See also:

• CYCLE
• CYCLE (Gr. KUK)^os, a circle)

CYCLE (Gr. KUK)^os, a circle)  , in See also:

• ASTRONOMY (from Gr. &arpov, a star, and v ,usiv, to classify or arrange)

astronomy, a See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period of See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time at the end of which some aspect or relation of the heavenly bodies recurs . The more important cycles are discussed in the articles See also:

• CALENDAR

CALENDAR and See also:

• ECLIPSE (Gr. €uheo,tis, falling out of place, failing)

ECLIPSE . In physics, the See also:

• TERM

term is applied to a See also:

• SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series of operations which, performed upon a See also:

• SYSTEM

system, brings it back to its See also:

• ORIGINAL

original See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state; See also:

• CARNOT, LAZARE EIPPOLYTE (18ot-1888)
• CARNOT, MARIE FRANCOIS SADI (1837-1894)
• CARNOT, SADI NICOLAS LEONHARD (1796-1832)

Carnot's See also:

• CYCLE
• CYCLE (Gr. KUK)^os, a circle)

Cycle " is an example (see See also:

• THERMODYNAMICS (from Gr. Bepµos, hot, Siva trs, force)

THERMODYNAMICS) . From the use of the word for any period at the end of which the same events recur in the same See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order or for any See also:

• COMPLETE

complete series of phenomena, it is used loosely of any See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long period of time . The name o Eaums KUKAos, the epic cycle, was given to the poems which complete the Homeric See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account of the Trojan See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

War (see below) . It is this use which has given rise to the application of the term " cycle to a series of See also:

• PROSE

prose or poetical romances which have for a centre one subject, whether a See also:

• PERSON, OFFENCES AGAINST THE

person, as in the See also:

• ALEXANDER
• ALEXANDER (1461-1506)
• ALEXANDER (ALEXANDER OF BATTENBERG) (1857-1893)
• ALEXANDER (ALEXANDER OsxENOVici) (1876-1903)
• ALEXANDER, ARCHIBALD (1772—1851)
• ALEXANDER, FRANCIS (1800—1881)
• ALEXANDER, GEORGE (1858— )
• ALEXANDER, JOHN WHITE (1856- )
• ALEXANDER, JOSEPH ADDISON (18o9—186o)
• ALEXANDER, SIR JAMES EDWARD (1803—1885)
• ALEXANDER, WILLIAM (1824— )
• ALEXANDER, WILLIAM LINDSAY (1808—1884)

Alexander, Arthurian or See also:

• CHARLEMAGNE [CHARLES THE GREAT] (c. 742-814)
• CHARLEMAGNE, JEAN ARMAND (1753–1838)

Charlemagne cycles, or an See also:

• OBJECT

object, such as the See also:

• RING (O.E. hring; a word common to Teutonic languages; and probably cognate with the Lat. circus, Gr. KtpKOS or KpLKOS, Skt'. chakra, wheel, circle, cf. also " harangue "); in art, a band of circular shape of varying sizes, made of any material and used f

ring of the See also:

• NIBELUNGENLIED, or DER NIBELUNGE NOT

Nibelungenlied . In See also:

• MUSIC

music " See also:

• SONG

Song-cycle " (Ger . Liederkreis) is similarly used of a series of songs written See also:

• ROUND (O. Fr. rond, Lat. rotundus, the Fr. is the source also of Du. rond; Ger., Swed., Dan. and Nor. rond)

round one subject or set to poems by the same author . See also:

• BEETHOVEN, LUDWIG VAN (1770-1827)

Beethoven's An See also:

• DIE
• DIE (Fr. de, from Lat. datum, given)

die ferne Gelieble (Op . 98), published in 1816, is the earliest instance . See also:

• SCHUBERT, FRANZ PETER (1797-1828)

Schubert's Die schone Miillerin, See also:

• SCHUMANN, ROBERT ALEXANDER (1810-1856)

Schumann's Dichterliebe and See also:

• BRAHMS, JOHANNES (1833–1897)

Brahms's Magelone-Lieder are well-known instances . Epic Cycle: This is a collection or corpus of See also:

• LAYS

lays written about 776–580 B.C. by poets of the Ionian School, See also:

• INTRODUCTORY

introductory or complementary to the Homeric poems, dealing with the legends of the Trojan and Theban See also:

• WARS

wars .

At a later date they were arranged so as to See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form a continuous narrative (the Iliad and the Odyssey included), perhaps after certain alterations had been made, to fill up gaps and remove inconsistencies and repetitions . By whom, and when, they were so arranged, cannot be decided; it is possible that it was the See also:

• WORK

work of See also:

• ZENODOTUS

Zenodotus of See also:

• EPHESUS
• EPHESUS, COUNCIL OF

Ephesus, who had the care of the epic See also:

• SECTION
• SECTION (Lat. sectio, cutting, secare, to cut)

section of the Alexandrian library . In order to furnish the See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general reader with a comprehensive See also:

• SKETCH (directly adapted from Dutch schets, which was taken from Ital. schizzo, a rough draft, Lat. schedium, something hastily made, Gr. oxE&os, sudden, off-hand, axeb6v, near by; Ger. Skizze and Fr. esquisse are from the same source)

sketch of mythological See also:

• HISTORY

history, See also:

• PROCLUS, or PROCULUS (A.D. 410-485)

Proclus—according to See also:

• WELCKER, FRIEDRICH GOTTLIEB (1784-1868)

Welcker and Valesius (See also:

• VALOIS, COUNTS AND DUKES OF
• VALOIS, HENRI DE [VALESIUS] (1603-1676)

Valois), not the neo-Platonist, but an unknown 2nd or 3rd See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century grammarian, perhaps Eutychius Proclus of Siccal in See also:

• AFRICA
• AFRICA, ROMAN

Africa, one of the tutors of See also:

• MARCUS

Marcus Aurelius (see PROCLuS) —compiled ' a prose See also:

• SUMMARY

summary (I'paµµarucij XprlvroµaOeia) 1 An objection to this view is that according to the Augustan historian Capitolinus (See also:

• ANTONINUS, SAINT ANTONIO PIEROZZI

Antoninus, 2) Eutychius of Sicca was a Latin not a See also:

• GREEK
• GREEK, ETRUSCAN AND

Greek grammarian.of the contents of the poems, to serve as a sort of primer to Greek literature . Extracts from this are preserved in the Codex Venetus of See also:

• HOMER, WINSLOW (1836-191o)

Homer and See also:

• PHOTIUS
• PHOTIUS (c. 82o-891)

Photius (See also:

• COD

cod . 239), according to which the epic cycle began with the See also:

• UNION
• UNION (known locally as Union Hill and officially as Town of Union)

union of See also:

• URANUS
• URANUS (Heaven)

Uranus and Ge and ended with the See also:

• DEATH

death of See also:

• ODYSSEUS (in Latin Ulixes, incorrectly written Ulysses)

Odysseus on his return to See also:

• ITHACA
• ITHACA ('IeaK77)

Ithaca at the hands of his son Telegonus . • The cycle was in existence in his (Proclus's) time, and was in See also:

• REQUEST, LETTERS OF

request not so much for its See also:

• ARTISTIC

artistic merit, as for the " sequence of the events described in it." Further See also:

• LIGHT

light is thrown on the subject by pictorial representations, intended for school use during the See also:

• ROMAN

Roman imperial period, the most famous of which is the Tabula Iliaca in the Capitoline museum . . The expression " epic cycle " in the sense of a poetical collection does not occur before the See also:

• CHRISTIAN
• CHRISTIAN, WILLIAM (1608-1663)

Christian era; the word KUKAos (" cycle," " circle ") is used of a See also:

• SPECIAL

special See also:

• KIND (O. E. ge-cynde, from the same root as is seen in " kin," supra)

kind of See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short poem and also of a prose abstract of mythological history; the See also:

• ADJECTIVE (from the Lat. adjectives, added)

adjective has the general sense of " hackneyed," " conventional," and is applied contemptuously (by See also:

• CALLIMACHUS

Callimachus and See also:

• HORACE [QuINTus HORATIUS FLACCUS] (65-8 B.C.)

Horace) to a particular Alexandrian school of See also:

• POETRY

poetry . The most important poems of the Trojan legendary cycle are the Cypria of See also:

• STASINUS

Stasinus (q.v.); the Aethiopis and Iliou Perlis (See also:

• SACK

Sack of See also:

• TROY
• TROY, JEAN FRANCOIS DE (1679–1752)

Troy) of See also:

• ARCTINUS

Arctinus (q.v.); the Little Iliad of See also:

• LESCHES (Lescheos in Pausanias x. 25. 5)

Lesches (q.v.); the Nosti of Hagias or Agias; the Telegonia of Eugammon . To the Theban cycle belong: the Thebais or Expedition of See also:

• AMPHIARAUS

Amphiaraus and the See also:

• EPIGONI (" descendants ")

Epigoni of See also:

• ANTIMACHUS

Antimachus . The Oechalias Halosis (See also:

• CAPTURE (from Lat. capere, to take; Fr. prise maritime; Ger. Wegnahme)

capture of Oechalia) of See also:

• CREOPHYLUS

Creophylus (q.v.); the Phocais (or Minya) of Prodicus; and the Danais of Cercops, although belonging to the old Homeric epos, cannot with certainty be included in the epic cycle . The names of the authors are in several cases exceedingly doubtful .