CRYOLITE  , a See also:

• MINERAL

mineral discovered in See also:

• GREENLAND (Danish, &c., Gronland)

Greenland by the Danes in 1794, and found to be a See also:

• COMPOUND
• COMPOUND (from Lat. componere, to combine or put together)

compound of See also:

• FLUORINE (symbol F, atomic weight 19)

fluorine, See also:

• SODIUM [symbol Na, from Lat. natrium; atomic weight 23.00 (0=16)]

sodium and See also:

• ALUMINIUM (symbol Al; atomic weight 27.0)

aluminium . From its See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general See also:

• APPEARANCE (from Lat. apparere, to appear)

appearance, and from the fact that it melts readily, even in a See also:

• CANDLE (Lat. candela, from candere, to glow)

candle-See also:

• FLAME (Lat. flamma; the root flag- appears in flagrare, to burn, blaze, and Gr. d, XEryew)

flame, it was regarded by the Eskimos as a See also:

• PECULIAR

peculiar See also:

• KIND (O. E. ge-cynde, from the same root as is seen in " kin," supra)

kind of See also:

• ICE (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Eis)

ice; from this fact it acquired the name of cryolite (from Gr. icpboc, See also:

• FROST (a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch, vorst, Ger. Frost, from the common Teutonic verb meaning " to freeze," Dutch, vriezcn, Ger. frieren; the Indo-European root is seen in Lat. pruina, hoar-frost, cf. prurire, to itch, burn, pruna, burning coal, Sans
• FROST, WILLIAM EDWARD (1810–1877)

frost, and ki.See also:

• BOS, LAMBERT (1670—1717)

Bos, See also:

• STONE
• STONE (0. Eng. shin; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Stein, Du. steen, Dan. and Swed. sten; the root is also seen in Gr. aria, pebble)
• STONE, CHARLES POMEROY (1824-1887)
• STONE, EDWARD JAMES (1831-1897)
• STONE, FRANK (1800-1859)
• STONE, GEORGE (1708—1764)
• STONE, LUCY [BLACKWELL] (1818-1893)
• STONE, MARCUS (184o— )
• STONE, NICHOLAS (1586-1647)

stone) . Cryolite occurs in colourless or See also:

• SNOW (in O. Eng. sndw; a common Indo-European word; cf. in Teutonic languages, Ger. Schnee, Du. sneeuw; in Slavonic snieg', Lith. snegas; Gr. vi4a, Lat. nix, nivis, whence the Romanic forms, Ital. neve, Fr. neige, &c.; Ir. and Gael. sneachd; the original

snow-See also:

• WHITE
• WHITE, ANDREW DICKSON (1832– )
• WHITE, GILBERT (1720–1793)
• WHITE, HENRY KIRKE (1785-1806)
• WHITE, HUGH LAWSON (1773-1840)
• WHITE, JOSEPH BLANCO (1775-1841)
• WHITE, RICHARD GRANT (1822-1885)
• WHITE, ROBERT (1645-1704)
• WHITE, SIR GEORGE STUART (1835– )
• WHITE, SIR THOMAS (1492-1567)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM ARTHUR (1824--1891)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM HENRY (1845– )
• WHITE, THOMAS (1628-1698)
• WHITE, THOMAS (c. 1550-1624)

white cleavable masses, often tinted See also:

• BROWN
• BROWN, CHARLES BROCKDEN (1771-181o)
• BROWN, FORD MADOX (1821-1893)
• BROWN, FRANCIS (1849- )
• BROWN, GEORGE (1818-188o)
• BROWN, HENRY KIRKE (1814-1886)
• BROWN, JACOB (1775–1828)
• BROWN, JOHN (1715–1766)
• BROWN, JOHN (1722-1787)
• BROWN, JOHN (1735–1788)
• BROWN, JOHN (1784–1858)
• BROWN, JOHN (1800-1859)
• BROWN, JOHN (1810—1882)
• BROWN, JOHN GEORGE (1831— )
• BROWN, ROBERT (1773-1858)
• BROWN, SAMUEL MORISON (1817—1856)
• BROWN, SIR GEORGE (1790-1865)
• BROWN, SIR JOHN (1816-1896)
• BROWN, SIR WILLIAM, BART
• BROWN, THOMAS (1663-1704)
• BROWN, THOMAS (1778-1820)
• BROWN, THOMAS EDWARD (1830-1897)
• BROWN, WILLIAM LAURENCE (1755–1830)

brown or red with See also:

• IRON [symbol Fe, atomic weight 55.85 (0=16)]

iron See also:

• OXIDE

oxide, and occasionally passing into a See also:

• BLACK
• BLACK, ADAM (1784-1874)
• BLACK, JEREMIAH SULLIVAN (1810–1883)
• BLACK, WILLIAM (1841-1898)

black variety . It is usually translucent, becoming nearly transparent on See also:

• IMMERSION (Lat. immersio, dipping),

immersion in See also:

• WATER

water . The mineral cleaves in three rectangular directions, and the crystals occasionally found in the crevices have a cubic See also:

• HABIT (through the French from Lat. habitus, from habere, to have, hold, or, in a reflective sense, to be in a certain condition; in many of the English senses the French use habitude, not habit)

habit, but it has been proved, after much discussion, that they belong to the anorthic See also:

• SYSTEM

system . The hardness is 2.5, and the specific gravity 3 . Cryolite has the See also:

• FORMULA
• FORMULA (Lat. diminutive of forma, shape, pattern, &c., especially used of rules of judicial procedure)

formula Na3AIF6, or 3NaF•AlF3, corresponding to fluorine 54.4, sodium 32.8, and aluminium 12.8% . It See also:

• COLOURS, MILITARY

colours a flame yellow, through the presence of sodium, and when heated with sulphuric See also:

• ACID (from the Lat. root ac-, sharp; acere, to be sour)

acid it evolves hydrofluoric acid . Cryolite occurs almost exclusively at Ivigtut (sometimes written Evigtok) on the Arksut See also:

• FJORD, or FIORD

Fjord in S.W . Greenland . There it forms a large See also:

• DEPOSIT (Lat. depositurn, from deponere, to lay down, to put in the care of)

deposit, in a granitic vein See also:

• RUNNING

running through See also:

• GNEISS

gneiss, and is accompanied by See also:

• QUARTZ

quartz, siderite, See also:

• GALENA

galena, See also:

• BLENDE, or SPHALERITE

blende, chalcopyrite, &c . It is also associated with a See also:

• GROUP

group of kindred minerals, some of which are evidently products of alteration of the cryolite, known as pachnolite, thomsenolite, ralstonite, gearksutite, arksutite, &c .

Cryolite likewise occurs, though only to a limited extent, at Miyask, in the Ilmen Mountains; at See also:

• PIKE
• PIKE, ZEBULON MONTGOMERY (1779-1813)

Pike's See also:

• PEAK, THE

Peak, See also:

• COLORADO

Colorado, and in the Yellowstone See also:

• PARK (Fr. part; Ital. parco; Sp. Marque; O.Eng. pearroc; connected with Ger. pferch, fold, and pfarrei, district, translating med. Lat. parochia, parish)
• PARK, EDWARDS AMASA (1808–1900)
• PARK, MUNGO (1771-1806?)

Park . Cryolite is a mineral of much economic importance . It has been extensively used as a source of metallic aluminium, and as a See also:

• FLUX (Lat. fluxus, a flowing; this being also the meaning of the English term in medicine, &c.)

flux in smelting the See also:

• METAL
• METAL (through Fr. from Lat. metallum, mine, quarry, adapted from Gr. µATaXAov, in the same sense, probably connected with ,ueraAAdv, to search after, explore, µeTa, after, aAAos, other)

metal . It is largely employed in the manufacture of certain sodium salts, as suggested by See also:

• JULIUS

Julius See also:

• THOMSEN, GRIMUR (182o-1896)
• THOMSEN, HANS PETER JORGEN JULIUS (1826–1909)

Thomsen, of See also:

• COPENHAGEN (Danish Kjobenhavn)

Copenhagen, in 1849; and it has been used for the See also:

• PRODUCTION (Lat. productionem, from producere, to pro-duce)

production of certain kinds of See also:

• PORCELAIN

porcelain and See also:

• GLASS
• GLASS (O.E. glees, cf. Ger. Glas, perhaps derived from an old Teutonic root gla-, a variant of glo-, having the general sense of shining, cf. " glare," " glow ")
• GLASS, STAINED

glass, remarkable for its toughness, and for enamelled See also:

• WARE

ware . Although cryolite is known as ice-stone " (Eisstein), it is not to be confused with "ice-spar" (Eisspath), which is a vitreous kind of See also:

• FELSPAR, or FELDSPAR

felspar termed " glassy felspar" or rhyacolite_ (F . W .