See also:

• JAMES
• JAMES (Gr. 'IlrKw,l3or, the Heb. Ya`akob or Jacob)
• JAMES (JAMES FRANCIS EDWARD STUART) (1688-1766)
• JAMES, 2ND EARL OF DOUGLAS AND MAR(c. 1358–1388)
• JAMES, DAVID (1839-1893)
• JAMES, EPISTLE OF
• JAMES, GEORGE PAYNE RAINSFOP
• JAMES, HENRY (1843— )
• JAMES, JOHN ANGELL (1785-1859)
• JAMES, THOMAS (c. 1573–1629)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (1842–1910)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (d. 1827)

JAMES See also:

• JAMES CROLL (1821-1890)

CROLL (1821-1890)  , Scottish See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man of See also:

• SCIENCE (Lat. scientia, from scire; to learn, know)

science, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born of a See also:

• PEASANT (O. Fr. paysant, Mod. paysan; Lat. pagensis, belonging to the pagus or country; cf. " pagan ")

peasant See also:

• FAMILY

family at Little See also:

• WHITEFIELD,

Whitefield, in the See also:

• PARISH (Gr. irapouda, district, neighbourhood; 7r&poucos, one dwelling near or beside, from crap&, OtKOS, house; Lat. paroecur, Late Lat. parochia; cf. Fr. paroisse)

parish of See also:

• CARGILL, DONALD (1610-1681)

Cargill, in See also:

• PERTHSHIRE

Perthshire, on the 2nd of See also:

• JANUARY

January 1821 . He was regarded as an unpromising boy, but a trifling circumstance aroused a See also:

• PASSION (post-classical Lat. passio, formed from pati, passus, to suffer, endure)

passion for See also:

• READING

reading, and he made See also:

• GREAT

great progress in self-See also:

• EDUCATION

education . He was apprenticed to a wheelwright at Collace in Perthshire, but being debarred by See also:

• ILL

ill-See also:

• HEALTH

health from See also:

• MANUAL

manual labour, he became successively a See also:

• SHOP

shop-keeper and an See also:

• INSURANCE

insurance See also:

• AGENT (from Lat. agere, to act)

agent . In 1859 he was made keeper of the Andersonian Museum in See also:

• GLASGOW

Glasgow, a humble See also:

• APPOINTMENT, POWER OF

appointment, which, however, gave him congenial occupation . In 1857, being deeply impressed by the See also:

• METAPHYSICS
• METAPHYSICS, or METAPHYSIC (from Gr. /sera, after, d v med, things of nature, lots, i.e. the natural universe)

metaphysics of See also:

• JONATHAN
• JONATHAN (Heb. " Yah [weh] gives ")

Jonathan See also:

• EDWARDS, AMELIA ANN BLANDFORD (1831-1892)
• EDWARDS, BELA BATES (18o2-1852)
• EDWARDS, BRYAN (1743–1800)
• EDWARDS, GEORGE (1693–1773)
• EDWARDS, HENRY THOMAS (1837–1884)
• EDWARDS, JONATHAN (1703—1758)
• EDWARDS, LEWIS (1806–1887 )
• EDWARDS, RICHARD (c. 1523–1566)
• EDWARDS, T
• EDWARDS, THOMAS CHARLES (1837–1900)

Edwards, he had published an See also:

• ANONYMOUS

anonymous See also:

• VOLUME

volume entitled The See also:

• PHILOSOPHY (Gr. gthos, fond of, and vo4 (a, wisdom)

Philosophy of See also:

• THEISM
• THEISM (Gr. Beor, god)

Theism; but his connexion with the Museum induced him to take up See also:

• PHYSICAL

physical science, and from 1861 onwards he studied with such perseverance that he was enabled to contribute papers to the Philosophical See also:

• MAGAZINE

Magazine and other See also:

• JOURNALS

journals . For that magazine in 1864 he wrote his celebrated See also:

• ESSAY, ESSAYIST (Fr. essai, Late Lat. exagium, a weighing or balance; exigere, to examine; the term in general meaning any trial or effort)

essay " On the Physical Cause of the Changes of See also:

• CLIMATE

Climate during See also:

• GEOLOGICAL

Geological Epochs." This led to his receiving an appointment on the Scottish Geological Survey in 1867, and for thirteen years he took See also:

• CHARGE
• CHARGE (through the Fr. from the Late Lat. carricare, to load in a carrus or wagon; cf. " cargo ")

charge of the See also:

• EDINBURGH

Edinburgh See also:

• OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")

Office . In 1875 he summed up his researches upon the See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient See also:

• CONDITION (Lat. condicio, from condicere, to agree upon, arrange; not connected with conditio, from condere, conditum, to put together)

condition of the See also:

• EARTH
• EARTH (a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Erde, Dutch aarde, Swed. and Dan. jord; outside Teutonic it appears only in the Gr. 'pq'e, on the ground; it has been connected by some etymologists with the Aryan root ar-, to plough, which is seen in
• EARTH, FIGURE OF
• EARTH, FIGURE OF THE

earth in his Climate and See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

Time, in their Geological Relations, in which he contends that terrestrial revolutions are due in a measure to cosmical causes . This theory excited warm controversy . See also:

• CROLL, JAMES (1821-1890)

Croll's replies to his opponents are collected in his Climate and Cosmology (1885) . He had been compelled by ill-health to withdraw from the public service in 188o; yet, working under the greatest difficulties, and harassed by the inadequacy of his retiring See also:

• PENSION (Lat. pensio, a payment, from pendere, to weigh, to pay)

pension, he managed to produce Stellar See also:

• EVOLUTION

Evolution, discussing, among other things, the See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age of the . See also:

• SUN
• SUN (0. Eng. sonne, Ger. sonne. Fr. soleil, Lat. sol, Gr. ijXior, from which comes helio- in various English compounds)

sun, in 1889; and The Philosophical Basis of Evolution, partly a critique of See also:

• HERBERT (FAMILY)
• HERBERT, GEORGE (1593-1633)
• HERBERT, HENRY WILLIAM
• HERBERT, SIR THOMAS (1606-1682)

Herbert See also:

• SPENCER
• SPENCER, HERBERT (1820-1903)
• SPENCER, JOHN CHARLES SPENCER, 3RD EARL (1782-1845)
• SPENCER, JOHNPOYNTZ SPENCER
• SPENCER, WILLIAM ROBERT (1769-1834)

Spencer's philosophy, in 189o . He died on the 15th of See also:

• DECEMBER (Lat. decent, ten)

December 189o . The soundness of Croll's astronomical theory regarding the glacial .See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period has since been criticized by E .

P . Culverwell in the Geological Magazine for 1895, and by others; and it is now generally abandoned . Nevertheless it must be admitted that his See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character as a scientific worker under great discouragements was nothing less than heroic . The hon. degree of LL.D. was conferred on him in 1876 by the university of St See also:

• ANDREWS, JAMES PETTIT (c. 1737–1797)
• ANDREWS, THOMAS (1813–1885)

Andrews; and he was elected F.R.S. in the same See also:

• YEAR

year . An Autobiographical See also:

• SKETCH (directly adapted from Dutch schets, which was taken from Ital. schizzo, a rough draft, Lat. schedium, something hastily made, Gr. oxE&os, sudden, off-hand, axeb6v, near by; Ger. Skizze and Fr. esquisse are from the same source)

Sketch of See also:

• JAMES
• JAMES (Gr. 'IlrKw,l3or, the Heb. Ya`akob or Jacob)
• JAMES (JAMES FRANCIS EDWARD STUART) (1688-1766)
• JAMES, 2ND EARL OF DOUGLAS AND MAR(c. 1358–1388)
• JAMES, DAVID (1839-1893)
• JAMES, EPISTLE OF
• JAMES, GEORGE PAYNE RAINSFOP
• JAMES, HENRY (1843— )
• JAMES, JOHN ANGELL (1785-1859)
• JAMES, THOMAS (c. 1573–1629)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (1842–1910)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (d. 1827)

James Croll, with Memoir of his See also:

• LIFE

Life and See also:

• WORK

Work, was prepared by J . C . Irons, and published in 1896 .