See also:

• CRYPT (Lat. crypta, from the Gr. Kp&arrew, to hide)

CRYPT (See also:

• LAT

Lat. crypta, from the Gr. Kp&arrew, to hide)  , a vault or subterranean chamber, especially under churches . In classical phraseology " crypta " was employed for any vaulted See also:

• BUILDING

building, either partially or entirely below the level of the ground . It is used for a See also:

• SEWER

sewer (crypta Suburae, See also:

• JUVENAL (DECIMUS JUNIUS JUVENALIS) (c. 60-140)

Juvenal, Sat. v . 1o6); for the " carceres," or vaulted stalls for the horses and chariots in a See also:

• CIRCUS (Lat. circus, Gr. Kipeos or Kptxot, a ring or' circle; probably " circus " and " ring " are of the same origin)

circus (See also:

• SIDON (Phoen. ins, Hebrew 1-rs, Assyr. Sidunnu, Egypt. Diduna)

Sidon . Apoll . Carta. See also:

• XXIII

xxiii . 319); for the See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close porticoes or arcades, more fully known as " cryptoporticus," attached by the See also:

• ROMANS
• ROMANS, EPISTLE TO THE

Romans to their suburban villas for the See also:

• SAKE

sake of coolness, and to the theatres as places of exercise or See also:

• REHEARSAL (from " rehearse," to say over again, repeat, recount, O.Fr. rehercer, from re, again, and hercer, to harrow, cf. " hearse," the original meaning being to rake or go over the same ground again as with a harrow)

rehearsal for the performers (Plin . Epist. ii . 15, v . 6, vii . 21; Sueton . Calig .

58; Sidon . Apoll. See also:

• LIB

lib. ii. epist . 2); and for underground receptacles for agricultural produce (Vitruv. vi . 8, See also:

• VARRO, MARCUS TERENTIUS (116—27 B.C.)
• VARRO, PUBLIUS TERENTIUS

Varro, De re See also:

• RUST (O.E. rust, a word which appears in -many Teutonic languages, cf. Du. roest, Ger. rost); in origin it is allied with " ruddy " and " red," the reddish-brown powdery substance which forms on the surface of iron or steel exposed to atmospheric corrosio

rust. i . 57) . Tunnels, or galleries excavated in the living See also:

• ROCK
• ROCK (O.Fr. rake, Sp. rota, Ital. rocca; possibly from a Lat. form rupica, from rupes, rock)
• ROCK, DANIEL (1799–187t)

rock, were also called cryptae . Thus the See also:

• TUNNEL (Fr. tonne!, later tonneau, a diminutive from Low Lat. tonna, tunna, a tun, cask)

tunnel to the See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north of See also:

• NAPLES
• NAPLES (Ital. Napoli, and Lat. Neapolis)
• NAPLES, KINGDOM OF

Naples, through which the road passes to See also:

• PUTEOLI (mod. Pozzuoli, q.v.)

Puteoli, See also:

• FAMILIAR (through the Fr. familier, from Lat. familiaris, of or belonging to the familia, family)

familiar to tourists as the " Grotto of Posilipo," was originally designated crypta Neapolitana (See also:

• SENECA

Seneca, Epist . 57) . In See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early See also:

• CHRISTIAN
• CHRISTIAN, WILLIAM (1608-1663)

Christian times crypta was appropriately employed for the galleries of a See also:

• CATACOMB

catacomb, or for the catacomb itself . See also:

• JEROME, JEROME KLAPKA (1859– )
• JEROME, ST (HIERONYMUS, in full EUSEBIUS SOPHRONIUS HIERONYMUS) (c. 340–420)

Jerome calls them by this name when describing his visits to them as a schoolboy, and the See also:

• TERM

term is used, by See also:

• PRUDENTIUS, AURELIUS CLEMENS (348-c. 410)

Prudentius (see CATACOMBS) . A See also:

• CRYPT (Lat. crypta, from the Gr. Kp&arrew, to hide)

crypt, as a portion of a See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

church, had its origin in the subterranean chapels known as " confessiones," erected around the See also:

• TOMB (Gr. Tuµ/3a, Tuµ(3os, probably allied to Lat. tumulus, literally a swelling, tumere, to swell)

tomb of a See also:

• MARTYR (Gr. pimp or µaprvs)

martyr, or the See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place of his martyrdom . This is the origin of the spacious crypts, some of which may be called subterranean churches, of the See also:

• ROMAN

Roman churches of S .

Prisca, S . Prassede, S . Martino ai Monti, S . Lorenzo fuori le Mura, and above all of St See also:

• PETER
• PETER (Lat. Petrus from Gr. irfpos, a rock, Ital. Pietro, Piero, Pier, Fr. Pierre, Span. Pedro, Ger. Peter, Russ. Petr)
• PETER (PEDRO)
• PETER, EPISTLES OF
• PETER, ST

Peter's—the crypt being thus the germ of the church or See also:

• BASILICA

basilica subsequently erected above the hallowed spot . When the martyr's tomb was sunk in the See also:

• SURFACE

surface of the ground; and not placed in a catacomb See also:

• CHAPEL

chapel, the See also:

• ORIGINAL

original memorial-See also:

• SHRINE (Lat. scrinium, a case or chest for books, hence a casket; from scribere, to write, Fr. ecrin, Ital. scrigno)

shrine would be only partially below the surface, and consequently the See also:

• PART

part of the church erected over it, which was always that containing the See also:

• ALTAR (Lat. altare, from alias, high; some ancient etymological guesses are recorded by St Isidore of Seville in Etymologiae xv. 4)

altar, would be elevated some height above the ground, and be approached by flights of steps . This See also:

• FASHION (adapted from Fr. facon, agon, Lat. factio, making, facere, to do or make)

fashion of raising the See also:

• CHANCEL (through O. Fr. from Lat. plur. cancelli, dim. of cancer, grating, lattice, probably connected with an Indo-European root Kar-, to bend; cf. circus, curve, &c.)

chancel or altar end of a church on a crypt was widely imitated See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long after the See also:

• REASON (Lat. ratio, through French raison)

reason for adopting it ceased, and even where it never existed . The crypt under the altar at the basilica of St Maria See also:

• MAGGIORE, LAGO (Lacus Verbanus of the Romans; Fr. Lac Majeur; Ger. Langensee)

Maggiore in See also:

• ROME
• ROME (Roma)

Rome is merely imitative, and the same may be said of many of the crypts of the early churches in See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England . The original Saxon See also:

• CATHEDRAL

cathedral of See also:

• CANTERBURY
• CANTERBURY, CHARLES

Canterbury had a crypt beneath the eastern See also:

• APSE
• APSE (Gr. alkir, a fastening, especially the felloe of a wheel; Lat. absis)

apse, containing the so-called See also:

• BODY

body of St See also:

• DUNSTAN, SAINT (924 or 925-g88)

Dunstan, and other See also:

• RELICS (Lat, reliquiae, the equivalent of the English " remains " in the sense of a dead body)

relics, "fabricated," according to See also:

• EADMER, or EDMER (c. 1o6o-c. 1124)

Eadmer, " in the likeness of the confessionary of St Peter at Rome " (see BASILICA) . St See also:

• WILFRID (c. 634-709)

Wilfrid constructed crypts still existing beneath the churches erected by him in the latter part of the 7th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century at See also:

• HEXHAM

Hexham and See also:

• RIPON
• RIPON, GEORGE FREDERICK SAMUEL ROBINSON, 1ST MARQUESS OF (1827-1909)

Ripon . These are peculiarly interesting from their similarity in See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form and arrangement to the catacomb chapels with which Wilfrid must have become familiar during his See also:

• RESIDENCE (Latin residere, to remain behind, to dwell, reside)

residence in Rome . The cathedral, begun by EEthelwold and finished by See also:

• ALPHEGE [zELFHEAH], SAINT (954-1023)

Alphege at See also:

• WINCHESTER
• WINCHESTER, EARLS AND MARQUESSES OF

Winchester, at the end of the loth century, had spacious crypts " supporting the See also:

• HOLY

holy altar and the See also:

• VENERABLE (Lat. venerabilis, worthy of reverence, venerari, to reverence, to worship, allied to Venus, love; the Indo-Germ. root is wen-, to desire, whence Eng. " win, properly to struggle for, hence to gain)

venerable relics of the See also:

• SAINTS, BATTLE OF THE

saints " (Wulstan, See also:

• LIFE

Life of St Mhelwold), and they appear to have been See also:

• COMMON

common in the earlier churches in England . The arrangement was adopted by the See also:

• NORMAN
• NORMAN, SIR HENRY WYLIE (1826-1904)

Norman builders of the lrth and 12th centuries, and though far from universal is found in many of the cathedrals of that date .

The See also:

• OBJECT

object of the construction of these crypts was twofold,—to give the altar sufficient See also:

• ELEVATION

elevation to enable those below to See also:

• WITNESS
• WITNESS (from O. Eng. witan, to know)

witness the sacred mysteries, and to provide a place of See also:

• BURIAL

burial for those holy men whose relics were the church's most See also:

• PRECIOUS (O. Fr. precios, mod. precieux, Lat. pretiosus, of high value or price, pretium)

precious See also:

• POSSESSION
• POSSESSION (Lat. possessio, possidere, to possess)

possession . But the crypt was " a See also:

• FOREIGN

foreign fashion," derived, as has been said, from Rome; " which failed to take See also:

• ROOT (late O.E. rot, adopted from Scand., cf. Norw. and Swed. rot, Dan. rod; the true O.E. word was wyrt, plant, represented in Ger. Wurz or Wurzel; the ultimate root is the same in both words, and is seen in Lat. radix)
• ROOT, ELIHU (1845– )

root in England, and indeed elsewhere barely outlasted the Romanesque See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period " (Essays on Cathedrals, ed . See also:

• HOWSON, JOHN SAUL (1816-1885)

Howson, P . 331) . Of the crypts beneath See also:

• ENGLISH

English Norman cathedrals, that under the See also:

• CHOIR (0. Fr. cuer from Lat. chorus; pronounced quire, and until the end of the 17th century so spelt, the spelling being altered to agree with the Fr. chceur)

choir of Canterbury (q.v.) is by far the largest and most elaborate in its arrangements . It is, in fact, a subterranean church of vast See also:

• SIZE

size and considerable See also:

• ALTITUDE (Lat. altitudo, from altus, high)

altitude . The whole crypt was dedicated to the Virgin See also:

• MARY
• MARY (1457-1482)
• MARY (1496-1533)
• MARY, QUEEN OF SCOTS

Mary, and contained two chapels especially dedicated to her,—the central_ one beneath the high altar, enclosed with See also:

• RICH, BARNABE (c. 1540-1617)
• RICH, CLAUDIUS JAMES (1787-1821)
• RICH, JOHN (1692-1761)
• RICH, PENELOPE, LADY (c. 1562–1607)
• RICH, RICHARD, 1ST BARON RICH (1490?-1567)

rich See also:

• GOTHIC

Gothic See also:

• SCREEN (usually, but very doubtfully, connected with Lat. scrinium, a box for holding books, from scribere, to write; a connexion with Ger. Schranke, barrier, has been suggested)

screen-See also:

• WORK

work, and one under the See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south See also:

• TRANSEPT (from Lat. trans, across, and septum, enclosure; synonymous terms in other languages are Fr. croisee, nef transversee; Ital. crociata; Ger. Querbau, Quersch&)

transept . This latter chapel was appropriated by See also:

• QUEEN
• QUEEN (O.E. cwen, wife, related to "quean," O.E. cwene, a hussy; cf. Gr. yvvi7: from root gan-, to produce; cf. genus, " kin," &c.)

Queen See also:

• ELIZABETH
• ELIZABETH (1533-1603)
• ELIZABETH (1596-1662)
• ELIZABETH (1635–1650)
• ELIZABETH [ AMELIE EUGENIE ] (1837—1898)
• ELIZABETH [1lisabeth Philippine Marie Helene of France] (1764—1794)
• ELIZABETH [PAULINE ELIZABETH OTTILIE LOUISE] (1843– )
• ELIZABETH [PETROVNA] (1709-1762), EMPRESS
• ELIZABETH, SAINT (1207-1231)

Elizabeth to the use of the See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French Huguenot refugees who had settled at Canterbury in the See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time of See also:

• EDWARD

Edward VI . There were also in this crypt a large number of altars and chapels of other saints, some of whose hallowed bodies were buried here . At the extreme See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

east end, beneath the Trinity chapel, the body of St See also:

• THOMAS
• THOMAS (c. 1654-1720)
• THOMAS (d. 110o)
• THOMAS, ARTHUR GORING (1850-1892)
• THOMAS, CHARLES LOUIS AMBROISE (1811-1896)
• THOMAS, GEORGE (c. 1756-1802)
• THOMAS, GEORGE HENRY (1816-187o)
• THOMAS, ISAIAH (1749-1831)
• THOMAS, PIERRE (1634-1698)
• THOMAS, SIDNEY GILCHRIST (1850-1885)
• THOMAS, ST
• THOMAS, THEODORE (1835-1905)
• THOMAS, WILLIAM (d. 1554)

Thomas (See also:

• BECKET, THOMAS (c. 1118—1170)

Becket) was buried the See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day after his martyrdom, and See also:

• LAY

lay there till his See also:

• TRANSLATION

translation, See also:

• JULY

July 7, 1220 . The cathedrals of Winchester, See also:

• WORCESTER
• WORCESTER, EARLS AND MARQUESSES OF
• WORCESTER, JOHN TIPTOFT, EARL OF (1427—1470)
• WORCESTER, WILLIAM (c. 1415-c. 1482)

Worcester and See also:

• GLOUCESTER
• GLOUCESTER (abbreviated as pronounced Glo'ster)
• GLOUCESTER, EARLS AND DUKES OF
• GLOUCESTER, GILBERT DE CLARE, EARL OF (1243-1295)
• GLOUCESTER, RICHARD DE CLARE, EARL OF (1222-1262)
• GLOUCESTER, ROBERT, EARL OF (d. 1147)
• GLOUCESTER, THOMAS OF WOODSTOCK, DUKE

Gloucester have crypts of slightly earlier date (they may all be placed between ro8o and 1 roo), but of similar See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character, though less elaborate . They all contain piscinas and other evidences of the existence of altars in considerable See also:

• NUMBERS, BOOK OF
• NUMBERS, PARTITION OF

numbers .

They are all apsidal . The most picturesque is that of Worcester, the work of See also:

• BISHOP (A.S. bisceop, from Lat. episcopus, Gr. irio-Korros, " overlooker " or " overseer ")
• BISHOP, ISABELLA (1832-1904)
• BISHOP, SIR HENRY ROWLEY (1786-1855)

Bishop See also:

• WULFSTAN
• WULFSTAN, ST (c. 1o12—1095)

Wulfstan (1084), which is remarkable for the multiplicity of small pillars supporting its radiating vaults . Instead of having the See also:

• AIR (from an Indo-European root meaning " breathe," " blow ")
• AIR, or ASBEN

air of a sepulchral vault like those of Winchester and Gloucester, this crypt is, in See also:

• PROFESSOR (the Latin noun formed from the verb profiteri, to declare publicly, to acknowledge, profess)

Professor See also:

• WILLIS, NATHANIEL PARKER (1806-1867)
• WILLIS, THOMAS (1621-1675)

Willis's words, " a .complex and beautiful See also:

• TEMPLE
• TEMPLE, FREDERICK (1821-1902)
• TEMPLE, RICHARD
• TEMPLE, SIR RICHARD, BART
• TEMPLE, SIR WILLIAM, BART

temple." See also:

• ARCHBISHOP (Lat. archiepiscopus, from Gr. apxceatorcoros)

Archbishop See also:

• ROGER (d. 1139)
• ROGER (d. 1181)

Roger's crypt at See also:

• YORK
• YORK (HOUSE OF)
• YORK, EDMUND OF LANGLEY, DUKE OF (1341-1402)
• YORK, EDWARD
• YORK, FREDERICK AUGUSTUS, DUKE OF (1763-1827)
• YORK, RICHARD, DUKE

York, belonging to the next century 0154-1181), was filled up with See also:

• EARTH
• EARTH (a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Erde, Dutch aarde, Swed. and Dan. jord; outside Teutonic it appears only in the Gr. 'pq'e, on the ground; it has been connected by some etymologists with the Aryan root ar-, to plough, which is seen in
• EARTH, FIGURE OF
• EARTH, FIGURE OF THE

earth when thepresent choir was built at the end of the '14th century, and its existence forgotten till its disinterment after the See also:

• FIRE (in O. Eng. f j'r; the word is common to West German languages, cf. Dutch vuur, Ger. Feuer; the pre-Teutonic form is seen in Sanskrit pu, pavaka, and Gr. irup; the ultimate origin is usually taken to be a root meaning to purify, cf. Lat. purus)

fire of 1829 . The choir and See also:

• PRESBYTERY

presbytery at See also:

• ROCHESTER
• ROCHESTER, JOHN WILMOT, 2ND EARL
• ROCHESTER, LAWRENCE HYDE, EARL OF (1641-1711)

Rochester are supported by an extensive crypt, of which the western portion is Gundulf's work (1076-1107), but the eastern part, which displays slender cylindrical and octagonal shafts, with See also:

• LIGHT

light vaulting springing from them, is of the same period as the superstructure, the first years of the 13th century . This crypt, and that beneath the Early English See also:

• LADY (0. Eng. hlaefdige, Mid. Eng. ldfdi, lavedi; the first part of the word is hldf, loaf, bread, as in the corresponding hldford, lord; the second part is usually taken to be from the root dig-, to knead, seen also in " dough "; the sense development fr

Lady chapel at See also:

• HEREFORD

Hereford, are the latest English existing cathedral crypts . That at Hereford was rendered necessary by the fall of the ground, and is an exceptional See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case . Later than any of these crypts was that of St See also:

• PAUL
• PAUL (PAULUS)

Paul's, See also:

• LONDON

London . This was a really large and magnificent church of Decorated date, with a vaulted roof of rich and intricate character resting on a See also:

• FOREST

forest of clustered columns . Part of it served as the See also:

• PARISH (Gr. irapouda, district, neighbourhood; 7r&poucos, one dwelling near or beside, from crap&, OtKOS, house; Lat. paroecur, Late Lat. parochia; cf. Fr. paroisse)

parish church of St Faith . A still more exquisite work of the Decorated period is the crypt of St See also:

• STEPHEN
• STEPHEN (1097?-1154)
• STEPHEN (ISTVAN) BATHORY (1533-1586)
• STEPHEN, SIR JAMES (1789-1859)
• STEPHEN, SIR JAMES FITZJAMES, BART
• STEPHEN, SIR LESLIE (1832-1904)

Stephen's chapel at See also:

• WESTMINSTER
• WESTMINSTER, MARQUESSES AND DUKES OF
• WESTMINSTER, STATUTES OF
• WESTMINSTER, SYNODS OF

Westminster, than which it is difficult to conceive anything more perfect in See also:

• DESIGN (Fr. desiin, drawing; Lat. designare, to mark out)

design or more elaborate in ornamentation . Having happily escaped the conflagration of the Houses of See also:

• PARLIAMENT (Anglo-Lat. parliamentum, Fr. parlement, from parler, to speak)

Parliament in 1834—before which it was degraded to the purpose of the See also:

• SPEAKER

speaker's See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state dining-See also:

• ROOM

room—it has been restored to its former sumptuousness of decoration, and is now one of the most beautiful architectural gems in England . Of Scottish cathedrals the only one that possesses a crypt is the ' cathedral of See also:

• GLASGOW

Glasgow, rendered celebrated by See also:

• SIR

Sir See also:

• WALTER, HUBERT (d. 1205)
• WALTER, JOHN (1738/9-1812)

Walter See also:

• SCOTT, ALEXANDER (fl. 1550)
• SCOTT, DAVID (18o6-1849)
• SCOTT, MICHAEL (1789-1835)
• SCOTT, ROBERT (1811-1887)
• SCOTT, SIR GEORGE GILBERT (1811-1878)
• SCOTT, SIR WALTER, BART
• SCOTT, WILLIAM BELL (1811-1890)
• SCOTT, WINFIELD (1786-1866)

Scott in his novel of Rob See also:

• ROY, WILLIAM (1726-1790)

Roy (ch. xx.) .

At the supposed date of the See also:

• TALE (O.Eng. talu, number, account, story; the word is common to many Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Zahl, number, Erzahlung, narrative, Du. taal, speech, language)

tale, and indeed till a comparatively See also:

• RECENT

recent period, this crypt was used as a place of See also:

• WORSHIP (i.e. " worth-ship," O. Eng. weor8scipe)

worship by one of the three congregations among which the cathedral was partitioned, and was known as " the Laigh or See also:

• BARONY

Barony See also:

• KIRK, SIR JOHN (1832- )

Kirk." It extends beneath the choir transepts and See also:

• CHAPTER (a shortened form of chapiter, a word still used in architecture for a capital; derived from O. Fr. chapitre, Lat. capitellum, diminutive of caput, head)

chapter-See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house; in consequence of the steep declivity on which the cathedral stands it is of unusual height and lightsomeness . It belongs to the 13th century, its See also:

• STYLE
• STYLE (from Gr. a-6'1ms, a column; a different word from that used in literature, see below)

style corresponding to Early English, and is simply constructional, the building being adapted to the locality . In architectural beauty it is quite unequalled by any crypt in the See also:

• UNITED

United See also:

• KINGDOM

Kingdom, and can hardly anywhere be surpassed . It is an unusually rich example of the style, the clustered piers and groining being exquisite in design and admirable in See also:

• EXECUTION (from Lat. ex-sequor, exsecutus, follow or carry out)

execution . The bosses of the roof and capitals of the piers are very elaborate, and the doors are much enriched with foliage . " There is a solidity in its See also:

• ARCHITECTURE (Lat. architectura, from the Gr. ap)(LTEKrwv, a master-builder)

architecture, a richness in its vaulting, and a variety of See also:

• PERSPECTIVE (Lat. peespicere, to see through)

perspective in the spacing of its pillars, which make it one of the most perfect pieces of architecture in these kingdoms " (See also:

• FERGUSSON, JAMES (18o8-r886)
• FERGUSSON, ROBERT (1750-1774)
• FERGUSSON, SIR WILLIAM

Fergusson) . In the centre of the See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

main See also:

• ALLEY (from the Fr. allee, a walk)

alley stands the mutilated effigy of St Mungo, the See also:

• PATRON

patron See also:

• SAINT (lat. sanctus, " holy ")

saint of Glasgow, and at the south-east corner is a well called after the same saint . Crypts under parish churches are not very uncommon in England, but they are usually small and not characterized by any architectural beauty . A few of the earlier crypts, however, deserve See also:

• NOTICE

notice . One of the earliest and most remarkable is that of the church of Lastingham near See also:

• PICKERING
• PICKERING, EDWARD CHARLES (1846- )
• PICKERING, TIMOTHY (174 1829)

Pickering in See also:

• YORKSHIRE

Yorkshire, on the site of the monastery founded in 648 by Cedd, bishop of the East See also:

• SAXONS

Saxons . The existing crypt, though exceedingly See also:

• RUDE, FRANCOIS (1784–1855)

rude in structure, is of considerably later date than Bishop Cedd, forming part of the church erected by See also:

• ABBOT (from the Hebrew ab, a father, through the Syriac abba, Lat. abbas, gen. abbatis, O.E. abbad, fr. late Lat. form abbad-em changed in 13th century under influence of the Lat. form to abbat, used alternatively till the end of the 17th century; Ger. Ab
• ABBOT, EZRA (1819-1884)
• ABBOT, GEORGE (1603-1648)
• ABBOT, ROBERT (1588?–1662?)
• ABBOT, WILLIAM (1798-1843)

Abbot Stephen of See also:

• WHITBY

Whitby in 1080, when he had been driven inland by the incursions of the See also:

• NORTHERN

northern pirates . This crypt is remarkable from its extending under the See also:

• NAVE

nave as well as the chancel of the upper church, the See also:

• PLAN
• PLAN (from Lat. planes, flat)

plan of which it accurately reproduces, with the exception of the westernmost See also:

• BAY

bay .

It forms a nave with See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side aisles of three bays, and an apsidal chancel, lighted by narrow deeply splayed slits . The' roof ' of quadripartite vaulting is supported by four very See also:

• DWARF (A.S. dweorg, D. dwerg, Icel. dvergr)

dwarf thick cylindrical columns, the capitals of which and of the responds are clumsy imitations of classical work with rude volutes . Still more curious is the crypt beneath the chancel of the church of See also:

• REPTON

Repton in See also:

• DERBYSHIRE

Derbyshire . This also consists of a centre and side aisles, divided by three See also:

• ARCHES, COURT OF

arches on either side . The architectural character, however, is very different from that at Lastingham, and is in some respects almost unique, the piers being slender, and some of them of a singular See also:

• SPIRAL

spiral form, with a See also:

• BEAD

bead See also:

• RUNNING

running in the sunken part of the spiral . Another very extensive and curious Norman crypt is that beneath the chancel of St Peter's-in-the-East at See also:

• OXFORD
• OXFORD, EARLS OF
• OXFORD, EDWARD DE VERE, 17TH EARL
• OXFORD, JOHN DE VERE, 13TH EARL OF (1443-1513)
• OXFORD, PROVISIONS OF
• OXFORD, ROBERT DE VERE, 9TH EARL OF (1362-1392)
• OXFORD, ROBERT HARLEY, 1ST

Oxford .. This is five bays in length, the quadripartite vaulting being supported by eight See also:

• LOW, SETH (1850- )
• LOW, WILL HICOK (1853- )

low, somewhat slender, cylindrical columns with capitals bearing See also:

• GROTESQUE

grotesque See also:

• ANIMAL
• ANIMAL (Lat. animalis, from anima, breath, soul)

animal and human subjects . Its dimensions are 36 by 20 ft. and ro ft. in height, This crypt has been commonly attributed to Grymboldt in the 9th century; but it is really not very early Norman . Under the church of St Mary-le-See also:

• BOW (pronounced " bo ")

Bow in London there is an interesting Norman crypt not very dissimilar in character to that last described . Of a later date is the remarkably See also:

• FINE

fine Early English crypt groined in See also:

• STONE
• STONE (0. Eng. shin; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Stein, Du. steen, Dan. and Swed. sten; the root is also seen in Gr. aria, pebble)
• STONE, CHARLES POMEROY (1824-1887)
• STONE, EDWARD JAMES (1831-1897)
• STONE, FRANK (1800-1859)
• STONE, GEORGE (1708—1764)
• STONE, LUCY [BLACKWELL] (1818-1893)
• STONE, MARCUS (184o— )
• STONE, NICHOLAS (1586-1647)

stone, beneath the chancel of See also:

• HYTHE

Hythe in See also:

• KENT
• KENT, EARLS AND DUKES OF
• KENT, JAMES (1763-1847)
• KENT, WILLIAM (1685-1748)

Kent, containing a remarkable collection of skulls and bones, the See also:

• HISTORY

history of which is quite uncertain . There is also a Decorated crypt beneath the chancel at See also:

• WIMBORNE (WIMBORNE MINSTER)

Wimborne See also:

• MINSTER
• MINSTER (from Lat. monasterium; cf. German Munster)

minster, and one of the same date beneath the See also:

• SOUTHERN

southern chancel See also:

• AISLE (from Lat. ala, a wing)

aisle at See also:

• GRANTHAM
• GRANTHAM, THOMAS ROBINSON

Grantham . Among the more remarkable French crypts may be mentioned those of the cathedrals of See also:

• AUXERRE

Auxerre, said to date from the original See also:

• FOUNDATION (Lat. fundatio, from fundare, to found)

foundation in ro85; of See also:

• BAYEUX

Bayeux, attributed to See also:

• ODO

Odo, bishop of that see, uterine See also:

• BROTHER

brother of See also:

• WILLIAM
• WILLIAM (1143-1214)
• WILLIAM (1227-1256)
• WILLIAM (1J33-1584)
• WILLIAM (A.S. Wilhelm, O. Norse Vilhidlmr; O. H. Ger. Willahelm, Willahalm, M. H. Ger. Willehelm, Willehalm, Mod.Ger. Wilhelm; Du. Willem; O. Fr. Villalme, Mod. Fr. Guillaume; from " will," Goth. vilja, and " helm," Goth. hilms, Old Norse hidlmr, meaning
• WILLIAM (c. 1130-C. 1190)
• WILLIAM, 13TH

William the Conqueror, where twelve columns with rude capitals support a vaulted roof; of See also:

• CHARTRES

Chartres, running under the choir and its aisles, frequently assigned to Bishop Fulbert in 1029, but more probably coeval with the superstructure; and of See also:

• BOURGES

Bourges, where the crypt is in the Pointed style, extending beneath the choir .

The church of the Holy Trinity attached to Queen See also:

• MATILDA (1046-1115)
• MATILDA (1102-1164)

Matilda's foundation—the " Abbaye aux Dames " at See also:

• CAEN

Caen—has a Norman crypt where the See also:

• THIRTY

thirty-four pillars are as closely set as those at Worcester . The church of St See also:

• EUTROPIUS

Eutropius at See also:

• SAINTES

Saintes has also a crypt of the rrth century, of very large dimensions, which deserves See also:

• SPECIAL

special notice; the capitals of the columns exhibit very curious carvings . Earlier than any already mentioned is that of St Gervase of See also:

• ROUEN

Rouen, considered by E . A . See also:

• FREEMAN
• FREEMAN, EDWARD AUGUSTUS (1823-1892)

Freeman " the See also:

• OLDEST

oldest ecclesiastical work to be seen north of the See also:

• ALPS

Alps." It is apsidal, and in its walls are layers of Roman See also:

• BRICK (derived according to some etymologists from the Teutonic bricke, a disk or plate; but more authoritatively, through the French brique, originally a " broken piece," applied especially to bread, and so to clay, from the Teutonic brikan, to break)

brick . It is said to contain the remains of two of the earliest apostles of See also:

• GAUL
• GAUL, GILBERT WILLIAM (1855— )

Gaul—St Mello and St Avitian . There are numerous crypts in See also:

• GERMANY
• GERMANY (Ger. Deutschland)

Germany . One at See also:

• GOTTINGEN

Gottingen may be mentioned, where cylindrical shafts with capitals of singular design support " vaulting of See also:

• GREAT

great elegance and lightness " (Fergusson), the curves being those of a horseshoe See also:

• ARCH
• ARCH, JOSEPH (1826– )

arch . The crypts of the cathedrals or churches at See also:

• HALBERSTADT

Halberstadt, See also:

• HILDESHEIM

Hildesheim and See also:

• NAUMBURG

Naumburg also deserve to be noticed; that of See also:

• LUBECK

Lubeck may be rather called a See also:

• LOWER

lower choir . It is 20 ft. high and vaulted . The See also:

• ITALIAN

Italian crypts, when found, as a See also:

• RULE

rule reproduce the " confessio " of the See also:

• PRIMITIVE

primitive churches . That beneath the chancel of S .

Michele at See also:

• PAVIA (anc. Ticinum, q.v.)

Pavia is an excellent typical example, probably dating from the loth century . It is apsidal and vaulted, and is seven bays in length . That at S . See also:

• ZENO

Zeno at See also:

• VERONA
• VERONA, CONGRESS OF

Verona (c . 1138) is still more remarkable; its vaulted roof is upborne by See also:

• FORTY

forty columns, with curiously carved capitals . It is approached from the See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

west by a See also:

• DOUBLE
• DOUBLE (from the Mid. Eng. duble, the form which gives the present pronunciation, through the Old Er. duble, from Lat. duplus, twice as much)

double See also:

• FLIGHT

flight of steps and contains many See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient monuments . S . Miniato at See also:

• FLORENCE
• FLORENCE (Ital. Firenze, Lat. Florentia)

Florence, begun in 1013, has a very spacious crypt at the east end, forming virtually a second choir . It is seven bays in length and vaulted . The most remarkable crypt in See also:

• ITALY
• ITALY (Italia)

Italy, however, is perhaps that of St See also:

• MARK
• MARK, CARL (1858– )
• MARK, GOSPEL OF ST
• MARK, ST

Mark's, See also:

• VENICE
• VENICE (continued)
• VENICE (Venezia)

Venice . The plan of this is almost a See also:

• GREEK
• GREEK, ETRUSCAN AND

Greek See also:

• CROSS

cross . Four rows of nine columns each run from end to end, and two rows of three each occupy the arms of the cross, supporting low stunted arches on which rests the See also:

• PAVEMENT (Lat. pavimentu;n, a floor beaten or rammed hard, from pavire, to beat)

pavement of the church above .

This also constitutes a lower church, containing a See also:

• CHORUS (Gr. xopbs)Z

chorus cantorum formed by a low stone screen, not unlike that of S . Clemente at Rome (see BASILICA), enclosing a massive stone altar with four low columns . This crypt is reasonably supposed to belong to the church founded by the See also:

• DOGE

doge P . See also:

• ORSEOLO

Orseolo in 977 . There are also crypts deserving notice at the cathedrals of See also:

• BRESCIA
• BRESCIA (anc. Brixia)

Brescia, See also:

• FIESOLE (anc. Faesulae, q.v.)

Fiesole and See also:

• MODENA (ancient Mutina)

Modena, and the churches of S . Ambrogio and S . Eustorgio at See also:

• MILAN
• MILAN (Ital. Milano, Ger. Mailand, anc. Mediolanum, q.v.)

Milan . The former was unfortunately modernized by St See also:

• CHARLES
• CHARLES (1270-1325)
• CHARLES (1421-1461)
• CHARLES (1525-1574)
• CHARLES (c. 1319-1364)
• CHARLES (Fr. Charles; Span. Carlos; Ital. Carlo; Ger. Karl; derived from O.H.G. Charal,latinized as Carolus, meaning originally " man ": cf. Mod.Ger., Kerl," fellow," A.S. ceorl, Mod. Eng. " churl ")
• CHARLES (KARL EITEL ZEPHYRIN LUDWIG; in Rum. CAROL)
• CHARLES [KARL ALEXANDER] (1712-1780)
• CHARLES, ELIZABETH (1828-1896)
• CHARLES, JACQUES ALEXANDRE CESAR (1746-1823)
• CHARLES, THOMAS (1755-1814)

Charles See also:

• BORROMEO, CARLO (1538–1584)

Borromeo . The crypt at See also:

• ASSISI (anc. Asisium)

Assisi is really a second church at a lower level, and being built on the steep side of a See also:

• HILL
• HILL (0. Eng. hyll; cf. Low Ger. hull, Mid. Dutch hul, allied to Lat. celsus, high, collis, hill, &c.)
• HILL, A
• HILL, AARON (1685-175o)
• HILL, AMBROSE POWELL
• HILL, DANIEL HARVEY (1821-1889)
• HILL, DAVID BENNETT (1843–1910)
• HILL, GEORGE BIRKBECK NORMAN (1835-1903)
• HILL, JAMES J
• HILL, JOHN (c. 1716-1775)
• HILL, MATTHEW DAVENPORT (1792-1872)
• HILL, OCTAVIA (1838– )
• HILL, ROWLAND (1744–1833)
• HILL, SIR ROWLAND (1795-1879)

hill is well lighted . The whole fabric is a beautiful specimen of Italian Gothic, and both the lower and upper churches are covered with rich frescoes . Domestic crypts are of frequent occurrence . See also:

• MEDIEVAL

Medieval houses had as a rule their See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief rooms raised above the level of the ground upon vaulted substructures, which were used as cellars and storerooms .

These were sometimes partially underground, sometimes entirely above it . The underground vaults often remain when all the superstructure has been swept away, and from their Gothic character are frequently mistaken for ecclesiastical buildings . The older English towns are full of crypts of this character, now used as cellars . They occur in Oxford and Rochester, are very abundant in the older parts of See also:

• BRISTOL
• BRISTOL, EARLS AND MARQUESSES OF
• BRISTOL, GEORGE DIGBY, 2ND EARL OF1 (1612-1677)
• BRISTOL, JOHN DIGBY, 1ST EARL OF 6 (1580-1653)

Bristol, and, according to J . H . See also:

• PARKER, JOHN HENRY (1806-1884)
• PARKER, JOSEPH (183o-1902)
• PARKER, MARTIN (c. 1600-c. 1656)
• PARKER, MATTHEW (1504-1575)
• PARKER, SAMUEL (164o-1688)
• PARKER, SIR GILBERT (1862— )
• PARKER, SIR HYDE, BART
• PARKER, THEODORE (1810-186o)

Parker, " nearly the whole See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city of See also:

• CHESTER
• CHESTER, EARLS OF

Chester is built upon a See also:

• SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series of them with the Rows or passages made on the See also:

• TOP (cf. Dan. top, Ger. Topf, also meaning pot)

top of the vaults " (Domestic Architecture, iii . O . The crypt of See also:

• GERARD (c. 1040-1120)
• GERARD (d. I1o8)
• GERARD, ETIENNE MAURICE, COUNT (1773–1852)
• GERARD, FRANCOIS, BARON (1770-1837)
• GERARD, JEAN IGNACE ISIDORE (1803-1847)
• GERARD, JOHN (1545-1612)
• GERARD, or GIRARD, AUDRAN

Gerard's See also:

• HALL
• HALL (generally known as SCHWABISCH-HALL, tc distinguish it from the small town of Hall in Tirol and Bad-Hall, a health resort in Upper Austria)
• HALL (O.E. heall, a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Halle)
• HALL, BASIL (1788-1844)
• HALL, CARL CHRISTIAN (1812–1888)
• HALL, CHARLES FRANCIS (1821-1871)
• HALL, CHRISTOPHER NEWMAN (1816—19oz)
• HALL, EDWARD (c. 1498-1547)
• HALL, FITZEDWARD (1825-1901)
• HALL, ISAAC HOLLISTER (1837-1896)
• HALL, JAMES (1793–1868)
• HALL, JAMES (1811–1898)
• HALL, JOSEPH (1574-1656)
• HALL, MARSHALL (1790-1857)
• HALL, ROBERT (1764-1831)
• HALL, SAMUEL CARTER (5800-5889)
• HALL, SIR JAMES (1761-1832)
• HALL, WILLIAM EDWARD (1835-1894)

Hall in London, destroyed in the construction of New See also:

• CANNON (a word common to Romance languages, from the Lat. canna, a reed, tube, with the addition of the augmentative termination -on, -one)

Cannon See also:

• STREET
• STREET, GEORGE EDMUND (1824-1881)

Street, figured by Parker (Dom . Arch. ii . 185), was a beautiful example of the lower See also:

• STOREY (equivalents are Fr. etage, Ital. piano, Ger. Stock)

storey of the residence of a wealthy See also:

• MERCHANT (O. Fr. marcheant, modern marchand; from Lat. mercari, to trade, merx, goods, merchandise)

merchant of the time of Edward I . It was divided down the See also:

• MIDDLE

middle by a See also:

• ROW, JOHN (c. 1525—1580)

row of four slender cylindrical columns supporting a very graceful vault . The finest example of a See also:

• SECULAR (Lat. saecularis, of or belonging to an age or generation, saeculum)

secular crypt now remaining in England is that beneath the See also:

• GUILDHALL

Guildhall of London .

The date of this is early in the 15th century—1411 . It is a large and lofty apartment, divided into four alleys by two rows of clustered shafts supporting a rich lierne vault with ribs of considerable intricacy . There is a fine vaulted crypt of the same date and of similar character beneath St Mary's Hall, the Guildhall of the city of See also:

• COVENTRY, SIR JOHN (d. 1682)
• COVENTRY, SIR WILLIAM (c. 1628-1686)
• COVENTRY, THOMAS COVENTRY, 1ST BARON (2578–1640)

Coventry . (E .