See also:

• CYRENE [mod. Ain Shahat-Grenna]

CYRENE [mod. See also:

• AIN

Ain Shahat-Grenna]  , the See also:

• ORIGINAL

original See also:

• CAPITAL (i.e. capital stock or fund)
• CAPITAL (Lat. caput, head)

capital of See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient See also:

• CYRENAICA

Cyrenaica (q.v.) and one of the greatest of See also:

• GREEK
• GREEK, ETRUSCAN AND

Greek colonies . The Theraean See also:

• STORY, JOHN (c. 1510-1571)
• STORY, JOSEPH (1779-1845)
• STORY, ROBERT HERBERT (1835-1907)
• STORY, WILLIAM WETMORE (1819—1895)

story of its See also:

• FOUNDATION (Lat. fundatio, from fundare, to found)

foundation, as told by See also:

• HERODOTUS (c. 484-425 B.C.)

Herodotus, runs thus . See also:

• BATTUS

Battus (whose true Greek name seems to have been Aristoteles), a native of See also:

• THERA

Thera (See also:

• SANTORIN (corruption of St Irene; anc. THERA)

Santorin), itself a Laconian See also:

• COLONY (Lat. colonia, from colonus, a cultivator)

colony, was bidden by the Delphic See also:

• ORACLE (Lat. oraculum, from ora' to pray; the corresponding Greek word is uavreiov or Xpnuri7pwov)

oracle, if he wished to putan end to domestic dissensions, to See also:

• LEAD
• LEAD (pronounced iced)

lead a portion of the citizens to See also:

• LIBYA

Libya and build a See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city in a " See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place between See also:

• WATERS, TERRITORIAL

waters." (For other stories see BATTUS.) By this he understood an See also:

• ISLAND (O.E. ieg =isle, +land')

island, and therefore established his followers on the barren islet of Platea in the gulf of Bomba . The colony being unsuccessful made further application to the oracle and was bidden to See also:

• TRANSFER (from Lat. transferre, to bear across, carry over)

transfer itself to the mainland . The Libyan barbarians reported that a fertile and well-watered See also:

• DISTRICT

district See also:

• LAY

lay to the See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

west and were induced to See also:

• ACT (Lat. actus, actum)

act as guides . They brought the Greeks through forests to high ground from various points of which issued springs, and Battus, recognizing " a place between waters," began to build . This was in the See also:

• MIDDLE

middle of the 7th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century B.C . The result was See also:

• CYRENE [mod. Ain Shahat-Grenna]

Cyrene, so called (it was said) from a See also:

• LOCAL

local nymph, who has been shown by Studniczka to have been a Nature goddess, like the Greek See also:

• ARTEMIS

Artemis . The point first occupied was probably the See also:

• HILL
• HILL (0. Eng. hyll; cf. Low Ger. hull, Mid. Dutch hul, allied to Lat. celsus, high, collis, hill, &c.)
• HILL, A
• HILL, AARON (1685-175o)
• HILL, AMBROSE POWELL
• HILL, DANIEL HARVEY (1821-1889)
• HILL, DAVID BENNETT (1843–1910)
• HILL, GEORGE BIRKBECK NORMAN (1835-1903)
• HILL, JAMES J
• HILL, JOHN (c. 1716-1775)
• HILL, MATTHEW DAVENPORT (1792-1872)
• HILL, OCTAVIA (1838– )
• HILL, ROWLAND (1744–1833)
• HILL, SIR ROWLAND (1795-1879)

hill above the " See also:

• APOLLO (Gr. 'A2r6XXwv,'Airkkhwv)

Apollo " See also:

• FOUNTAIN (Late Lat. fontana, from ions, a spring)

fountain on the west; and there was erected the fortress-See also:

• PALACE (Lat. Palatium, the name given by Augustus to his residence on the Palatine Hill)

palace of the Battiadae, who continued to See also:

• RULE

rule the colony for eight generations . The neighbouring Libyans were conciliated and given a position similar to that of Laconian See also:

• PERIOECI (IrEpi00KOI, those who dwell around, in the neighbourhood)

perioeci, and intermarriage between them and Greeks became so frequent that the colony rapidly assumed a somewhat hybrid See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character, and while being one of the centres of Hellenic culture, showed See also:

• BARBARIAN (Gr. fap/3apos)

barbarian characteristics of violence and luxury . Battus I. reigned c . 63o to 590 B.C. and was succeeded by his son See also:

• ARCESILAUS (316–241 B.c.)

Arcesilaus (c .

590—574) of whom nothing is known . The See also:

• KINGS, FIRST AND SECOND BOOKS OF

kings henceforth See also:

• BORE

bore alternately the names Battus and Arcesilaus, of which the first is said to be simply the native Libyan word for " See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king ": the latter is, of course, Greek . This fact suggests that some See also:

• COMPROMISE (pronounced compromize; through Fr. from Lat. compromittere)

compromise with the natives had been come to, resulting, perhaps, in an See also:

• ALTERNATION (from Lat. alternare, to do by turns)

alternation of the supreme See also:

• OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")

office . Under Battus II . (570 B.C.?) a fresh See also:

• BAND

band of settlers was invited from See also:

• GREECE

Greece, and the colony tended to become henceforth more maritime and democratic . Its. See also:

• PORT

port, See also:

• APOLLONIA

Apollonia (Marsa See also:

• SUSA (anc. Segusio, q.v.)
• SUSA (Biblical, Shushan)
• SUSA (Fr. Sousse)

Susa), now See also:

• ROSE
• ROSE (Rosa)
• ROSE, GEORGE (1744-1818)
• ROSE, HUGH JAMES (1795—1838)
• ROSE, WILLIAM STEWART (1775-1843)

rose to importance: and a second (See also:

• WINTER, JOHN STRANGE
• WINTER, PETER (c. 1755-1825)

winter) port was created at Naustathmos (Marsa Hilal) about 15 M . E. behind a sheltering cape . See also:

• FINE

Fine roads were cut through the See also:

• ROCK
• ROCK (O.Fr. rake, Sp. rota, Ital. rocca; possibly from a Lat. form rupica, from rupes, rock)
• ROCK, DANIEL (1799–187t)

rock connecting these harbours with the capital . Trouble followed, however, with the Libyans, who saw them-selves robbed in favour of the new settlers, and they called in See also:

• EGYPTIAN

Egyptian help; but the force sent by See also:

• APRIES ('Aapcns)

Apries was defeated near the See also:

• SPRING (from " to spring," " to leap or jump up," " burst out," O. Eng., springau, a common Teut. word, cf. Ger. springer, possibly allied to Gr. QnrFpxecOac, to move rapidly)

spring Theste, and presently See also:

• AMASIS

Amasis of See also:

• EGYPT

Egypt made See also:

• PEACE
• PEACE, BREACH OF THE

peace and took a Battiad princess to wife . Under Arcesilaus II . (c . 560—550) domestic dissensions and Libyan revolt led to the See also:

• FOUNDING (from Lat. fundere, to pour)

founding of a See also:

• RIVAL

rival inland city, See also:

• BARCA (mod. Merj)

Barca, and a severe defeat and See also:

• MASSACRE

massacre .

These misfortunes, coupled with the fact that Battus III. was thought to have disgraced the See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house by his lameness, prompted the Cyrenaeans to send to See also:

• DELPHI (the Pytho of Homer and Herodotus; in Boeotian inscriptions BeA4oi, on coins Aa)tg5oi)

Delphi for more See also:

• ADVICE (Fr. avis, from Lat. ad, to, and visum, viewed)

advice, and as a result Demonax of Mantinea arrived as arbitrator and framed a constitution limiting the See also:

• MONARCHY (Fr. monarchic, from Lat. monarchia, Gr. uovapXia, rule of one, µbvos, alone, apXi7, rule)

monarchy and dividing the citizens tribally according to the date of their See also:

• SETTLEMENT
• SETTLEMENT, ACT OF

settlement and their place of origin . Further attempts of the Battiadae (e.g. of Pheretima, wife of Battus III., and Arcesilaus his son) to annul this constitution, and See also:

• BITTER, KARL THEODORE FRANCIS (1867– )

bitter See also:

• FAMILY

family dissensions, brought about a See also:

• PERSIAN
• PERSIAN, SYRIAN, EGYPTIAN AND TURKISH

Persian invasion and finally the extinction of the See also:

• DYNASTY (Gr. &vvaareta, sovereignty, the position of a hevnori7r, lord, ruler, from SuvaaBay to be able, Suvaµas, power)

dynasty about 450 B.C . A See also:

• REPUBLIC (Lat. respublica, a commonweal or common-wealth)

republic of more or less Spartan type succeeded, but it was often interrupted by tyrannies; and having made submission by See also:

• EMBASSY

embassy to See also:

• ALEXANDER
• ALEXANDER (1461-1506)
• ALEXANDER (ALEXANDER OF BATTENBERG) (1857-1893)
• ALEXANDER (ALEXANDER OsxENOVici) (1876-1903)
• ALEXANDER, ARCHIBALD (1772—1851)
• ALEXANDER, FRANCIS (1800—1881)
• ALEXANDER, GEORGE (1858— )
• ALEXANDER, JOHN WHITE (1856- )
• ALEXANDER, JOSEPH ADDISON (18o9—186o)
• ALEXANDER, SIR JAMES EDWARD (1803—1885)
• ALEXANDER, WILLIAM (1824— )
• ALEXANDER, WILLIAM LINDSAY (1808—1884)

Alexander in 331, Cyrene passed under Ptolemaic domination ten years later . From this See also:

• EPOCH (Gr. E7roxij, holding in suspense, a pause, from E1rxav, to hold up, to stop)

epoch See also:

• DATES

dates a decline which was due to economic causes (see CYRENAICA) and to the Ptolemaic policy of favouring easily controlled See also:

• HARBOUR (from M.E. hereberge, here, an army; cf. Ger. Heer and -beorg, protection or shelter. Other early forms in English were herberwe and haiborow, as seen in various place names, such as Market Harborough.. The French auberge, an inn, derived through

harbour-towns rather than an inland place like Cyrene, whose ancient factions still continued to give trouble under the earlier See also:

• PTOLEMIES

Ptolemies . Apollonia and See also:

• BERENICE
• BERENICE, or BERNICE

Berenice gradually superseded Cyrene and Barca respectively, being more in See also:

• TOUCH (derived through Fr. toucher from a common Teutonic and Indo-Germanic root, cf. " tug," " tuck," O. H. Ger. zucchen, to twitch or draw)

touch with Greece and less exposed to the hostile See also:

• NOMAD (Gr. voµas, voµabes, wandering)

nomad Libyans, who increased in boldness and See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power: but Cyrene continued to be a See also:

• GREAT

great city after it had passed to See also:

• ROME
• ROME (Roma)

Rome (96 B.c.), and up to the reign of See also:

• TRAJAN [MARCUS ULPIUS TRAJANUS] (A. D. 53-117)

Trajan, when a Jewish revolt and the repressive See also:

• MEASURES

measures taken by the imperial See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government dealt it an irreparable See also:

• BLOW, JOHN (1648-1708)

blow . Ere See also:

• CHRISTIANITY

Christianity became the See also:

• RELIGION
• RELIGION, FOLKLORE, CUSTOM

religion of the See also:

• EMPIRE

empire, it was largely a ruin, and henceforward to the epoch of Arab See also:

• CONQUEST

conquest (A.D . 641) its Greek See also:

• LIFE

life gradually deserted it for Apollonia . At its See also:

• ACME (Gr. 6.Kµii, point)

acme Cyrene is said to have had over See also:

• IOO

ioo,000 inhabitants . It was noted among the ancients for its intellectual life . Its medical school was famous, and it numbered among its celebrities See also:

• CALLIMACHUS

Callimachus the poet, See also:

• CARNEADES (214–129 B.C.)

Carneades, the founder of the New See also:

• ACADEMY, GREEK
• ACADEMY, ROYAL

Academy at See also:

• ATHENS
• ATHENS ['AN vat, Athenae, modem colloquial Greek `Ath va]

Athens, See also:

• ARISTIPPUS (c. 435–356 B.c.)

Aristippus, a See also:

• PUPIL (Lat. pupillus, orphan, minor, dim. of pupus, boy, allied to puer, from root pm- or peu-, to beget, cf. "pupa," Lat. for " doll," the name given to the stage intervening between the larval and imaginal stages in certain insects)

pupil of See also:

• SOCRATES

Socrates and the founder of the so-called See also:

• CYRENAICS
• CYRENAICS, MEGARIAN SCHOOL

Cyrenaics (q.v.), Eratosthenes the polyhistor, and See also:

• SYNESIUS (c. 373-c. 414)

Synesius, one of the most elegant of the ancient See also:

• CHRISTIAN
• CHRISTIAN, WILLIAM (1608-1663)

Christian writers . The first See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account of the site in See also:

• MODERN

modern times seems to be that of M. le Maire, who was See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French See also:

• CONSUL
• CONSUL (in Gr. generally ihraros,ashortened form of errpavgybs 8hraeos, i.e. praetor maximus)

consul at See also:

• TRIPOLI
• TRIPOLI (Tarabulus el-Gharb, i.e. Tripoli of the West)
• TRIPOLI, or TARABULUS (anc. Tripolis)

Tripoli from 1703 to 1708, and twice visited Cyrene . See also:

• PAUL
• PAUL (PAULUS)

Paul See also:

• LUCAS, CHARLES (1713–1771)
• LUCAS, JOHN SEYMOUR (1849– )
• LUCAS, SIR CHARLES (d. 1648)

Lucas was there in 1710, and again in 1723, and Dr See also:

• THOMAS
• THOMAS (c. 1654-1720)
• THOMAS (d. 110o)
• THOMAS, ARTHUR GORING (1850-1892)
• THOMAS, CHARLES LOUIS AMBROISE (1811-1896)
• THOMAS, GEORGE (c. 1756-1802)
• THOMAS, GEORGE HENRY (1816-187o)
• THOMAS, ISAIAH (1749-1831)
• THOMAS, PIERRE (1634-1698)
• THOMAS, SIDNEY GILCHRIST (1850-1885)
• THOMAS, ST
• THOMAS, THEODORE (1835-1905)
• THOMAS, WILLIAM (d. 1554)

Thomas See also:

• SHAW, GEORGE BERNARD (1856– )
• SHAW, HENRY WHEELER (1818–1885)
• SHAW, LEMUEL (1781–1861)
• SHAW, RICHARD NORMAN (1831– )

Shaw in 1738; an See also:

• ITALIAN

Italian, Dr A .

Cervelli, who was there in 1812, furnished some See also:

• INFORMATION (from Lat. informare, to give shape or form to, to represent, describe)

information to the Societe de Geographie of See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris; and P . Della See also:

• CELLA

Cella published an account of his visit, made in 1817 . In 1821–1822 important explorations were made by See also:

• LIEUTENANT

Lieutenant F . W . See also:

• BEECHEY, FREDERICK WILLIAM (1796—1856)
• BEECHEY, SIR WILLIAM (1753—1839)

Beechey, R.N.; and he was almost immediately followed by a French artist, M . J . R . Pacho, whose See also:

• PENCIL (Lat. penicillus, brush, literally little tail)

pencil preserved a number of interesting monuments that have since disappeared . L . Delaporte, French consul at See also:

• TANGIER (locally TANJAH)

Tangier, and Vattier de Bourville come next in See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order of See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time . H . See also:

• BARTH
• BARTH, HEINRICH (1821–1865)
• BARTH, KASPAR VON (1587-1658)

Barth, the famous See also:

• AFRICAN

African traveller, published an account of his investigations in his Wanderungen durch See also:

• DIE
• DIE (Fr. de, from Lat. datum, given)

die Kiistenldnder See also:

• DES

des Mittelmeers, 1849, and See also:

• JAMES
• JAMES (Gr. 'IlrKw,l3or, the Heb. Ya`akob or Jacob)
• JAMES (JAMES FRANCIS EDWARD STUART) (1688-1766)
• JAMES, 2ND EARL OF DOUGLAS AND MAR(c. 1358–1388)
• JAMES, DAVID (1839-1893)
• JAMES, EPISTLE OF
• JAMES, GEORGE PAYNE RAINSFOP
• JAMES, HENRY (1843— )
• JAMES, JOHN ANGELL (1785-1859)
• JAMES, THOMAS (c. 1573–1629)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (1842–1910)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (d. 1827)

James See also:

• HAMILTON
• HAMILTON (GRAND or ASHUANIPI)
• HAMILTON, ALEXANDER (1757-1804)
• HAMILTON, ANTHONY, or ANTOINE (1646-1720)
• HAMILTON, ELIZABETH (1758–1816)
• HAMILTON, EMMA, LADY (c. 1765-1815)
• HAMILTON, JAMES (1769-1831)
• HAMILTON, JAMES HAMILTON, 1ST DUKE OF (1606-1649)
• HAMILTON, JOHN (c. 1511–1571)
• HAMILTON, MARQUESSES AND DUKES OF
• HAMILTON, PATRICK (1504-1528)
• HAMILTON, ROBERT (1743-1829)
• HAMILTON, SIR WILLIAM
• HAMILTON, SIR WILLIAM (1730-1803)
• HAMILTON, SIR WILLIAM ROWAN (1805-1865)
• HAMILTON, THOMAS (1789-1842)
• HAMILTON, WILLIAM (1704-1754)
• HAMILTON, WILLIAM GERARD (1729-1796)

Hamilton, who was there in 1851, described the place in his Wanderings in N .

See also:

• AFRICA
• AFRICA, ROMAN

Africa . In 1861 excavations were made on behalf of the See also:

• BRITISH

British Museum by Lieuts . R . Murdoch See also:

• SMITH
• SMITH, ADAM (1723–1790)
• SMITH, ALEXANDER (183o-1867)
• SMITH, ANDREW JACKSON (1815-1897)
• SMITH, CHARLES EMORY (1842–1908)
• SMITH, CHARLES FERGUSON (1807–1862)
• SMITH, CHARLOTTE (1749-1806)
• SMITH, COLVIN (1795—1875)
• SMITH, EDMUND KIRBY (1824-1893)
• SMITH, G
• SMITH, GEORGE (1789-1846)
• SMITH, GEORGE (184o-1876)
• SMITH, GEORGE ADAM (1856- )
• SMITH, GERRIT (1797–1874)
• SMITH, GOLDWIN (1823-191o)
• SMITH, HENRY BOYNTON (1815-1877)
• SMITH, HENRY JOHN STEPHEN (1826-1883)
• SMITH, HENRY PRESERVED (1847– )
• SMITH, JAMES (1775–1839)
• SMITH, JOHN (1579-1631)
• SMITH, JOHN RAPHAEL (1752–1812)
• SMITH, JOSEPH, JR
• SMITH, MORGAN LEWIS (1822–1874)
• SMITH, RICHARD BAIRD (1818-1861)
• SMITH, ROBERT (1689-1768)
• SMITH, SIR HENRY GEORGE WAKELYN
• SMITH, SIR THOMAS (1513-1577)
• SMITH, SIR WILLIAM (1813-1893)
• SMITH, SIR WILLIAM SIDNEY (1764-1840)
• SMITH, SYDNEY (1771-1845)
• SMITH, THOMAS SOUTHWOOD (1788-1861)
• SMITH, WILLIAM (1769-1839)
• SMITH, WILLIAM (c. 1730-1819)
• SMITH, WILLIAM (fl. 1596)
• SMITH, WILLIAM FARRAR (1824—1903)
• SMITH, WILLIAM HENRY (1808—1872)
• SMITH, WILLIAM HENRY (1825—1891)
• SMITH, WILLIAM ROBERTSON (1846-'894)

Smith, R.E., and E . A . Porcher, R.N., the results of which are detailed in their valuable Discoveries in Cyrene (See also:

• LONDON

London, 1864) . Since that date, owing to the increase of See also:

• SENUSSI [SANUSI]

Senussi See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence, and the consequent fears of the See also:

• OTTOMAN

Ottoman authorities, the site has been very seldom visited . The Italians, M . Camperio and G . Haimann, leading commercial See also:

• MISSIONS (Lat. missio, a sending)

missions, were there in the eighties, and Mr H . W . Blundell succeeded with a See also:

• SPECIAL

special See also:

• FIRMAN (an adaptation of the Per. ferman, a mandate or patent, cognate with the Sanskrit pramdna, a measure, authority)

firman and a strong escort in reaching the place in 1895, but had trouble with the local Senussi See also:

• ARABS

Arabs .

The See also:

• PROHIBITION (Lat. prohibere, to prevent)

prohibition of travel became thereafter more stringent, and it has only been overcome by a party from Mr A . V . See also:

• ARMOUR, PHILIP DANFORTH (1832-1901)

Armour's yacht " Utowana,'' which marched up from Marsa Susa in See also:

• APRIL

April 1904, and stayed one See also:

• NIGHT

night . They found some fifty families of Cretan refugees established at See also:

• AIN

Ain Shahat and a mudir with a small guard on the spot: but no inhabited houses, except the Senussi See also:

• CONVENT (Lat. conventus, from convenire, to come together)

convent and the mudiria . Cretans and Arabs live in the ancient rock-tombs . An Italian senator, Chev . G. de Martino, with two Italian residents at See also:

• DERNA (anc. Darnis-Zarine)

Derna, passed through the place in 1907, and found it in Bedouin hands . The site lies on the See also:

• CREST
• CREST (Lat. crista, a plume or tuft)

crest of the highland of See also:

• JEBEL (plur. jibed)

Jebel Akhdar (about 1800 ft.) and 10 m. from the See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

sea . The ground slopes very gradually See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south, and being entirely denuded of trees, makes See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good See also:

• CORN (a common Teutonic word; cf. Lat. granum, seed, grain)
• CORN (fromm Lat. corms, horn)

corn See also:

• LAND

land . The northward slope falls more steeply in a See also:

• SUCCESSION (Lat. successio, from succedere, to follow after)

succession of shelves, covered here and there with See also:

• FOREST

forest . Ravines surround the site on three sides, and there are at least four springs in its See also:

• AREA

area, of which one, having great See also:

• VOLUME

volume, has been at all times the attraction and See also:

• FOCUS (Latin for " hearth " or " fireplace ")

focus of the place . This is the so-called " Fount of Apollo," which issues from a See also:

• TUNNEL (Fr. tonne!, later tonneau, a diminutive from Low Lat. tonna, tunna, a tun, cask)

tunnel artificially enlarged, and once faced with a See also:

• PORTICO (Ital. for " porch," Lat. porticus)

portico .

The See also:

• ACROPOLIS (Gr. aKpos, top, a6)Xts, city)

acropolis was immediately above this on the W., and the See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

main entrance of the city, through which came the sacred See also:

• PRO

pro-cessions, passed it . The remains of Cyrene itself are enclosed by a See also:

• WALL (O. Eng. weal, weall, Mid. Eng. wal, wane, adapted from Lat. vallum, rampart; the original O. Eng. word for a wall was wag or tenth)
• WALL, RICHARD (1694-1778)

wall having a See also:

• CIRCUIT (Lat. circuitus, from circum, round, and ire, to go)

circuit of about 4 m., of which little remains but the See also:

• FOUNDATIONS

foundations and fragments of two towers; but tombs and isolated structures extend far outside this area . The local Arabs say it takes them six See also:

• CAMEL (from the Arabic Djemal or the Heb. Gamal)

camel-See also:

• HOURS, CANONICAL

hours to go from one end to the other of the ruins, which they See also:

• CALL (from Anglo-Saxon ceallian, a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch kallen, to talk or chatter)

call generally " Grenna " (i.e . Kyrenna) . Within the city itself not very much is now to be seen . Below the Apollo fountain on the N. See also:

• LIE, JONAS LAURITZ EDEMIL (1833—1908)
• LIE, MARIUS SOPHUS (1842–1899)

lie a great See also:

• THEATRE (BEarpov, " a place for seeing," from OeacOae)

theatre and the substructures of the main See also:

• TEMPLE
• TEMPLE, FREDERICK (1821-1902)
• TEMPLE, RICHARD
• TEMPLE, SIR RICHARD, BART
• TEMPLE, SIR WILLIAM, BART

temple of Apollo, both included now in the Senussi convent See also:

• GARDEN (from O. Fr. garden, mod. Fr. jardin; this, like our words " garth," a paddock attached to a building, and " yard," comes from a Teutonic word for an enclosure which appears in Gothic as gards and O. H. Ger. gart, cf. Dutch gaarde and Ger. .garten)

garden . Above the fountain and by the main road is a smaller theatre . On the E., upon the See also:

• CROWN

crown of the See also:

• PLATEAU (a French term, older platel, for a flat piece of wood, metal, &c., from plat, flat)
• PLATEAU, JOSEPH ANTOINE FERDINAND (1801-1883)

plateau, are the sites on which Smith and Porcher placed temples of Bacchus, See also:

• VENUS

Venus and See also:

• AUGUSTUS (a name 1 derived from Lat. augeo, increase, i.e. venerable, majestic, Gr. Ee0avr6s)

Augustus, but they are marked only by rubbish heaps . Remains of a large See also:

• BYZANTINE

Byzantine See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

church and a much ruined See also:

• STADIUM

stadium lie to S.E . On the S. are immense covered tanks of See also:

• ROMAN

ROman date, with remains of the aqueducts which supplied them . On the W. a fine Many See also:

• HISTORICAL

historical and See also:

• ARTISTIC

artistic questions concerning Cyrene remain unsettled, but since the discoveries made in See also:

• LACONIA
• LACONIA (Gr. AaKWVLK1])

Laconia in 1908, the much disputed " Cyrenaic See also:

• WARE

ware " has been ascribed to See also:

• SPARTA (Gr. Eirapril or AaKe5atycav)

Sparta . A good See also:

• DEAL

deal of Cyrenaic See also:

• SCULPTURE
• SCULPTURE (Lat. sculptura, from sculpere, to carve, cognate with Gr. yXb4ew)

sculpture, all of comparatively See also:

• LATE

late date, was sent to the British Museum by Smith and Porcher .

Nothing has yet been found on the site belonging to the great See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age of the city's See also:

• INDEPENDENCE
• INDEPENDENCE, DECLARATION OF
• INDEPENDENCE, WAR OF

independence, the fine vases sent to the British Museum in 1864, by Mr G . See also:

• DENNIS, JOHN (1657—1734)

Dennis, having been discovered not there, but near Berenice (See also:

• BENGAZI (anc. Hesperides-Berenice)

Bengazi) . The latter site, with Ptolemais and Apollonia, has supplied most of the antiquities found latterly in Cyrenaica . See authorities for CYRENAICA, and F . Studniczka, Kyrene, eine alt-griechische Gottin (1890) . (D . G .