See also:

• WILLIAM
• WILLIAM (1143-1214)
• WILLIAM (1227-1256)
• WILLIAM (1J33-1584)
• WILLIAM (A.S. Wilhelm, O. Norse Vilhidlmr; O. H. Ger. Willahelm, Willahalm, M. H. Ger. Willehelm, Willehalm, Mod.Ger. Wilhelm; Du. Willem; O. Fr. Villalme, Mod. Fr. Guillaume; from " will," Goth. vilja, and " helm," Goth. hilms, Old Norse hidlmr, meaning
• WILLIAM (c. 1130-C. 1190)
• WILLIAM, 13TH

WILLIAM See also:

• CUNNINGHAM, ALEXANDER (c.1655-173o)
• CUNNINGHAM, ALLAN (1784-1842)
• WILLIAM CUNNINGHAM (1805-1861)

CUNNINGHAM (1805-1861)  , Scottish theologian and ecclesiastic, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born at See also:

• HAMILTON
• HAMILTON (GRAND or ASHUANIPI)
• HAMILTON, ALEXANDER (1757-1804)
• HAMILTON, ANTHONY, or ANTOINE (1646-1720)
• HAMILTON, ELIZABETH (1758–1816)
• HAMILTON, EMMA, LADY (c. 1765-1815)
• HAMILTON, JAMES (1769-1831)
• HAMILTON, JAMES HAMILTON, 1ST DUKE OF (1606-1649)
• HAMILTON, JOHN (c. 1511–1571)
• HAMILTON, MARQUESSES AND DUKES OF
• HAMILTON, PATRICK (1504-1528)
• HAMILTON, ROBERT (1743-1829)
• HAMILTON, SIR WILLIAM
• HAMILTON, SIR WILLIAM (1730-1803)
• HAMILTON, SIR WILLIAM ROWAN (1805-1865)
• HAMILTON, THOMAS (1789-1842)
• HAMILTON, WILLIAM (1704-1754)
• HAMILTON, WILLIAM GERARD (1729-1796)

Hamilton, in See also:

• LANARKSHIRE

Lanarkshire, on the 2nd of See also:

• OCTOBER

October 1805, and educated at the university of See also:

• EDINBURGH

Edinburgh . He was licensed to preach in 1828, and in 183o was ordained to a collegiate See also:

• CHARGE
• CHARGE (through the Fr. from the Late Lat. carricare, to load in a carrus or wagon; cf. " cargo ")

charge in See also:

• GREENOCK

Greenock, where he remained for three years . In 1834 he was transferred to the' charge of Trinity See also:

• COLLEGE (Collegium)

College See also:

• PARISH (Gr. irapouda, district, neighbourhood; 7r&poucos, one dwelling near or beside, from crap&, OtKOS, house; Lat. paroecur, Late Lat. parochia; cf. Fr. paroisse)

parish, Edinburgh . His removal coincided with the commencement of the See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period known in Scottish ecclesiastical See also:

• HISTORY

history as the Ten Years' Conflict, in which he was destined to take a leading See also:

• SHARE (O. Eng. scearu, chiefly in compounds, e.g. land-scearu, a share of land, from sceran to cut; cf. " shear" )

share . In the stormy discussions and controversies which preceded the Disruption the See also:

• WEIGHT

weight and force of his See also:

• INTELLECT (Lat. intellectus, from intelligere, to understand)

intellect, the keenness of his See also:

• LOGIC (Xoy1K7, sc. rixvrt, the art of reasoning)

logic, and his See also:

• FIRM

firm grasp of principle made him one of the most powerful See also:

• ADVOCATES, FACULTY OF

advocates of the cause of spiritual See also:

• INDEPENDENCE
• INDEPENDENCE, DECLARATION OF
• INDEPENDENCE, WAR OF

independence; and he has been generally recognized as one of three to whom mainly the existence of the See also:

• FREE

Free See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

Church is due, the others being See also:

• CHALMERS, ALEXANDER (1759-1834)
• CHALMERS, GEORGE (1742-1825)
• CHALMERS, GEORGE PAUL (1836-1878)
• CHALMERS, JAMES (1841-1901)
• CHALMERS, THOMAS (1780-1847)

Chalmers and See also:

• CANDLISH, ROBERT SMITH (1806—1873)

Candlish . On the formation of the Free Church in 1843.See also:

• CUNNINGHAM, ALEXANDER (c.1655-173o)
• CUNNINGHAM, ALLAN (1784-1842)
• CUNNINGHAM, WILLIAM (1805-1861)

Cunningham was appointed See also:

• PROFESSOR (the Latin noun formed from the verb profiteri, to declare publicly, to acknowledge, profess)

professor of church history and divinity in the New College, Edinburgh, of which he became See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal in 1847 in See also:

• SUCCESSION (Lat. successio, from succedere, to follow after)

succession to See also:

• THOMAS
• THOMAS (c. 1654-1720)
• THOMAS (d. 110o)
• THOMAS, ARTHUR GORING (1850-1892)
• THOMAS, CHARLES LOUIS AMBROISE (1811-1896)
• THOMAS, GEORGE (c. 1756-1802)
• THOMAS, GEORGE HENRY (1816-187o)
• THOMAS, ISAIAH (1749-1831)
• THOMAS, PIERRE (1634-1698)
• THOMAS, SIDNEY GILCHRIST (1850-1885)
• THOMAS, ST
• THOMAS, THEODORE (1835-1905)
• THOMAS, WILLIAM (d. 1554)

Thomas Chalmers . His career was very successful, his controversial sympathies combined with his evident See also:

• DESIRE

desire to be rigidly impartial qualifying him to be an interesting delineator of the more stirring periods of church history, and a skilful disentanglerof the knotty points in theological polemics . In 1859 he was appointed See also:

• MODERATOR (from Lat. moderare, to impose a modus, limit)

moderator of the See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

General See also:

• ASSEMBLY, UNLAWFUL

Assembly . He had received the degree of D.D. from the university of See also:

• PRINCETON

Princeton in 1842 . He died on the 14th of See also:

• DECEMBER (Lat. decent, ten)

December 1861 . He was one of the founders of the Evangelical See also:

• ALLIANCE

Alliance . A theological lectureship at the New College, Edinburgh, was endowed in 1862, to be known as the Cunningham lectureship .

A See also:

• LIFE

Life of Cunningham, by See also:

• RAINY, ROBERT (1826-1906)

Rainy and See also:

• MACKENZIE
• MACKENZIE, ALEXANDER (1822-1892)
• MACKENZIE, HENRY (1745-1831)
• MACKENZIE, SIR ALEXANDER (c. 1755-1820)
• MACKENZIE, SIR ALEXANDER CAMPBELL (1847— )
• MACKENZIE, SIR GEORGE (1636-1691)
• MACKENZIE, SIR MORELL (1837-1892)
• MACKENZIE, WILLIAM LYON (1795-1861)

Mackenzie, appeared in 1871 . CUNNINGHAM, See also:

• WILLIAM
• WILLIAM (1143-1214)
• WILLIAM (1227-1256)
• WILLIAM (1J33-1584)
• WILLIAM (A.S. Wilhelm, O. Norse Vilhidlmr; O. H. Ger. Willahelm, Willahalm, M. H. Ger. Willehelm, Willehalm, Mod.Ger. Wilhelm; Du. Willem; O. Fr. Villalme, Mod. Fr. Guillaume; from " will," Goth. vilja, and " helm," Goth. hilms, Old Norse hidlmr, meaning
• WILLIAM (c. 1130-C. 1190)
• WILLIAM, 13TH

WILLIAM (1849- ), See also:

• ENGLISH

English economist, was born at Edinburgh on the 29th of December 1849 . Educated at Edinburgh See also:

• ACADEMY, GREEK
• ACADEMY, ROYAL

Academy and University and Trinity College, See also:

• CAMBRIDGE
• CAMBRIDGE, EARLS AND DUKES OF
• CAMBRIDGE, RICHARD OWEN (1717-1802)

Cambridge, he graduated 1st class in the Moral See also:

• SCIENCE (Lat. scientia, from scire; to learn, know)

Science tripos in 1873, and in the same See also:

• YEAR

year took See also:

• HOLY

holy orders . He was university lecturer in history from 1884 to 1891, in which year he was appointed professor of See also:

• ECONOMICS

economics at See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

King's College, See also:

• LONDON

London, a See also:

• POST

post which he held until 1897 . He was lecturer in economic history at Harvard University (1899), and Hulsean lecturer at Cambridge (1885) . He became See also:

• VICAR (Lat. vicarius, substitute)

vicar of See also:

• GREAT

Great St See also:

• MARY
• MARY (1457-1482)
• MARY (1496-1533)
• MARY, QUEEN OF SCOTS

Mary's, See also:

• CAM (CAO), DIOGO (fl. 1480-1486)

Cam-See also:

• BRIDGE

bridge, in 1887, and was made a See also:

• FELLOW

fellow of the See also:

• BRITISH

British Academy . In 1996 he was appointed See also:

• ARCHDEACON (Lat. archidiaconus, Gr. &oxt3tauovor)

archdeacon of See also:

• ELY
• ELY, RICHARD THEODORE (1854— )

Ely . Dr Cunningham's Growth of English See also:

• INDUSTRY (Lat. industria, from indu-, a form of the pre, position in, and either stare, to stand, or struere, to pile up)

Industry and See also:

• COMMERCE
• COMMERCE (Lat. commercium, from, cum, together, and rnerx, merchandise)

Commerce during the See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

Early and See also:

• MIDDLE

Middle Ages (189o; 4th ed., 19o5) and Growth of English Industry and Commerce in See also:

• MODERN

Modern Times (1882; 3rd ed., 1903) are the See also:

• STANDARD
• STANDARD, BATTLE OF THE

standard See also:

• WORKS

works of reference on the See also:

• INDUSTRIAL

industrial history of See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England . He also wrote The Use and Abuse of See also:

• MONEY

Money (1891); See also:

• ALIEN (Lat. alienus)

Alien See also:

• IMMIGRATION (from Lat. in, into, and tnigrare, to depart)

Immigration (1897); Western See also:

• CIVILIZATION

Civilization in its Economic Aspect in See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

Ancient Times (1898), and in Modern Times (1900), and The Rise and Decline of Free See also:

• TRADE (O. Eng. trod, footstep, from tredan, to tread; in M. Eng. the forms teed, trod and trade appear, the last in the sense of a beaten track)
• TRADE, BOARD OF

Trade (19o5) . Dr Cunningham's See also:

• EMINENCE (Lat. eminentia)

eminence as an economic historian gave See also:

• SPECIAL

special importance to his attitude as one of the leading supporters of Mr See also:

• CHAMBERLAIN (0. Fr. chamberlain, chamberlenc, Mod. Fr. chambellan, from O. H. Ger. Chamarling, Chamarlinc, whence also the Med. Lat. cambellanus, camerlingus, camerlengus; Ital. camerlingo; Span. camerlengo, compounded of 0. H. Ger. Chamara, Kamara [Lat.
• CHAMBERLAIN, JOSEPH (1836— )
• CHAMBERLAIN, JOSHUA LAWRENCE (1828– )
• CHAMBERLAIN, SIR NEVILLE BOWLES (1820-1902)

Chamberlain from 1903 onwards in criticizing the English free-trade policy and advocating See also:

• TARIFF (adapted in English from the French; the word comes through the Spanish tarifa, a list or schedule of prices, from the Arabic, ta'rifa, information, an inventory, 'arf, know-ledge)

tariff reform .