called THASCIUS] See also:

• SAINT (lat. sanctus, " holy ")

SAINT [See also:

• CAECILIUS

Caecilius Cyprianus See also:

• called THASCIUS] SAINT [Caecilius Cyprianus CYPRIAN (c. 200–258)

CYPRIAN (c. 200–258)  , See also:

• BISHOP (A.S. bisceop, from Lat. episcopus, Gr. irio-Korros, " overlooker " or " overseer ")
• BISHOP, ISABELLA (1832-1904)
• BISHOP, SIR HENRY ROWLEY (1786-1855)

bishop of See also:

• CARTHAGE
• CARTHAGE (Phoenician Kart-hadshat, " New City "; Gr. Kapxn5c; v, Lat. Carthago or Carchedon)
• CARTHAGE, SYNODS OF

Carthage, one of the most illustrious in the See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early See also:

• HISTORY

history of the See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

church, and one of the most notable of its early martyrs, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born about the See also:

• YEAR

year 200, probably at Carthage . He was of patrician See also:

• FAMILY

family, wealthy, highly educated, and for some See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time occupied as a teacher of See also:

• RHETORIC (Gr. psroperctj TEXvq, the art of the orator)

rhetoric at Carthage . Of an enthusiastic temperament, accomplished in classical literature, he seems while a See also:

• PAGAN
• PAGAN (Lat. paganus, of or belonging to a pagus, a canton, county district, village, commune)

pagan to have courted discussion with the converts to See also:

• CHRISTIANITY

Christianity . Confident in his own See also:

• POWERS, HIRAM (1805-1873)

powers, he entered ardently into what was no doubt the See also:

• GREAT

great question of the time at• Carthage as elsewhere . He sought to vanquish, but was himself vanquished by, the new religious force which was making such rapid inroads on the decaying paganism of the See also:

• ROMAN

Roman See also:

• EMPIRE

empire . Caecilianus (or See also:

• CAECILIUS

Caecilius), a See also:

• PRESBYTER (Gr. apactObTepos, elder, the comparative of IrOo-Oas, an old man)

presbyter of Carthage, is supposed to have been the See also:

• INSTRUMENT (Lat. instrumentum, from insincere, to build up, furnish, arrange, prepare)

instrument of his See also:

• CON

con-version, which seems to have taken See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place about 246 . See also:

• CYPRIAN, SAINT [Caecilius Cyprianus, called THASCIUS] (c. 200–258)

Cyprian carried all his natural See also:

• ENTHUSIASM

enthusiasm and brilliant powers into his new profession . He devoted his See also:

• WEALTH

wealth to the See also:

• RELIEF

relief of the poor and other pious uses; and so, according to his See also:

• DEACON (Gr. S&& ovos, minister, servant)

deacon Pontius, who wrote a diffuse and vague See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account of his " See also:

• LIFE

life and See also:

• PASSION (post-classical Lat. passio, formed from pati, passus, to suffer, endure)

passion," " realized two benefits: the contempt of the See also:

• WORLD

world's ambition, and the observance of that See also:

• MERCY (adapted from Fr. merci, Lat. merces, reward)
• MERCY (or MERCI), FRANZ, FREIHERR VON

mercy which See also:

• GOD

God has preferred to See also:

• SACRIFICE (from Lat. sacrificium; sacer, holy, and facere, to make)

sacrifice." The result of his charity and activity as a See also:

• CHRISTIAN
• CHRISTIAN, WILLIAM (1608-1663)

Christian convert was his unanimous See also:

• CALL (from Anglo-Saxon ceallian, a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch kallen, to talk or chatter)

call by the Christian See also:

• PEOPLE

people to the See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head of the church in Carthage, at the end of 248 or beginning of 249 . The time was one of fierce persecution directed against the Christians, and the bishop of Carthage became a prominent See also:

• OBJECT

object of attack . During the persecution of See also:

• DECIUS, GAIUS MESSIUS QUINTUS TRAJANUS (2017-251)

Decius (250–251) Cyprian was exposed to imminent danger, and was compelled for a time to seek safety in See also:

• RETREAT (O. Fr. retrete, mod. retraite, from Lat. retrahere, to draw back)

retreat . Under See also:

• GALLUS, C
• GALLUS, CORNELIUS (c. 70-26 B.C.)
• GALLUS, GAIUS AELIUS
• GALLUS, GAIUS CESTIUS
• GALLUS, GAIUS SULPICIUS

Gallus, the successor of Decius, the persecution was relaxed, and Cyprian returned to Carthage . Here he held several See also:

• COUNCILS

councils for the discussion of the affairs of the church, especially for See also:

• GRAVE

grave questions as to the rebaptism of heretics, and the re-See also:

• ADMISSION

admission into the church of the lapsi, or those who had fallen away through fear during the See also:

• HEAT (0. E. haktu, which like " hot," Old Eng. hat, is from the Teutonic type haita, hit, to be hot; cf. Ger. hitze, heiss; Dutch, hitte, heet, &c.)

heat of the persecution .

'Cyprian, although inspired by lofty notions of the prerogatives of the church, and inclined to severity of See also:

• OPINION (Lat. opinio, from opinari, to think)

opinion towards heretics, and especially heretical dissentients from the belief in the divine authorship of the episcopal See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order and the unity of Christendom, was leniently disposed towards those who had temporarily fallen from the faith . He set himself in opposition to, Novatian, a presbyter of See also:

• ROME
• ROME (Roma)

Rome, who advocated their permanent exclusion from the church; and it was his See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence which guided the tolerant See also:

• MEASURES

measures of the Carthaginian synods on the subject . While in this question he went See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand in hand with See also:

• CORNELIUS
• CORNELIUS, CARL AUGUST PETER (1824-1874)
• CORNELIUS, PETER VON (1784–1867)

Cornelius, bishop of Rome, his strict attitude in the See also:

• MATTER

matter of See also:

• BAPTISM

baptism by heretics brought him into serious conflict with the Roman bishop See also:

• STEPHEN
• STEPHEN (1097?-1154)
• STEPHEN (ISTVAN) BATHORY (1533-1586)
• STEPHEN, SIR JAMES (1789-1859)
• STEPHEN, SIR JAMES FITZJAMES, BART
• STEPHEN, SIR LESLIE (1832-1904)

Stephen . It would almost have come to a rupture, since both parties held firmly to their , standpoint, had not a new persecution arisen under the See also:

• EMPEROR (Fr. empereur, from the Lat. imperator)

emperor See also:

• VALERIAN

Valerian, which threw all See also:

• INTERNAL

internal quarrels into the background in See also:

• FACE (from Lat. fades, derived either from facere, to make, or from a root fa-, meaning " appear "; cf. Gr. cbatvstv)

face of the See also:

• COMMON

common danger . Stephen became a See also:

• MARTYR (Gr. pimp or µaprvs)

martyr in See also:

• AUGUST (originally Sextilis)

August 257 . Cyprian was at first banished to Curubis in See also:

• AFRICA
• AFRICA, ROMAN

Africa Proconsularis . But soon he was recalled, taken into custody, and finally condemned to See also:

• DEATH

death . He was beheaded on the 14th of See also:

• SEPTEMBER (Lat. septem, seven)

September 258, the first See also:

• AFRICAN

African bishop to obtain the martyr's See also:

• CROWN

crown . All Cyprian's See also:

• LITERARY

literary See also:

• WORKS

works were written in connexion with his episcopal See also:

• OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")

office; almost all his See also:

• TREATISES

treatises and many of his letters have the See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character of See also:

• PASTORAL (from Lat. pastor, a shepherd)

pastoral epistles, and their See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form occasionally betrays the fact that they were intended as addresses . These writings See also:

• BEAR
• BEAR, BLACK
• BEAR, BROWN
• BEAR, GRIZZLY
• BEAR, ISABELLINE
• BEAR, WHITE

bear the' See also:

• MARK
• MARK, CARL (1858– )
• MARK, GOSPEL OF ST
• MARK, ST

mark of a clear mind and a moderate and See also:

• GENTLE (through the Fr. gentil, from Lat. gentilis, belonging to the same gens, or family)

gentle spirit . Cyprian had none of that character which makes the See also:

• READING

reading of See also:

• TERTULLIAN (c. 155-c. 222)

Tertullian, whom he himself called his magister, so interesting and piquant, but he possessed other qualities which Tertullian lacked, especially the See also:

• ART

art of presenting his thoughts in See also:

• SIMPLE

simple, smooth and clear See also:

• LANGUAGE (adapted from the Fr. langage, from langue, tongue, Lat. lingua)

language, yet in a See also:

• STYLE
• STYLE (from Gr. a-6'1ms, a column; a different word from that used in literature, see below)

style which is not wanting in warmth and persuasive See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power . Like Tertullian, and often in See also:

• IMITATION (Lat. imitatio, from intitari, to imitate)

imitation of him, Cyprian took certain apologetic, dogmatic and pastoral themes as subjects of his treatises .

By far the best known of these is the See also:

• TREATISE

treatise De catholicae ecclesiae unitate, called forth in A.D . 251 by the See also:

• SCHISM

schism at Carthage, but particularly by the Novatian schism at Rome . In this is See also:

• PRO

pro-claimed the See also:

• DOCTRINE

doctrine of the one church founded upon the apostle See also:

• PETER
• PETER (Lat. Petrus from Gr. irfpos, a rock, Ital. Pietro, Piero, Pier, Fr. Pierre, Span. Pedro, Ger. Peter, Russ. Petr)
• PETER (PEDRO)
• PETER, EPISTLES OF
• PETER, ST

Peter, whose " tangible See also:

• BOND
• BOND, SIR EDWARD AUGUSTUS (1815-1898)

bond is her one See also:

• UNITED

united episcopate, an apostleship universal yet only one—the authority of every bishop perfect in itself and See also:

• INDEPENDENT

independent, yet not forming with all the others a See also:

• MERE
• MERE, ADALBERT (1838-1909)

mere agglomeration of powers, but being a See also:

• TENURE (Fr. tenure, from Lat. tenere, to hold)

tenure upon a totality like that of a shareholder in some See also:

• JOINT (through Fr. from Lat. junctum, jungere, to join)

joint See also:

• PROPERTY

property." See also:

• ATTENTION (from Lat. ad-tendo, await, expect; the condition of being " stretched " or " tense ")

Attention must also be called to the treatise . Ad Donatum (De gratia dei), in which the new life after regeneration with its moral effects is set forth in a pure and clear See also:

• LIGHT

light, as contrasted with the See also:

• NIGHT

night of heathendom and its moral degradation, which were known to the author from See also:

• PERSONAL

personal experience . The numerous Letters of Cyprian are not only an important source for the history of church life and of ecclesiastical See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law, on account of their See also:

• RICH, BARNABE (c. 1540-1617)
• RICH, CLAUDIUS JAMES (1787-1821)
• RICH, JOHN (1692-1761)
• RICH, PENELOPE, LADY (c. 1562–1607)
• RICH, RICHARD, 1ST BARON RICH (1490?-1567)

rich and manifold contents, but in large See also:

• PART

part they are important monuments of the literary activity of their author, since, not infrequently, they are in the form of treatises upon the topic in question . Of the eighty-two letters in the See also:

• PRESENT

present collection, sixty-six were written by Cyprian . In the great See also:

• MAJORITY (Fr. majorite; Med. Lat. majoritas; Lat. major, greater)

majority of cases the See also:

• CHRONOLOGY (Gr. xpovo?oyfa, computation of time, xp6vos)

chronology of their See also:

• COMPOSITION
• COMPOSITION (Lat. compositio, from componere, to put together)

composition, as far as the year is concerned, presents no difficulties; more precise assignments are mainly conjectural . In the See also:

• EDITIONS

editions of the works of Cyprian a number of treatises are printed which, certainly or probably, were not written by him, and have therefore usually been described as pseudo-Cyprian'c . Several of them, e.g. the treatise on See also:

• DICE (plural of die, O. Fr. de, derived from Lat. dare, to give)

dice (De aleatoribus), have attracted the attention of scholars, who are never weary of the See also:

• ATTEMPT (Lat. adtemptare, attentare, to try)

attempt to determine the identity of the author, unfortunately hitherto without much success . The best, though by no means faultless, edition of Cyprian's works is that of W. von Hartel in the Corpus scriptorum ecclesiasticorum (3 vols., See also:

• VIENNA (Ger. Wien; Lat. Vindobona)
• VIENNA, CONGRESS OF (1814-1815)

Vienna, 1868-1871) . There is an See also:

• ENGLISH

English See also:

• TRANSLATION

translation in the Library of the Ante-Nicene Fathers . The most See also:

• COMPLETE

complete monograph is that by See also:

• ARCHBISHOP (Lat. archiepiscopus, from Gr. apxceatorcoros)

Archbishop E .

W . See also:

• BENSON, EDWARD WHITE (182g—1896)
• BENSON, FRANCIS ROBERT (1858— )
• BENSON, FRANK WESTON (1862— )
• BENSON, GEORGE (1699–1762)

Benson, Cyprian, his Life, his Times, his See also:

• WORK

Work (See also:

• LONDON

London, 1897) . See also J . A . Faulkner, Cyprian the Churchman (See also:

• CINCINNATI

Cincinnati and New See also:

• YORK
• YORK (HOUSE OF)
• YORK, EDMUND OF LANGLEY, DUKE OF (1341-1402)
• YORK, EDWARD
• YORK, FREDERICK AUGUSTUS, DUKE OF (1763-1827)
• YORK, RICHARD, DUKE

York, 1906) .