CURRANT  . (1) The dried seedless See also:

• FRUIT (through the French from the Lat. fructus; frui, to enjoy)

fruit of a variety of the See also:

• GRAPE

grape-See also:

• VINE

vine, Vitis vinifera, cultivated principally in See also:

• ZANTE (anc. Zacynthus)

Zante, See also:

• CEPHALONIA (Ital. Cefalonia, ancient and modern official Greek Cephallenia, Ke¢aXMvia)

Cephalonia and See also:

• ITHACA
• ITHACA ('IeaK77)

Ithaca, and near See also:

• PATRAS (Gr. Patrai)

Patras, in the Morea (see See also:

• GREECE

GREECE) . Currants were brought originally from See also:

• CORINTH
• CORINTH, ISTHMUS OF

Corinth, whence their name; in the 13th and 14th centuries they were known as raisins de Corauntz . In the Ionian Islands the currant-vine is grown on the sides of the See also:

• LOWER

lower hills, or in the valleys, the grape-vine occupying the higher and less open and See also:

• RICH, BARNABE (c. 1540-1617)
• RICH, CLAUDIUS JAMES (1787-1821)
• RICH, JOHN (1692-1761)
• RICH, PENELOPE, LADY (c. 1562–1607)
• RICH, RICHARD, 1ST BARON RICH (1490?-1567)

rich ground . Gypseous marls, or calcareous marls containing a little See also:

• GYPSUM

gypsum, are preferred to See also:

• LIMESTONE

limestone soils, as they allow of deep penetration of the roots of the vines . The most favourable situations are•those where a See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good See also:

• SUPPLY (through Fr. from Lat. supplere, to fill up)

supply of See also:

• WATER

water can be obtained for the See also:

• IRRIGATION (Lat. in, and rigare, to water or wet)

irrigation of the plantations . This is carried on from the end of See also:

• OCTOBER

October to the See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close of the See also:

• YEAR

year, after which all that is necessary is to keep the ground moist . The vines are planted in rows 3 or 4 ft. apart . See also:

• PROPAGATION

Propagation is effected by grafting on See also:

• STOCKS

stocks of the grape-vine, or by planting out in See also:

• SPRING (from " to spring," " to leap or jump up," " burst out," O. Eng., springau, a common Teut. word, cf. Ger. springer, possibly allied to Gr. QnrFpxecOac, to move rapidly)

spring the See also:

• YOUNG
• YOUNG, A
• YOUNG, ARTHUR (1741-1820)
• YOUNG, BRIGHAM (1801-1877)
• YOUNG, CHARLES MAYNE (1777–1856)
• YOUNG, EDWARD (1683–1765)
• YOUNG, JAMES (1811-1883)
• YOUNG, THOMAS (1773-1829)

young, vigorous shoots obtained at the end of the previous year from old currant-vines that have been cut away below the ground . The grafts See also:

• BEAR
• BEAR, BLACK
• BEAR, BROWN
• BEAR, GRIZZLY
• BEAR, ISABELLINE
• BEAR, WHITE

bear fruit in three years, the slips in about See also:

• DOUBLE
• DOUBLE (from the Mid. Eng. duble, the form which gives the present pronunciation, through the Old Er. duble, from Lat. duplus, twice as much)

double that See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time . The vine stock for grafting is cut down to the See also:

• DEPTH

depth of a See also:

• FOOT

foot below the See also:

• SURFACE

surface of the See also:

• SOIL

soil; two or three perpendicular incisions are made near the bark with a See also:

• CHISEL (from the O. Fr. cisel, modern ciseau, Late Lat. cisellum, a cutting tool, from caedere, to cut)

chisel; and into these See also:

• CURRICLE (Lat. curriculum, a small car)

CURRICLE are inserted shoots of the last year's growth . The engrafted See also:

• PART

part then receives an application of moist marls, is wrapped in leaves and See also:

• BOUND, or BOUNDARY (from O. Fr. bonde, Med. Lat. bodena or butina, a frontier line)

bound with rushes, and is covered with See also:

• EARTH
• EARTH (a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Erde, Dutch aarde, Swed. and Dan. jord; outside Teutonic it appears only in the Gr. 'pq'e, on the ground; it has been connected by some etymologists with the Aryan root ar-, to plough, which is seen in
• EARTH, FIGURE OF
• EARTH, FIGURE OF THE

earth, two or three eyes of the shoots being See also:

• LEFT

left projecting above ground .

In See also:

• DECEMBER (Lat. decent, ten)

December the currant plantations are cleared of dead and weak See also:

• WOOD, ANTHONY A2 (1632-1695)
• WOOD, JOHN GEORGE (1827—1889)
• WOOD, MRS HENRY [ELLEN] (1814—1887)
• WOOD, SEARLES VALENTINE (1798—188o)

wood . In See also:

• FEBRUARY

February the branches are cut back, and pruned of median shoots, which are said to prevent the lateral ones proceeding from the same bud from bearing fruit . In See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order effectually to water the trees, the earth See also:

• ROUND (O. Fr. rond, Lat. rotundus, the Fr. is the source also of Du. rond; Ger., Swed., Dan. and Nor. rond)

round about them is in February and See also:

• MARCH
• MARCH (1) (from Fr. marcher, to walk; the earliest sense in French appears to be " to trample," and the origin has usually been found in the Lat. marcus, hammer; Low Lat. marcare, to hammer; hence to beat the road with the regular tread of a soldier: cf.
• MARCH, AUZIAS (c. "1395-1458)
• MARCH, EARLS OF
• MARCH, FRANCIS ANDREW (1825– )

March hoed up so as to leave them in a See also:

• KIND (O. E. ge-cynde, from the same root as is seen in " kin," supra)

kind of See also:

• BASIN, or BASON (the older form bacin is found in many of the Romanic languages, from the Late Lat. baccinus or bacchinus, probably derived from bacca, a bowl)
• BASIN, THOMAS (1412—1491)

basin, or is piled up against their stems . In March, when the leaves begin to show, the ground is thoroughly turned, and if requisite manured, and is then re-levelled . By the See also:

• MIDDLE

middle of See also:

• APRIL

April the leaves are fully out, and in See also:

• JUNE

June it is necessary to break back the newly-formed shoots . The fruit begins to ripen in See also:

• JULY

July, and in the next See also:

• MONTH
• MONTH (a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Mond, Du. maand, Dan. maaned, &c., and cognate with Lat. mensis, Gr. µi7v, &c., in other branches of the Indo-Germanic family; all ultimately from the root seen in the word for the moon in nearly all those languages

month the vintage takes See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place . At this See also:

• SEASON (0. Fr. seson, seison, mod. saison, Lat. satio, sowing time, the spring, from serere, to sow; in Late Lat. the word is found with its present meaning, the spring being considered as particularly the season of the year)

season See also:

• RAIN (O.E. regn; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Regen, Swed. and Dan. regn; it has been connected with Lat. rigare, to wet, Gr. 13pixeav)

rain is greatly dreaded, as it always See also:

• DAMAGES (through O. Fr. damage, mod. Fr. dommage, from Lat. damnum, loss)

damages and may even destroy the ripe fruit . The plantations, which are commonly much exposed, are watched by See also:

• DOGS, ISLE OF

dogs and armed men . In Cephalonia the currant-grape is said to ripen at least a See also:

• WEEK (from A.S. wicu, Germanic *wikon, probably=change, turn)

week earlier than in Zante . To destroy the oidium, a fungal pest that severely injures the plantations, the vines are dusted, at the time the fruit is maturing, with finely-ground See also:

• BRIMSTONE

brimstone . The currants when sufficiently ripe are gathered and placed on a drying ground, where they are exposed to the See also:

• SUN
• SUN (0. Eng. sonne, Ger. sonne. Fr. soleil, Lat. sol, Gr. ijXior, from which comes helio- in various English compounds)

sun in layers See also:

• HALF

half an See also:

• INCH (O. Eng. ynce from Lat. uncia, a twelfthpart; cf. " ounce," and see As)

inch thick; from time to time they are turned and swept into heaps, until they become entirely detached from stalk . They are then packed in large butts for exportation .

The See also:

• WINE (Lat. vinum, Gr. oivos)

wine made from the currant grape is inferior in quality, but is said to be capable of much improvement . The fresh fruit is luscious and highly flavoured, but soon cloys the See also:

• PALATE (Lat. palatum, possibly from the root of pascere, to feed)

palate . (2) The currants of See also:

• BRITISH

British See also:

• KITCHEN (O.E. cycene; this and other cognate forms, such as Dutch keuken, Ger. Kiuche, Dan. kokken, Fr. cuisine, are formed from the Low Lat. cucina, Lat. coquina, coquere, to cook)

kitchen-gardens—so called from a resemblance to the foregoing—are the produce of Ribes nigrum and R. rubrum, See also:

• DECIDUOUS (from Lat. decidere, to fall down)

deciduous shrubs of the natural order Ribesiaceae, indigenous to See also:

• BRITAIN (Gr. Hperavuml vi7vot, Bperravia; Lat. Britannia, rarely Britannia)

Britain, See also:

• NORTHERN

northern and central See also:

• EUROPE

Europe, See also:

• SIBERIA

Siberia and See also:

• CANADA

Canada . The former See also:

• SPECIES

species bears the See also:

• BLACK
• BLACK, ADAM (1784-1874)
• BLACK, JEREMIAH SULLIVAN (1810–1883)
• BLACK, WILLIAM (1841-1898)

black, the latter the red currant . See also:

• WHITE
• WHITE, ANDREW DICKSON (1832– )
• WHITE, GILBERT (1720–1793)
• WHITE, HENRY KIRKE (1785-1806)
• WHITE, HUGH LAWSON (1773-1840)
• WHITE, JOSEPH BLANCO (1775-1841)
• WHITE, RICHARD GRANT (1822-1885)
• WHITE, ROBERT (1645-1704)
• WHITE, SIR GEORGE STUART (1835– )
• WHITE, SIR THOMAS (1492-1567)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM ARTHUR (1824--1891)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM HENRY (1845– )
• WHITE, THOMAS (1628-1698)
• WHITE, THOMAS (c. 1550-1624)

White currants are the fruit of a cultivated variety of R. rubrum . Both red and black currants are used for making tarts and pies, jams, jellies and wine; the latter are also employed in lozenges, popularly supposed to be of value in relieving a sore See also:

• THROAT (O. Eng. protu, prote or }Prota, possibly from preotan, to press, whence threat, or, with loss of initial s, connected with strut, to swell)

throat, are occasionally preserved in See also:

• SPIRITS

spirits, and in See also:

• RUSSIA
• RUSSIA (Rossiya)

Russia are fermented with See also:

• HONEY (Chin. me ; Sansk. madhu, mead, honey; cf. A.S. medo, medu, mead; Gr. p Xt, in which 0 or b is changed into X; Lat. mel ; Fr. miel ; A.S. hung ; Ger. Honig)

honey to produce a strong liquor . Currants will flourish in any fairly good soil, but to obtain large crops and See also:

• FINE

fine fruit a good rich See also:

• LOAM (O.E. lam; the word appears in Dut. leem and Ger. Lehm; the ultimate origin is the root lai-, meaning " to be sticky," which is seen in the cognate " lime," Lat. limus, mud, clay)

loam is desirable; with an See also:

• ANNUAL

annual dressing of farmyard manure or cowdung, after the See also:

• WINTER, JOHN STRANGE
• WINTER, PETER (c. 1755-1825)

winter pruning, for established trees . The See also:

• PLANTS

plants are best propagated by cuttings, which should consist of strong well-ripened young shoots taken off close to the old wood . These should be planted as soon as possible after the wood is matured in autumn about 6 in. apart . The plants are grown with the best results as bushes, but may also be trained against a See also:

• WALL (O. Eng. weal, weall, Mid. Eng. wal, wane, adapted from Lat. vallum, rampart; the original O. Eng. word for a wall was wag or tenth)
• WALL, RICHARD (1694-1778)

wall or trellis . In the See also:

• MATTER

matter of pruning it must be See also:

• BORNE, KARL LUDWIG (1786–1837)

borne in mind that red and white currants See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form their fruit buds on wood two to three years old, and the See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

main shoots and See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side branches may therefore be cut back . Black currants on the other See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand form fruit buds on the new wood of the previous year, hence the old wood should be cut away and the young left .

The black currant is subject to the attacks of a See also:

• MITE

mite, Phytoptus ribis, which destroys the unopened buds . The buds, when attacked, recognized by their swollen See also:

• APPEARANCE (from Lat. apparere, to appear)

appearance, should be picked off and burned . The attacks of the caterpillars of the See also:

• GOOSEBERRY

gooseberry and other moths may be met by dusting the bushes with See also:

• LIME
• LIME (O. Eng. lim, Lat. limes, mud, from linere, to smear)

lime and See also:

• SOOT (0. Eng. sot, cf. Icel. sot, Dan. sod; possibly from root sed, to sit)

soot when the plants are moist with See also:

• DEW

dew or after syringing . The following forms are recommended for cultivation:—Black: See also:

• LEE
• LEE (or LEGIT) ROWLAND (d. 1543)
• LEE, ANN (1736–1784)
• LEE, ARTHUR (1740–1792)
• LEE, FITZHUGH (1835–1905)
• LEE, GEORGE ALEXANDER (1802-1851)
• LEE, HENRY (1756-1818)
• LEE, JAMES PRINCE (1804-1869)
• LEE, NATHANIEL (c. 1653-16g2)
• LEE, RICHARD HENRY (1732-1794)
• LEE, ROBERT EDWARD (1807–1870)
• LEE, SIDNEY (1859– )
• LEE, SOPHIA (1950-1824)
• LEE, STEPHEN DILL (1833-1908)

Lee's Prolific, See also:

• BALDWIN, JAMES MARK (1861– )
• BALDWIN, ROBERT (1804–1858)

Baldwin's or See also:

• CARTER, ELIZABETH (1717-1806)

Carter's See also:

• CHAMPION (Fr. champion, Late Lat. campio from campus; a field or open space, i.e. one " who takes the field " or fights; cf. Ger. Kampf, battle, and Kampfer, fighter)

Champion and Black See also:

• NAPLES
• NAPLES (Ital. Napoli, and Lat. Neapolis)
• NAPLES, KINGDOM OF

Naples; Red: See also:

• CHERRY

Cherry, Raby See also:

• CASTLE
• CASTLE (Lat. castellum, a fort, diminutive of castra, a camp; Fr. chateau and chdtel)

Castle, Red Dutch and See also:

• COMET (Gr. Koµieiis, long-haired)

Comet; White: White Dutch . A kind of black currant (Ribes magellanicum), bearing poor and See also:

• ACID (from the Lat. root ac-, sharp; acere, to be sour)

acid fruit, is indigenous to Tierra del Fuego .