See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

JOHN See also:

• CURWEN, HUGH (d. 1568)
• JOHN CURWEN (1816-188o)

CURWEN (1816-188o)  , See also:

• ENGLISH

English See also:

• NONCONFORMIST

Nonconformist See also:

• MINISTER (Lat. minister, servant)

minister and founder of the Tonic Sol-Fa See also:

• SYSTEM

system of musical teaching, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born at See also:

• HECKMONDWIKE

Heckmondwike, See also:

• YORKSHIRE

Yorkshire, of an old See also:

• CUMBERLAND
• CUMBERLAND, DUKES AND EARLS OF
• CUMBERLAND, RICHARD (1632-1718)
• CUMBERLAND, RICHARD (1732-1811)
• CUMBERLAND, WILLIAM AUGUSTUS

Cumberland See also:

• FAMILY

family . His See also:

• FATHER

father was a Nonconformist minister, and he himself adopted this profession, which he practised till 1864, when he gave it up in =See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order to devote himself to his new method of musical nomenclature, designed to avoid the use of the stave with its lines and spaces . He adapted it from that of See also:

• MISS

Miss Sarah See also:

• ANN

Ann See also:

• GLOVER, RICHARD (1712-1785)
• GLOVER, SIR JOHN HAWLEY (1829-1885)

Glover (1785-1867) of See also:

• NORWICH
• NORWICH, GEORGE GORING, EARL OF (1583?-1663)

Norwich, whose Sol-Fa system was based on the See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient See also:

• GAMUT (from the Greek letter gamma, used as a musical symbol, and ut, the first syllable of the medieval hymn Sanctus Johannes)

gamut; but she omitted the See also:

• CONSTANT, BENJAMIN (1845-1902)

constant See also:

• RECITAL (from Lat. recitare, to read out, particularly of a public document)

recital of the alphabetical names of each See also:

• NOTE
• NOTE (Lat. nota, mark, sign, from noscere, to know)

note and the arbitrary syllable indicating See also:

• KEY
• KEY (in O. Eng. tang; the ultimate origin of the word is unknown; it appears only in Old Frisian kei of other Teutonic languages; until the end of the 17th century the pronunciation was kay, as in other words in O. Eng. ending in aeg; cf. daeg, day; clang
• KEY (the phraseograms being indicated by hyphens)
• KEY, SIR ASTLEY COOPER (1821-1888)
• KEY, THOMAS HEWITT (1799-1875)

key relationship, and also the recital of two or more such syllables when the same note was See also:

• COMMON

common to as many keys (e.g . " C, Fa, Ut,".meaning that C is the subdominant of G and the tonic of C) . The notes were represented by the See also:

• INITIALS (Lat. initialis, of or belonging to a beginning, initium)

initials of the seven syllables, still in use in See also:

• ITALY
• ITALY (Italia)

Italy and See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France as their names but in the " Tonic Sol-Fa " the seven letters refer to key relation-See also:

• SHIP

ship and not to See also:

• PITCH
• PITCH, MUSICAL

pitch . See also:

• CURWEN, HUGH (d. 1568)
• CURWEN, JOHN (1816-188o)

Curwen was led to feel the importance of a See also:

• SIMPLE

simple way of teaching how to sing by note by his experiences among See also:

• SUNDAY

Sunday-school teachers . Apart from Miss Glover, the same See also:

• IDEA (Gr. Ibia, connected with i&eiv, to see; cf. Lat. species from specere, to look at)

idea had been elaborated in France since J . J . See also:

• ROUSSEAU, JACQUES (1633-1693)
• ROUSSEAU, JEAN BAPTISTE (1671-1741)
• ROUSSEAU, JEAN JACQUES (1712-1778)
• ROUSSEAU, PIERRE ETIENNE THEODORE (1812–1867); French painter of the Barbizon school, was born in Paris on the 15th of April 1812, of a bourgeois family which included one or two artists. At first he received a business training, but soon displayed aptitu

Rousseau's See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time, by See also:

• PIERRE

Pierre Galin (1786-1821), Aime See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris (1798-1866) and Emile Cheve (1804-1864), whose method of teaching how to read at sight also depended on the principle of " tonic relation-ship " being inculcated by the reference of every See also:

• SOUND
• SOUND, THE (Danish Oresund)

sound to its tonic, by the use of a See also:

• NUMERAL (from Lat. numerus, a number)

numeral notation . Curwen brought out his See also:

• GRAMMAR (from Lat. grammatica, sc. ars; Gr. ypaµ)

Grammar of Vocal See also:

• MUSIC

Music in 1843, and in 1853 started the Tonic Sol-Fa Association; and in 1879, after some difficulties with the See also:

• EDUCATION

education See also:

• DEPARTMENT (Fr. departement, from departir, to separate into parts)

department, the Tonic Sol-Fa See also:

• COLLEGE (Collegium)

College was opened . Curwen also took to See also:

• PUBLISHING

publishing,. and brought out a periodical called the Tonic Sol-fa Reporter, and in his later See also:

• LIFE

life was occupied in directing the spreading organization of his system . He died at See also:

• MANCHESTER
• MANCHESTER (popularly Manchester-by-the-Sea)
• MANCHESTER, EARLS AND DUKES OF

Manchester on the 26th of May 1880 .

His son See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John See also:

• SPENCER
• SPENCER, HERBERT (1820-1903)
• SPENCER, JOHN CHARLES SPENCER, 3RD EARL (1782-1845)
• SPENCER, JOHNPOYNTZ SPENCER
• SPENCER, WILLIAM ROBERT (1769-1834)

Spencer Curwen (b . 1847), who became See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal of the Tonic Sol-Fa College, published Memorials of J . Curwen in 1882 . The Sol-Fa system has been widely adopted for use in education, as an easily teachable method in the See also:

• READING

reading of music at sight, but its more ambitious aims, which are strenuously pushed, for providing a See also:

• SUPERIOR

superior method of musical notation generally, have not recommended themselves to musicians at large .