See also:

• CRUELTY (through the O. Fr. crualte, mod. cruaute, from the Lat. crudelitas)

CRUELTY (through the O. Fr. crualte, mod. cruaute, from the See also:

• LAT

Lat. crudelitas)  , the intentional infliction of See also:

• PAIN (from Lat. poena, Gr. robin, penalty, that which must be paid: O. Fr. peine)
• PAIN, BARRY (1867– )

pain or suffering . It is only necessary to See also:

• DEAL

deal here with the legal relations involved . Statutory See also:

• PROVISION (Lat. provisio)

provision for the prevention of See also:

• CRUELTY (through the O. Fr. crualte, mod. cruaute, from the Lat. crudelitas)

cruelty to those who are unable to protect themselves has been particularly marked in the 19th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century . The increase of legislation for the See also:

• PROTECTION

protection of See also:

• CHILDREN, LAW RELATING TO

children, lunatics and animals is a See also:

• PROOF (in M. Eng. preove, proeve, preve, &°c., from O. Fr . prueve, proeve, &c., mod. preuve, Late. Lat. proba, probate, to prove, to test the goodness of anything, probus, good)

proof of the growing humanitarianism of the See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age . There was at one See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time a tendency among jurists to question whether, for instance, the prevention of cruelty to animals was not a recognition of a certain quasi-right in animals, or whether it was merely that such exhibitions as See also:

• BULL
• BULL, GEORGE (1634–1710)
• BULL, JOHN (c. 1562–1628)
• BULL, OLE BORNEMANN (18ro-188o)

bull- and See also:

• BEAR
• BEAR, BLACK
• BEAR, BROWN
• BEAR, GRIZZLY
• BEAR, ISABELLINE
• BEAR, WHITE

bear-baiting, See also:

• COCK, EDWARD (1805-1892)

cock-fights, &c., were demoralizing to the public generally . The true fact seems to be that the first introduction of such legislation was undoubtedly due to the See also:

• DESIRE

desire for the promotion of humanity, but that the principle, for the recognition of which the time was not yet ripe, had to be excused in the eyes of the public by the plea that cruelty had a demoralizing effect upon spectators (see A . V . See also:

• DICEY, EDWARD (1832– )

Dicey, See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

Law and See also:

• OPINION (Lat. opinio, from opinari, to think)

Opinion in See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England, p . 188; T . E . See also:

• HOLLAND
• HOLLAND, CHARLES (1733–1769)
• HOLLAND, COUNTY AND PROVINCE OF
• HOLLAND, HENRY FOX, 1ST BARON (1705–1774)
• HOLLAND, HENRY RICH, 1ST EARL OF (1S9o-,649)
• HOLLAND, HENRY RICHARD VASSALL FOX, 3RD
• HOLLAND, JOSIAH GILBERT (1819-1881)
• HOLLAND, PHILEMON (1552-1637)
• HOLLAND, RICHARD, or RICHARD DE HOLANDE (fl. 1450)
• HOLLAND, SIR HENRY, BART

Holland, See also:

• JURISPRUDENCE (Lat. jurisprudenlia, knowledge of law, from jus, right, and prudentia, from providere, to foresee)
• JURISPRUDENCE, COMPARATIVE

Jurisprudence, loth ed., p . 372) .

Cruelty to Animals.—The See also:

• ENGLISH

English See also:

• COMMON

common law has never taken See also:

• COGNIZANCE (Lat. cognoscere, to know)

cognizance of the See also:

• COMMISSION (from Lat. commissio, committere)

commission of acts of cruelty upon animals, and See also:

• DIRECT

direct legislation upon the subject, dating from the 19th century, was due in a See also:

• GREAT

great measure to public agitation, supported by the Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (founded in 1824) . Various acts were passed in 1822 (known as See also:

• MARTIN (Martinus)
• MARTIN, BON LOUIS HENRI (1810-1883)
• MARTIN, CLAUD (1735-1800)
• MARTIN, FRANCOIS XAVIER (1762-1846)
• MARTIN, HOMER DODGE (1836-1897)
• MARTIN, JOHN (1789-1854)
• MARTIN, LUTHER (1748-1826)
• MARTIN, SIR THEODORE (1816-1909)
• MARTIN, SIR WILLIAM FANSHAWE (1801–1895)
• MARTIN, ST (c. 316-400)
• MARTIN, WILLIAM (1767-1810)

Martin's See also:

• ACT (Lat. actus, actum)

Act), 1835 and 1837, and these were amended and consolidated by the Cruelty to Animals Acts 1849 and 1854, which, with the See also:

• WILD, JONATHAN (c. 1682-1725)

Wild Animals in Captivity Protection Act 1900, are the See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

main acts upon the subject . There are also, in addition, many other acts that impose certain liabilities in respect of animals and indirectly prevent cruelty . The Cruelty to Animals Acts 1849 and 1854 render liable to See also:

• PROSECUTION

prosecution and See also:

• FINE

fine practically any act of cruelty to an See also:

• ANIMAL
• ANIMAL (Lat. animalis, from anima, breath, soul)

animal; such acts as dubbing a cock, cropping the ears of a See also:

• DOG

dog or dishorning See also:

• CATTLE (Norman Fr. catel, from Late Lat. capitale, wealth or property, a word applied in the feudal system to movable property and particularly to live stock, and surviving in its wider meaning as " chattel " or " chattle ")

cattle, are offences . The latter practice, however, is allowed both in See also:

• SCOTLAND
• SCOTLAND, CHURCH OF
• SCOTLAND, EPISCOPAL CHURCH OF

Scotland and See also:

• IRELAND
• IRELAND, CHURCH
• IRELAND, CHURCH OF
• IRELAND, JOHN (1761-1842)
• IRELAND, JOHN (1838- )
• IRELAND, WILLIAM HENRY (1777-1835)

Ireland, the courts having held that the advantages to be obtained from dishorning outweigh the pain caused by the operation . The word " animal " is defined as meaning " any domestic animal " of whatever See also:

• KIND (O. E. ge-cynde, from the same root as is seen in " kin," supra)

kind or See also:

• SPECIES

species, and whether a quadruped or not . The act of 1849 also forbids bull- and bear-baiting, or fighting between any kinds of animals; requires the provision of See also:

• FOOD
• FOOD (like the verb " to feed," from a Teutonic root, whence O. Eng. foda; cf. " fodder "; connected with Gr. lrareicOae, to feed)

food and See also:

• WATER

water to animals impounded; See also:

• LAYS

lays down regulations as to the treatment of animals sent for slaughter, and imposes a See also:

• PENALTY (Lat. poena, punishment)

penalty for improperly conveying animals . The Wild Animals in Captivity Protection Act 1900 extends to wild animals in captivity that protection which the acts of 1849 and 1854 conferred on domestic animals, making exception of any act done or any omission in the preparation of animals for the food of See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man or for See also:

• SPORT (a contracted or shortened form of "disport," to amuse, divert oneself, O. Fr. se dis porter or deporter, to leave off work, hence to play, Lat. dis-, away, and portare, to carry; the origin of the meaning lies in the notion of turning away from ser

sport . The word "animal" in the act includes See also:

• BIRD

bird, beast, See also:

• FISH (O. Eng. fist, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dutch visch, Ger. Fisch, Goth. fisks, cognate with the Lat. piscis)
• FISH, HAMILTON (1808-1893)

fish or reptile . The See also:

• DOGS, ISLE OF

Dogs Act 1865 rendered owners of dogs liable for injuries to cattle and See also:

• SHEEP
• SHEEP (from the Anglo-Saxon sceap, a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages; e.g. the German Schaf)

sheep; the Dogs Act 1906 extended the owner's liability for injury done to any cattle by a dog, and further, where a dog is proved to have injured cattle or chased sheep it may be treatedas a dangerous dog and must be kept under proper See also:

• CONTROL (Fr. contrdle, older form contre rolle, from Med. Lat. contra-rotulus, a counter roll or copy of a document used to check the original; there is no instance in English of the use of " control " in this, its literal, meaning)

control or be destroyed . The Drugging of Animals Act 1876 imposes a penalty on giving poisonous drugs to any domestic animal unlawfully . The Cruelty to Animals Act 1876 was passed for the purpose of regulating the practice of See also:

• VIVISECTION

vivisection (q.v.) .

The Ground See also:

• GAME

Game Act 188o, prohibits See also:

• NIGHT

night See also:

• SHOOTING

shooting, or the use of See also:

• SPRING (from " to spring," " to leap or jump up," " burst out," O. Eng., springau, a common Teut. word, cf. Ger. springer, possibly allied to Gr. QnrFpxecOac, to move rapidly)

spring traps above ground or See also:

• POISON

poison . The Injured Animals Act 1907 enables See also:

• POLICE (Fr. police, government, civil administration, a police force, Gr. sroXumeia, constitution, condition of a state, roars, city, state)

police constables to cause any animal when mortally or seriously injured to be slaughtered . The Diseases of Animals Act 1894 and orders under it are for'; ,,.the purpose of securing animals from unnecessary suffering, as well as from disease . Finally, the Wild Birds Protection Acts 188o to 1904, with various game acts (see GAME See also:

• LAWS

LAWS), extend the protection of the law to wild birds . The acts establish a See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close time for wild birds and impose penalties for shooting or taking them within that time; prohibit the exposing or offering for See also:

• SALE
• SALE, GEORGE (c. 1697-1736)
• SALE, SIR ROBERT HENRY (1782—1845)

sale within certain See also:

• DATES

dates any wild bird recently killed or taken unless bought or received from some See also:

• PERSON, OFFENCES AGAINST THE

person residing out of the See also:

• UNITED

United See also:

• KINGDOM

Kingdom; the taking or destroying of wild birds' eggs, the setting of See also:

• POLE (FAMILY)
• POLE, REGINALD (1500-1558)
• POLE, RICHARD DE LA (d. 1525)
• POLE, WILLIAM (1814—1900)

pole traps, and the taking of a wild bird by means of a See also:

• HOOK, JAMES CLARKE (1819-1907)
• HOOK, THEODORE EDWARD (1788-1841)
• HOOK, WALTER FARQUHAR (1798-1875)

hook or other similar See also:

• INSTRUMENT (Lat. instrumentum, from insincere, to build up, furnish, arrange, prepare)

instrument . For the law See also:

• RELATING

relating to the prevention of cruelty to children see CHILDREN, LAW RELATING TO; for cruelty in the sense of such conduct as entitles a See also:

• HUSBAND

husband or wife to judicial separation see See also:

• DIVORCE

DIVORCE . (T . A .