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CALEB CUSHING (1800-1879)

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Originally appearing in Volume V07, Page 667 of the 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica.
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CALEB CUSHING (1800-1879)  ,
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American
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political leader and lawyer, was born in Salisbury, Massachusetts, on the 17th of
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January 1800 . He graduated at Harvard in 1817, was tutor in mathematics there in 1820—1821, was admitted to practice in the court of
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common pleas in December 1821, and began the practice of law in
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Newburyport, Mass., in 1824 . After serving, as a Democratic-Republican, in the state house of representatives in 1825, in the state senate in 1826, and in the house again in 1828, he spent two years, from 1829 to 1831, in
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Europe, again served in the state house of representatives in 1833 and 1834, and in the latter
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year was elected by the Whigs a representative in Congress . He served in this
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body from 1835 until 1843, and here the marked inconsistency which characterized his public
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life became manifest; for when John Tyler had become president, had been " read out " of the Whig party, and had vetoed Whig
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measures (including a tariff
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bill), for which Cushing had voted, Cushing first defended the vetoes and then voted again for the bills . In 1843 President Tyler nominated him for secretary of the
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treasury, but the senate refused to confirm him for this office . He was, however, appointed later in the same year
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commissioner of the
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United States to
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China, holding this position until 1845, and in 1844 negotiating the first treaty between China and the United States . In 1847, while again a representative in the state legislature, he introduced a bill appropriating
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money for the equipment of a regiment to serve in the Mexican War; although the bill was defeated, he raised the necessary funds privately, and served in Mexico first as colonel and afterwards as brigadier-general of
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volunteers . In 1847 and again in 1848 the Democrats nominated him for governor of Massachusetts, but on each occasion he was defeated at the polls . He was again a representative in the state legislature in 1851, became an associate justice of the supreme court of Massachusetts in 1852, and during the administration (1853—1857) of President Pierce, was attorney-general of the United States . In 1858, 1859, 1862 and 1863 he again served in the state house of representatives . In 186o he presided over the
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National Democratic Convention which met first at
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Charleston and later at Baltimore, until he joined those who seceded from the
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regular convention; he then presided also over the convention of the seceding delegates, who nominated John C . Breckinridge for the
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presidency .

During the

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Civil War, however, he supported the National Administration . At the Geneva
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conference for the settlement of the "
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Alabama " claims in 1871—1872 he was one of the counsel for the United States . 1 For Seba, see
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SABAEANS, and cf. generally the commentaries on Gen. x . 7 . In Flab. iii . 7 Cushan (obviously a related form) is parallel to Midian . In 1873 President Grant nominated him for chief justice of the United States, but in spite of his
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great learning and eminence at the bar, his ante-war record and the feeling of distrust experienced by many members of the senate on account of his inconsistency, aroused such vigorous opposition that his nomination was soon withdrawn . From 1874 to 1877 Cushing was United States minister to Spain . He died at Newburyport, Mass., on the 2nd of January 1879 . He published
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History and
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Present State' of the
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Town of Newburyport, Mass . (1826); Review of the
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late Revolution in France (1833); Reminiscences of Spain (1833); Oration on the Growth and Territorial Progress of the United States (1839); Life and Public Services of William H . Harrison (184o); and The Treaty of Washington (1873) .

End of Article: CALEB CUSHING (1800-1879)
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