Warasdin and Bjelovar (6o56) are respectively the capitals of the five counties which belong to Croatia proper,—Agram (Hung .

Zdgrdb), Modru:4-Fiume, Lika-Krbava, Warasdin (Varasd) and Bjelovar (Belovdr-Koros); while the capitals of the three Slavonian counties, Virovitica (Verocze), Polega (Pozsega) and Syrmia (Szerem), are Esseg, Pozega (5000) and Semlin . Population and National Characteristics.—The population See also:

• ROSE
• ROSE (Rosa)
• ROSE, GEORGE (1744-1818)
• ROSE, HUGH JAMES (1795—1838)
• ROSE, WILLIAM STEWART (1775-1843)

rose from 1,892,499 in 1881 to 2,416,304 in 1900, an increase of little less than one-third, resulting from a uniformly low See also:

• DEATH

death rate, with a high See also:

• MARRIAGE

marriage and See also:

• BIRTH (a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages from the root of the verb " to bear ")

birth rate, and characterized by that preponderance of male over See also:

• FEMALE

female See also:

• CHILDREN, LAW RELATING TO

children which is common to all the South Slavonic lands . More than 75% of the inhabitants are Croats, the bulk of the remainder being Serbs, who predominate in eastern Slavonia . Outside Croatia-Slavonia, the Croats occupy the greater part of Dalmatia and northern Bosnia . There are large Croatian settlements in the south of Hungary, and smaller colonies in Austria . The See also:

• NUMBERS, BOOK OF
• NUMBERS, PARTITION OF

numbers of the whole nation may be estimated at 3,500,000 or 4,000,000 . The distinction between Croats and Serbs is religious, and, to a less extent, linguistic . Croats and Serbs together constitute a single branch of the Slavonic See also:

• RACE

race, frequently called the Serbo-Croatian branch . The See also:

• LITERARY

literary See also:

• LANGUAGE (adapted from the Fr. langage, from langue, tongue, Lat. lingua)

language of the two nations is identical, but the Croats use the Latin See also:

• ALPHABET (see also WRITING)

alphabet,' while the Serbs prefer a modified form of the See also:

• CYRILLIC

Cyrillic . The two nations have also been politically separated since the 7th century, if not for a longer period; but this See also:

• DIVISION (from Lat. dividere, to break up into parts, separate)

division has produced little difference of See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character or physical type . Even the See also:

• COSTUME
• COSTUME (through the Fr. costume, from Ital. costume, Late Lat. costuma, a contracted form of Lat. consuetudinem, ace. of consuetudo, custom, habit, manner, &c.)

costume of the Croatian peasantry, to whom brilliant See also:

• COLOURS, MILITARY

colours and intricate embroideries are always dear, proclaims their racial identity with the Serbs; their songs, dances and musical See also:

• INSTRUMENTS

instruments, the chief part of their customs and, folk-See also:

• LORE
• LORE, AMBROISE DE (1396-1446)

lore, their whole manner of life, so little changed by its closer contact with Western See also:

• CIVILIZATION

civilization, may be studied in Servia (q.v.) itself . In both countries rural society was based on the old-fashioned See also:

• HOUSEHOLD, ROYAL

household community, or zadruga, which still survives in the territories that formed the Military Frontier, though everywhere tending to disappear and be replaced by individual ownership .

The Croatian peasantry are least. prosperous in the See also:

• RIVERSIDE

riverside districts, where See also:

• MARSH (O. F. mersc, for merisc, a place full of "meres" or pools; cf. Ger. Meer, sea, Lat. mare)
• MARSH, ADAM (ADAM DE MARISCO) (d. c. 1258)
• MARSH, GEORGE PERKINS (1801-1882)
• MARSH, HERBERT (1757–1839)
• MARSH, NARCISSUS (1638-1713)
• MARSH, OTHNIEL CHARLES (1831-1899)

marsh-fevers prevail, and especially beside the Save . Even in many of the towns the houses are See also:

• MERE
• MERE, ADALBERT (1838-1909)

mere cabins of See also:

• WOOD, ANTHONY A2 (1632-1695)
• WOOD, JOHN GEORGE (1827—1889)
• WOOD, MRS HENRY [ELLEN] (1814—1887)
• WOOD, SEARLES VALENTINE (1798—188o)

wood and See also:

• THATCH (O.E. thaec; the word is common to many Teutonic languages in the sense of " roof," " cover "; cf. Du. dak, Ger. Dach; from Du. dekken comes " deck "; the Indo-European root is stag, whence Gr. or.yos, roof, Lat. tegere, to cover; the French equiva

thatch . As in Servia, there is practically no See also:

• MIDDLE

middle class between the peasants and the educated minority; and the commercial See also:

• ELEMENT (Lat. elementum)

element consists to a great extent of foreigners, especially Germans, Hungarians, Italians and See also:

• JEWS
• JEWS (Heb. Y8hudi, man of Judah; Gr. 'Iovbaiot; Lat. Judaei)

Jews . Numerically this 1 It is important to See also:

• NOTICE

notice the value of the following letters and signs, which recur frequently :—c = is ; 1= ch (hard) ; = ch (soft) ; j = y, or j in See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German ; I = sh ; = zh, or j in See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French.See also:

• ALIEN (Lat. alienus)

alien population is insignificant . The Italians are chiefly confined to the coast; the Germans congregate at Semlin and Warasdin; the See also:

• SLOVENES [Slovenci, Ger. Winden, to be distinguished from the Slovaks (q.v.) and from the Slovinci (see KASHUBES) west of Danzig]

Slovenes are settled along the north-western frontier, where they have introduced their language, and so greatly modified the local See also:

• DIALECT (from Gr. Sia stcror, conversation, manner of speaking, &aXeyec6at, to converse)

dialect; the See also:

• GIPSIES, or GYPSIES

gipsies wander from city to city, as See also:

• HORSE (a word common to Teutonic languages in such forms as hors, hros, ros; cf. the Ger. ross)

horse-dealers, See also:

• METAL
• METAL (through Fr. from Lat. metallum, mine, quarry, adapted from Gr. µATaXAov, in the same sense, probably connected with ,ueraAAdv, to search after, explore, µeTa, after, aAAos, other)

metal workers or musicians; there are numerous Moravian and Bohemian settlements; and near Mitrovica there is a See also:

• COLONY (Lat. colonia, from colonus, a cultivator)

colony of Albanians . It is impossible to give accurate See also:

• STATISTICS

statistics of the alien population; for, in the compilation of the official figures, language is taken as a test of See also:

• NATIONALITY

nationality, an utterly untrustworthy method in a country where every educated See also:

• PERSON, OFFENCES AGAINST THE

person speaks two or three See also:

• LANGUAGES

languages . Croatian nationalists also maintain that official figures are systematically altered in the Hungarian See also:

• INTEREST

interest . Constitution and Government.—By the fundamental See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law of the 21st of See also:

• DECEMBER (Lat. decent, ten)

December 1867 Austria-Hungary was divided, for purposes of See also:

• INTERNAL

internal government, into Cisleithania, or the Austrian See also:

• EMPIRE

empire, and Transleithania, or the kingdoms of Hungary and Croatia-Slavonia . In theory the See also:

• VICEROY (from O. Fr. viceroy, mod. viceroi, i.e. Lat. vice, in place of, and roy or roi, king)

viceroy, or See also:

• BAN

ban of Croatia-Slavonia is nominated by the See also:

• CROWN

crown, and enjoys almost unlimited authority over local affairs; in practice the consent of the crown is purely formal, and the ban is appointed by the Hungarian premier, who can dismiss him at any moment . The provincial government is subject to the ban, and comprises three ministries —the interior, See also:

• JUSTICE (Lat. justitia)

justice, and See also:

• RELIGION
• RELIGION, FOLKLORE, CUSTOM

religion and See also:

• EDUCATION

education,—for whose working the ban is responsible to the Hungarian premier, and to the national See also:

• ASSEMBLY, UNLAWFUL

assembly of Croatia-Slavonia (Narodna Skupftina) . This See also:

• BODY

body consists of a single chamber, composed partly of elected deputies, partly of privileged members, whose numbers cannot exceed half those of the deputies . There are 69 constituencies, besides the 21 royal See also:

• FREE

free cities which also return deputies .

See also:

• ELECTORS (Ger. Kurfursten, from Kilren, O.H.G. kiosan, choose, elect, and Furst, prince)

Electors must belong to certain professions or pay a small tax . The privileged members are the heads of the See also:

• NOBILITY

nobility, with the highest ecclesiastics and officials . As a See also:

• RULE

rule, they represent the "Magyarist " section of society, which sympathizes with Hungarian policy . The chamber deals with religion, education, justice and certain strictly provincial affairs, but even within this limited See also:

• SPHERE (Gr. vclsa?pa, a ball or globe)

sphere all its important enactments must be countersigned by the See also:

• MINISTER (Lat. minister, servant)

minister for Croatia-Slavonia, a member, without See also:

• PORTFOLIO (shortened form of Porto folio, adapted from the Ital. portafogli, portare, to carry, and fogli, sheets or leaves of paper, Lat. folium, leaf)

portfolio, of the Hungarian See also:

• CABINET

cabinet . At the polls, all votes are given orally, a system which facilitates corruption; the officials who See also:

• CONTROL (Fr. contrdle, older form contre rolle, from Med. Lat. contra-rotulus, a counter roll or copy of a document used to check the original; there is no instance in English of the use of " control " in this, its literal, meaning)

control the elections depend for their livelihood on the ban, usually a Magyarist; and thus, even apart from the privileged members, a See also:

• MAJORITY (Fr. majorite; Med. Lat. majoritas; Lat. major, greater)

majority favourable to Hungary can usually be secured . The constitutional relations between Hungary and Croatia-Slavonia are regulated by the agreement, or nagoda, of 1868 . This See also:

• INSTRUMENT (Lat. instrumentum, from insincere, to build up, furnish, arrange, prepare)

instrument determines the functions of the ban; the control of common interests, such as railways, posts, telegraphs, telephones, commerce, industry, agriculture or forests; and the choice of delegates by the chamber, to sit in the Hungarian See also:

• PARLIAMENT (Anglo-Lat. parliamentum, Fr. parlement, from parler, to speak)

parliament . See also below, under See also:

• HISTORY

History . For administrative purposes Croatia-Slavonia is divided into 8 rural counties, already enumerated; besides the 4 See also:

• URBAN
• URBAN (Urbanus)

urban counties, or municipalities of Agram, Semlin, Warasdin and Esseg . Local These are subdivided into rural and urban communes, adminiseach with its representative See also:

• COUNCIL (Lat. concilium, from cum, together, and the root cal, to call)

council . The affairs of each tration. rural county are managed by an assembly chosen for 6 years, which comprises not only elected members, but delegates from all the cities except Agram and Esseg, with certain high ecclesiastics and officials . The highest judicial authority is the supreme See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

court or Septemviral Table, which sits at Agram, and ranks above the royal justice. courts of See also:

• APPEAL

appeal, the county courts of first instance, and the See also:

• DISTRICT

district courts or magistracies .

Fully four-fifths of the population belong to the See also:

• ROMAN

Roman See also:

• CATHOLIC (Gr. KcaBoXuK6s, general, universal)

Catholic Church, which has an See also:

• ARCHBISHOP (Lat. archiepiscopus, from Gr. apxceatorcoros)

archbishop at Agram and bishops at Zengg and Djakovo . There are about 12,000 See also:

• GREEK
• GREEK, ETRUSCAN AND

Greek Catholics, Religion. with a See also:

• BISHOP (A.S. bisceop, from Lat. episcopus, Gr. irio-Korros, " overlooker " or " overseer ")
• BISHOP, ISABELLA (1832-1904)
• BISHOP, SIR HENRY ROWLEY (1786-1855)

bishop at Kreuz (Krizevac), The Serb congrega- tions, who had previously been classed as Orthodox Greek, were officially recognized as members of the Orthodox Church of Servia after 1883 . Their episcopal See also:

• SEES

sees of Karlowitz and Pakrac depend upon the metropolitanate of Belgrade; but from 183o to 1838 Karlowitz was itself the headquarters of the Servian Church . During the 19th century strenuous efforts to better the state of education were made by Bishop See also:

• STROSSMAYER, JOSEPH GEORGE [Josip JURAJ STROSMAJER] (1815-1905)

Strossmayer (1815–1905) and other reformers; but, although some success was achieved, only one-third of the population could read and write in 1900 . Foremost among the educational institutions is the South Slavonic See also:

• ACADEMY, GREEK
• ACADEMY, ROYAL

Academy Bduca- of Sciences and Arts (Jugoslavenska Akademija Znanosti 4D . i Umjetnosti), founded by Strossmayer and others in 1867, as an improvement on a learned society which had existed since 1836 . The academy is the headquarters of the nationalist propaganda . Its numerous publications, though sometimes biased by See also:

• POLITICAL

political See also:

• PASSION (post-classical Lat. passio, formed from pati, passus, to suffer, endure)

passion, throw much light on Serbo-Croatian history, law, See also:

• PHILOLOGY

philology and kindred topics . Agram University, founded in 1874, possesses three faculties—See also:

• THEOLOGY

theology, See also:

• PHILOSOPHY (Gr. gthos, fond of, and vo4 (a, wisdom)

ph