See also:

• CROW (Dutch, kraal, Ger. Krdhe, Fr. corbeau, Lat. corvus)

CROW (Dutch, See also:

• KRAAL

kraal, Ger. Krdhe, Fr. corbeau, See also:

• LAT

Lat. See also:

• CORVUS, MARCUS VALERIUS (c. 370–270 B.C.)

corvus)  , a name most commonly applied in See also:

• BRITAIN (Gr. Hperavuml vi7vot, Bperravia; Lat. Britannia, rarely Britannia)

Britain to the See also:

• BIRD

bird properly called a See also:

• ROOK (O.E. Hr6c, Icel. Hr6kr,1 Swed. Mika, Du. Roek, Gael. Rocas)

rook (See also:

• CORVUS, MARCUS VALERIUS (c. 370–270 B.C.)

Corvus frugilegus), but perhaps originally See also:

• PECULIAR

peculiar to its congener, nowadays usually distinguished as the See also:

• BLACK
• BLACK, ADAM (1784-1874)
• BLACK, JEREMIAH SULLIVAN (1810–1883)
• BLACK, WILLIAM (1841-1898)

black or carrion-See also:

• CROW (Dutch, kraal, Ger. Krdhe, Fr. corbeau, Lat. corvus)

crow (C. corone) . By ornithologists it is also used in a far wider sense, as under the See also:

• TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title crows, or Corvidae, is included a vast number of birds from almost all parts of the See also:

• WORLD

world, and this See also:

• FAMILY

family is probably the most highly See also:

• DEVELOPED

developed of the whole class Aves . Leaving out of See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account the best known of these, as the See also:

• RAVEN (O.E. hrafn, ,Icel. hrafn, Dan. ravn, Du. raaf, Ger. Rabe)

raven, rook, daw, See also:

• PIE

pie and See also:

• JAY (Fr. geai)
• JAY, JOHN (1745-1829)
• JAY, WILLIAM (1769-1853)

jay, with their immediate See also:

• ALLIES, THOMAS WILLIAM (1813-1903)

allies, our See also:

• ATTENTION (from Lat. ad-tendo, await, expect; the condition of being " stretched " or " tense ")

attention will here be confined to the crows in See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general; and then the See also:

• SPECIES

species of the family to which the appellation is more strictly applicable may be briefly considered . All authorities admit that the family is very extensive, and is capable of being parted into several See also:

• GROUPS
• GROUPS, THEORY

groups, but scarcely any two agree . Especially must reserve be exercised as regards the See also:

• GROUP

group Streperinae, or piping crows, belonging to the Australian Region, and referred by some writers to the shrikes (Laniidae): and the jays too have been erected into a distinct family (Garrulidae), 1 The " Consensus ecciesiarum Helveticarum reformatarum " was a document See also:

• DRAWN

drawn up in 1675 and imposed in 1722—as a test of strict See also:

• PROTESTANT

Protestant orthodoxy as to the See also:

• DOCTRINE

doctrine of See also:

• GRACE (Fr. grace, Lat. gratia, from grates, beloved, pleasing; formed from the root cra-, Gr. xav-, cf. xaipw, x6p,ua, Xapts)
• GRACE, WILLIAM GILBERT (1848– )

grace—by See also:

• BERN (Fr. Berne)

Bern on its subjects in See also:

• LAUSANNE

Lausanne and See also:

• VAUX, CALVERT (1824-1895)

Vaux.though it seems hardly possible to See also:

• SEPARATE

separate them even as a subfamily from the pies (See also:

• PICA

Pica and its neighbours), which See also:

• LEAD
• LEAD (pronounced iced)

lead almost insensibly to the typical crows (Corvinae) . Dismissing these subjects for the See also:

• PRESENT

present, it will perhaps be most convenient to treat of the two groups which are represented by the genera Pyrrhocorax or choughs, and Corvus or true crows in the most limited sense . Pyrrhocorax comprehends at least two very See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good species, which have been needlessly divided generically . The best known of them is the Cornish chough (P. graculus), formerly a See also:

• DENIZEN (derived through the Fr. from Lat. de intus, " from within," i.e. as opposed to " foreign ")

denizen of the precipitous cliffs of the See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south See also:

• COAST (from Lat. costa, a rib, side)

coast of See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England, of See also:

• WALES (Cymru, Gwalia, Cambria)

Wales, of the See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

west and See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north coasts of See also:

• IRELAND
• IRELAND, CHURCH
• IRELAND, CHURCH OF
• IRELAND, JOHN (1761-1842)
• IRELAND, JOHN (1838- )
• IRELAND, WILLIAM HENRY (1777-1835)

Ireland, and some of the See also:

• HEBRIDES, THE, or WESTERN ISLES

Hebrides, but now greatly reduced in See also:

• NUMBERS, BOOK OF
• NUMBERS, PARTITION OF

numbers, and only found in such places as are most See also:

• FREE

free from the intrusion of See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man or of daws (Corvus monedula), which last seem to be gradually dispossessing it of its See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

sea-girt strongholds, and its present scarcity is probably in the See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

main due to its persecution by its kindred . In Britain, indeed, it would appear to be only one of the survivors of a more See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient See also:

• FAUNA

fauna, for in other countries where it is found it has been driven inland, and inhabits the higher mountains of See also:

• EUROPE

Europe and North See also:

• AFRICA
• AFRICA, ROMAN

Africa . In the Himalayas a larger See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form occurs, which has been specifically distinguished (P. himalayanus), but whether justifiably so may be doubted . The general See also:

• COLOUR (Lat. color, connected with celare, to hide, the root meaning, therefore, being that of a covering)

colour is a glossy black, and it has the See also:

• BILL

bill and legs See also:

• BRIGHT, JOHN (1811-188g)
• BRIGHT, SIR CHARLES TILSTON

bright red . The remaining species (P. alpinus) is altogether a mountaineer, and does not affect a sea-See also:

• SHORE

shore See also:

• LIFE

life .

Otherwise it frequents much the same See also:

• KIND (O. E. ge-cynde, from the same root as is seen in " kin," supra)

kind of localities, but it does not occur in Britain . The alpine chough is somewhat smaller than its congener, and is easily distinguished by its shorter and bright yellow bill . Remains of both have been found in See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French caverns the deposits in which were formed during the " See also:

• REINDEER

Reindeer See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

Age." Commonly placed by systematists next to Pyrrhocorax is the Australian genus Corcorax, represented by a single species (C. melanorhamphus), but this See also:

• ASSIGNMENT, ASSIGNATION, ASSIGNEE

assignment of the bird, which is chiefly a frequenter of woodlands, cannot be admitted without hesitation . Coming now to what may be literally considered crows, our attention is mainly directed to the black or carrion-crow (Corvus corone) and the See also:

• GREY, CHARLES GREY, 2ND EARL (1764-1845)
• GREY, HENRY GREY, 3RD EARL (1802-1894)
• GREY, LADY JANE (1537-1554)
• GREY, SIR EDWARD
• GREY, SIR GEORGE (1812–1898)

grey, hooded or See also:

• ROYSTON

Royston crow (C. cornix) . Both these inhabit Europe, but their range and the See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time of their See also:

• APPEARANCE (from Lat. apparere, to appear)

appearance are very different . The former is, speaking generally, a summer visitant to the south-western See also:

• PART

part of Europe, and the latter occupies the north-eastern portion—an irregular See also:

• LINE

line drawn diagonally from about the See also:

• FIRTH, CHARLES HARDING (1857– )
• FIRTH, MARK (1819-1880)

Firth of See also:

• CLYDE (Welsh, Clwyd, " far heard," " strong," the Glotta of Tacitus)
• CLYDE, COLIN CAMPBELL, BARON (1792-1863)

Clyde to the See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head of the Adriatic roughly marking their respective See also:

• DISTRIBUTION (Lat. distribuere, to deal out)

distribution . But both are essentially migrants, and hence it follows that when the black crow, as summer comes to an end, retires south-See also:

• WARD
• WARD, ADOLPHUS WILLIAM (1837- )
• WARD, ARTEMUS
• WARD, EDWARD MATTHEW (1816-1879)
• WARD, ELIZABETH STUART PHELPS (1844-1911)
• WARD, JAMES (1769--1859)
• WARD, JAMES (1843– )
• WARD, JOHN QUINCY ADAMS (1830-1910)
• WARD, LESTER FRANK (1841– )
• WARD, MARY AUGUSTA [MRS HUMPHRY WARD]
• WARD, WILLIAM (1766-1826)
• WARD, WILLIAM GEORGE (1812-1882)

ward, the grey crow moves downward, and in many districts replaces it during See also:

• WINTER, JOHN STRANGE
• WINTER, PETER (c. 1755-1825)

winter . Further than this, it has been incontestably proved that along or near the boundary where these two birds See also:

• MARCH
• MARCH (1) (from Fr. marcher, to walk; the earliest sense in French appears to be " to trample," and the origin has usually been found in the Lat. marcus, hammer; Low Lat. marcare, to hammer; hence to beat the road with the regular tread of a soldier: cf.
• MARCH, AUZIAS (c. "1395-1458)
• MARCH, EARLS OF
• MARCH, FRANCIS ANDREW (1825– )

march they not infrequently interbreed, and it is believed that the hybrids, which sometimes wholly resemble one or other of the parents and at other times assume an inter-mediate plumage, pair indiscriminately among themselves or with the pure stock . Hence it has seemed to many ornithologists who have studied the subject, that these two birds, so See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long unhesitatingly regarded as distinct species, are only See also:

• LOCAL

local races of one and the same dimorphic species . No structural difference —or indeed any difference except that of range (already spoken of) and colour—can be detected, and the problem they offer is one of which the See also:

• SOLUTION (from Lat. solvere, to loosen, dissolve)

solution is exceedingly interesting if not important to zoologists in general . Almost omnivorous in their See also:

• DIET

diet, there is little edible that comes amiss to them, and, except in South See also:

• AMERICA

America, they are mostly omnipresent . The See also:

• FISH (O. Eng. fist, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dutch visch, Ger. Fisch, Goth. fisks, cognate with the Lat. piscis)
• FISH, HAMILTON (1808-1893)

fish-crow of North America (C. ossifragus) demands a few words, since it betrays a See also:

• TASTE (from Lat. taxare, to touch sharply; tangere, to touch)

taste for maritime habits beyond that of other species, but the crows of Europe are not averse on occasion to See also:

• PREY (0. Fr. preie, mod. proie, Lat. praeda, booty, from prae and the root hed—seen in prehendere, prendere, to grasp)

prey See also:

• CAST (from the verb meaning " to throw "; the word is Scand. in origin, cf. Dan. kaste, and Swed. kasta; " cast " in Middle Eng. took the place of the A.S. weor pan, cf. Ger. werf en)

cast up by the See also:

• WATERS, TERRITORIAL

waters .

The See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house-crow of See also:

• INDIA
• INDIA, FRENCH

India (C. splendens) is not very nearly allied to its See also:

• EUROPEAN

European namesakes, from which 2 As bearing upon this question may be mentioned the fact that the crow of See also:

• AUSTRALIA

Australia (C. australis) is divisible into two forms or races. one having the irides See also:

• WHITE
• WHITE, ANDREW DICKSON (1832– )
• WHITE, GILBERT (1720–1793)
• WHITE, HENRY KIRKE (1785-1806)
• WHITE, HUGH LAWSON (1773-1840)
• WHITE, JOSEPH BLANCO (1775-1841)
• WHITE, RICHARD GRANT (1822-1885)
• WHITE, ROBERT (1645-1704)
• WHITE, SIR GEORGE STUART (1835– )
• WHITE, SIR THOMAS (1492-1567)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM ARTHUR (1824--1891)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM HENRY (1845– )
• WHITE, THOMAS (1628-1698)
• WHITE, THOMAS (c. 1550-1624)

white, the other of a dark colour . It is stated that they keep apart and do not intermix . it can be readily distinguished by its smaller See also:

• SIZE

size and the lustrous tints of its darkest feathers; while its confidence in the human See also:

• RACE

race has been so long encouraged by its intercourse with an unarmed and inoffensive See also:

• POPULATION (Lat. populus, people; populare, to populate)

population that it becomes a See also:

• PLAGUE (in Gr. Xotµos; in Lat. pestis, pestilentia)

plague to the European abiding or travelling where it is abundant . Hardly a station or See also:

• CAMP (from Lat. campus, field)

camp in See also:

• BRITISH

British India is free from a See also:

• CROWD, CROUTH, CROWTH

crowd of feathered followers of this species, ready to dispute with the kites and the cooks the very See also:

• MEAT

meat at the See also:

• FIRE (in O. Eng. f j'r; the word is common to West German languages, cf. Dutch vuur, Ger. Feuer; the pre-Teutonic form is seen in Sanskrit pu, pavaka, and Gr. irup; the ultimate origin is usually taken to be a root meaning to purify, cf. Lat. purus)

fire . (A .