See also:

• CYRUS
• CYRUS (Gr. KDpos; Pers. Kuru-sh; Babyl. Kurash; Hebr. Koresh)

CYRUS (Gr. KDpos; Pers. Kuru-sh; Babyl. Kurash; Hebr. Koresh)  , the Latinized See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form of a See also:

• PERSIAN
• PERSIAN, SYRIAN, EGYPTIAN AND TURKISH

Persian name See also:

• BORNE, KARL LUDWIG (1786–1837)

borne by two prominent members of the Achaemenid See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house . 1 . See also:

• CYRUS
• CYRUS (Gr. KDpos; Pers. Kuru-sh; Babyl. Kurash; Hebr. Koresh)

CYRUS THE See also:

• GREAT

GREAT, the founder of the Persian See also:

• EMPIRE

empire, was the son of See also:

• CAMBYSES (528-521)
• CAMBYSES (Pers. Kambujiya)

Cambyses I . His See also:

• FAMILY

family belonged to the See also:

• CLAN (Gaelic clann, O. Ir. cland, connected with Lat. planta, shoot or scion, the ancient Gaelic or Goidelic substituting k for p)

clan of the Achaemenidae—in the inscription on the pillars and columns of the See also:

• PALACE (Lat. Palatium, the name given by Augustus to his residence on the Palatine Hill)

palace of See also:

• PASARGADAE

Pasargadae (See also:

• MURGHAB

Murghab) he says: " I am Cyrus the See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king, the Achaemenid "—the See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal clan (4pilrpq) of the Persian tribe of the Pasargadae (q.v.) . But in his See also:

• PROCLAMATION (Lat. proclamare, to make public by announcement)

proclamation to the Babylonians (V.R . 35; See also:

• SIR

Sir H . See also:

• RAWLINSON, GEORGE (1812-1902)
• RAWLINSON, RICHARD (169o-1755)
• RAWLINSON, SIR HENRY CRESWICKE (1810—1895)
• RAWLINSON, SIR ROBERT (1810—1898)

Rawlinson, See also:

• JOURNAL
• JOURNAL (through Fr. from late Lat. diurnalis, daily)

Journal of the R . 'Asiat . See also:

• SOC

Soc., n.s., xii., 188o; See also:

• SCHRADER, EBERHARD (1836-1908)

Schrader, Keilinschriftliche Bibliothek, iii . 2, 120 ff.; See also:

• HAGEN
• HAGEN, FRIEDRICH HEINRICH VON DER (178o-1856)

Hagen, in See also:

• DELITZSCH
• DELITZSCH, FRANZ (1813–1890)

Delitzsch and See also:

• HAUPT, MORITZ (1808—1874)

Haupt, Beitrage zur Assyriologie, 1894, where the See also:

• CHRONICLE (from Gr. Xpovos, time)

chronicle of Nabonidus is also published anew with a much improved See also:

• TRANSLATION

translation) he calls his ancestors, Teispes, Cyrus I. and Cambyses I., " See also:

• KINGS, FIRST AND SECOND BOOKS OF

kings of Anshan," and the same See also:

• TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title is given to him in the See also:

• INSCRIPTIONS (from Lat. inscribere, to write upon)

inscriptions and in the chronicle of Nabonidus of See also:

• BABYLON (mod. Hillah)

Babylon before his victory over See also:

• ASTYAGES

Astyages . Anshan is a See also:

• DISTRICT

district of See also:

• ELAM

Elam or Susiana, the exact position of which is still subject to much discussion . As we know from See also:

• JEREMIAH

Jeremiah xlix .

34 if . (cf . See also:

• EZEKIEL (SKpm', " God strengthens" or " God is strong "; Sept. 'IE'EKL?)X; Vulg. Ezechiel)

Ezekiel xxxii . 24 ff.) that the Elamites suffered a heavy defeat in 596 B.C., it is very probable that the Pasargadian dynast Teispes conquered Anshan in this See also:

• YEAR

year . See also:

• MODERN

Modern authors have often supposed that Cyrus and his ancestors were in reality Elamites; but this is contrary to all tradition, and there can be no doubt that Cyrus was a genuine Persian and a true believer in the Zoroastrian See also:

• RELIGION
• RELIGION, FOLKLORE, CUSTOM

religion . In See also:

• HERODOTUS (c. 484-425 B.C.)

Herodotus vii. i r the See also:

• GENEALOGY (from the Gr. yivos, family, and Vryos, theory)

genealogy of Cyrus is given in exactly the same way as in the proclamation of Cyrus himself; Teispes is called here the son of the eponym See also:

• ACHAEMENES (HAKHAMANI)

Achaemenes . The Pasargadian kings of Anshan were vassals of the Median empire . Their See also:

• KINGDOM

kingdom cannot have been of large extent, as Nabonidus in a contemporary inscription (See also:

• CYLINDER (Gr. KvAwSpos, from KvXivaety, to roll)

Cylinder from See also:

• ABU

Abu Habba, VR . 64, Schrader, Keilinschriftl . Bibliothek, iii . 2, 96), where he mentions his See also:

• REBELLION

rebellion against Astyages, calls Cyrus " king of Anshan, his (i.e . Astyages') small servant (See also:

• VASSAL (Fr. vassal, vassaut, vassault, &c,)

vassal)." From this inscription we learn that the rebellion of Cyrus (who seems to have become king in 558 B.C., as See also:

• HEROD
• HEROD (surnamed THE GREAT)

Herod. i .

214 gives him a reign of 29 years) began in 553 B.C., and from the See also:

• ANNALS (Annales, from annus, a year)

annals that in 55o Astyages marched against Cyrus, but was defeated; his troops revolted against him, he was taken prisoner, and Cyrus occupied and plundered See also:

• ECBATANA (Agbatana in Aeschylus, Hangmatana in Old Persian, written Agamtanu by Nabonidos, and Agamatanu at Behistun, mod. Hamadan)

Ecbatana . The relation of See also:

• CTESIAS

Ctesias (preserved by Nic . See also:

• DAM

Dam. fr . 66; Anaximenes of See also:

• LAMPSACUS

Lampsacus in Steph . Byz. s.v . Havapyabau, See also:

• STRABO (born c. 63 n.c.)

Strabo xv. p . 729; Polyaen. vii . 6 . 1, 9, 45 . 2) that Cyrus was three times beaten by Astyages and that the decisive See also:

• BATTLE

battle took See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place in the mountains of Pasargadae, is certainly in the See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

main See also:

• HISTORICAL

historical although Herodotus (i . 127 ff.) only mentions the See also:

• TREASON (Fr. trahison, Lat. traditio)

treason of the Median See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general Harpagus and the defeat and captivity of Astyages . In the rebellion the Persian tribes of the Maraphians and Maspians joined the Pasargadae (Herod. i .

125), while the other tribes appear not to have acknowledged Cyrus till after his victory (see See also:

• PERSIS (mod. Fars, q.v.)

PERSIS) . From then he calls himself " king of the Persians." The See also:

• HISTORY

history of Cyrus very soon became involved and quite overgrown with legends . Herodotus (i . 95) tells us that he knew four different traditions about him . One makes him the son of Mandane, a daughter of Astyages (originally evidently by a See also:

• GOD

god), who is exposed in the mountains by his grandfather on See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account of an See also:

• ORACLE (Lat. oraculum, from ora' to pray; the corresponding Greek word is uavreiov or Xpnuri7pwov)

oracle, but suckled by a See also:

• DOG

dog (a sacred See also:

• ANIMAL
• ANIMAL (Lat. animalis, from anima, breath, soul)

animal of the Iranians) and educated by a shepherd; i.e. the myth which we know from the stories of See also:

• OEDIPUS (OiSiirovs, O16tir63i7s, Wines, from Gr. ot&eiv swell, and gobs foot, i.e. " the swollen-footed ")

Oedipus, See also:

• PERSEUS

Perseus, Telephus, See also:

• PELIAS

Pelias and See also:

• NELEUS

Neleus, See also:

• ROMULUS

Romulus, See also:

• SARGON

Sargon of Agade, See also:

• MOSES (Gr. Mwvo c, Mcoo-i3s)
• MOSES, ASSUMPTION OF

Moses, the See also:

• INDIAN

Indian See also:

• HERO (Gr. open)
• HERO, THE YOUNGER

hero See also:

• KRISHNA (the Dark One)

Krishna, and many others, has been transferred to the founder of the Persian empire . At the same See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time, the See also:

• RULE

rule of Cyrus and the Persians is legitimated by his family connexion with Astyages . This account is partly preserved in See also:

• JUSTIN (JUNIANUS JUSTINUS)

Justin i . 4. ro (probably from See also:

• CHARON

Charon of Lampsacus) and in See also:

• AELIAN (AELIANUS TACTICUS)
• AELIAN (CLAUDIUS AELIANUS)

Aelian, See also:

• VAR

Var . Hist. xiv . 42, and alluded to by Herodotus i . 95 and 122 . The second account, which Herodotus follows, is a rationalized version of the first, where the dog is changed into a woman (the wife of the shepherd) named Spako (bitch) .

In the later See also:

• PART

part of his See also:

• STORY, JOHN (c. 1510-1571)
• STORY, JOSEPH (1779-1845)
• STORY, ROBERT HERBERT (1835-1907)
• STORY, WILLIAM WETMORE (1819—1895)

story Herodotus is dependent on the family traditions of Harpagus, whose treason is justified by the See also:

• CRUELTY (through the O. Fr. crualte, mod. cruaute, from the Lat. crudelitas)

cruelty with which Astyages had treated him (the story of See also:

• ATREUS

Atreus and Thyestes is transferred to them) . Harpagus afterwards stood in high favour with Cyrus, and commanded the See also:

• ARMY
• ARMY (from Fr. armee, Lat. armata)

army which subdued the coasts of See also:

• ASIA

Asia See also:

• MINOR
• MINOR (Lat. for smaller, lesser)
• MINOR, ROBERT CRANNELL (1839-1904)

Minor; his family seems to have been settled in See also:

• LYCIA

Lycia . In a third version, preserved from Ctesias in Nicolaus Damasc. p . 66 (cf . Dinon ap . Athen. xiv . 633 C), Cyrus is the son of a poor Mardian bandit Atradates (the Mardians are a nomadic Persian tribe, Herod. i . 125), who comes as a voluntary slave to the See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

court of Astyages, and finds favour with the king . A Chaldaean See also:

• SAGE, RUSSELL (1816-1906)

sage prophesies to him his future greatness, and another Persian slave, Oebares, becomes his See also:

• ASSOCIATE (Lat. associates, from ad, to, and sociare to join)

associate . He flies to See also:

• PERSIA

Persia, evades the pursuers whom Astyages sends after him, and begins the rebellion . After the victory Oebares kills Astyages against the will of Cyrus, and afterwards kills himself to evade the wrath of Cyrus . Parts of this story are preserved also in Strabo xv. p .

729, and Justin i . 6 . 1-3; 7 . 1; cf . Ctesias ap . Photium 2-7; many traces of it were afterwards transferred to the story of See also:

• ARDASHIR

Ardashir I . (q.v.), the founder of the See also:

• SASSANID, or SASSANIAN DYNASTY (Or SASANIAN)

Sassanid empire . With this version Ctesias and Nicolaus have connected another, in which Cyrus is the son of a Persian shepherd who lives at Pasargadae, and fights the decisive battle at this place . The didactic novel of See also:

• XENOPHON

Xenophon, the Cyropaedia, is a See also:

• FREE

free invention adapted to the purposes of the-author, based upon the account of Herodotus and occasionally influenced by Ctesias,without any See also:

• INDEPENDENT

independent traditional See also:

• ELEMENT (Lat. elementum)

element . The account of See also:

• AESCHYLUS (525–456 B.c.)

Aeschylus, Pers . 765 if., is a mixture of See also:

• GREEK
• GREEK, ETRUSCAN AND

Greek traditions with a few See also:

• ORIENTAL

oriental elements; here the first king is Medos (the Median empire) ; his nameless son is succeeded by Cyrus, a blessed ruler, beloved by the gods, who gave See also:

• PEACE
• PEACE, BREACH OF THE

peace to all his See also:

• FRIENDS, SOCIETY
• FRIENDS, SOCIETY OF

friends and conquered See also:

• LYDIA

Lydia, See also:

• PHRYGIA

Phrygia, See also:

• IONIA

Ionia . Then comes his nameless son, then Mardos (i.e .

See also:

• SMERDIS (52I)
• SMERDIS (Pers. Bardiya; by Ctesias, Pers. 8, called Tanyoxarces; by Xenophon, Cyrop. viii. 7. 11, who takes the name from Ctesias, Tanaoxares; by Justin i. 9, Mergis; in Aeschylus, Pers. 774, Mardos)

Smerdis, to whom the name of the Mardians is transferred) who is killed by Artaphrenes (i.e . See also:

• ARTAPHERNES

Artaphernes, Herod. iii . 78, one of the associates of See also:

• DARIUS (Pers. Darayavaush; Old Test. Daryavesh)

Darius), then Maraphis (eponym of the Maraphian tribe), then another Artaphrenes, then Darius . The principal events of the later history of Cyrus are in the main correctly stated by Herodotus, although his account contains many legendary traditions . The See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short excerpt from Ctesias, which See also:

• PHOTIUS
• PHOTIUS (c. 82o-891)

Photius has preserved, contains useful See also:

• INFORMATION (from Lat. informare, to give shape or form to, to represent, describe)

information, although we must always mistrust him . Of great value are a short See also:

• NOTICE

notice in the fragments of See also:

• BEROSSUS

Berossus and another in the Old Testament . The See also:

• ORIGINAL

original See also:

• SOURCES

sources are very scanty, besides the cylinder containing his proclamation to the Babylonians we possess only a great many dated private documents from Babylon . These serve to See also:

• FIX, THEODORE (180o-1846)

fix the See also:

• CHRONOLOGY (Gr. xpovo?oyfa, computation of time, xp6vos)

chronology, which is here as every-where quite in accordance with the See also:

• DATES

dates of the See also:

• CANON

canon of See also:

• PTOLEMY (CLAUDIUS PTOLEMAEUS)

Ptolemy . Soon after the See also:

• CONQUEST

conquest of the Median empire, Cyrus was attacked by a See also:

• COALITION (Lat. coalitio, the verbal substantive of coalescere, to grow together)

coalition of the other See also:

• POWERS, HIRAM (1805-1873)

powers of the See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

East, Babylon, See also:

• EGYPT

Egypt and Lydia, joined by See also:

• SPARTA (Gr. Eirapril or AaKe5atycav)

Sparta, the greatest military See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power of See also:

• GREECE

Greece . In the See also:

• SPRING (from " to spring," " to leap or jump up," " burst out," O. Eng., springau, a common Teut. word, cf. Ger. springer, possibly allied to Gr. QnrFpxecOac, to move rapidly)

spring of S46 See also:

• CROESUS

Croesus of Lydia began the attack and advanced into See also:

• CAPPADOCIA

Cappadocia, while the other powers were still gathering their troops . But Cyrus anticipated them; he defeated Croesus and followed him to his See also:

• CAPITAL (i.e. capital stock or fund)
• CAPITAL (Lat. caput, head)

capital . In the autumn of 546 See also:

• SARDIS

Sardis was taken and the Lydian kingdom became a See also:

• PROVINCE
• PROVINCE (Lat. provincia; perhaps a contraction of providentia)

province of the Persians .

The famous story of Herodotus, that the conqueror condemned Croesus to the stake, from which he was saved by the intervention of the gods, is quite inconsistent with the Persian religion (see CROESUS) . During the next years the Persian army under Harpagus suppressed a rebellion of the Lydians under Pactyas, and subjugated the Ionian cities, the Carians and the Lycians (when the See also:

• TOWN

town See also:

• XANTHUS (mod. Gunuk)

Xanthus resisted to the utmost) . The king of See also:

• CILICIA

Cilicia (Syennesis) voluntarily acknowledged the Persian supremacy . Why the See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war with Babylon, which had become inevitable, was delayed until 539, we do not know . Here too Cyrus in a single See also:

• CAMPAIGN

campaign destroyed a mighty See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state . The army of Nabonidus was defeated; Babylon itself attempted no resistance, but surrendered on the 16th Tishri (loth of See also:

• OCTOBER

October) 539, to the Persian general Gobryas (Gaubaruva, see the chronicle of the reign of Nabonidus; the name Gobryas is preserved also by Xenophon, Cyrop. vii . 4 . 24); it is possible that the Chaldaean priests, who were hostile to Nabonidus, betrayed the town . In a proclamation issued after his victory Cyrus guarantees See also:

• LIFE

life and See also:

• PROPERTY

property to all the inhabitants and designates himself as the favourite of See also:

• MARDUK (Bib'. MERODACH2)

Marduk, the great See also:

• LOCAL

local god (See also:

• BEL

Bel, Bel-Merodak) of See also:

• BABEL

Babel . It is very See also:

• ODD (in middle English odde, from old Norwegian oddi, an angle of a triangle; the old Norwegian oddamann is used of the third man who gives a casting vote in a dispute)

odd that modorn authors have considered this proclamation as inconsistent with the Zoroastrian creed . From the beginning of 538 Cyrus dates his years as " king of Babylon and king of the countries " (i.e. of the See also:

• WORLD

world) . With the capital, the Babylonian provinces in See also:

• SYRIA

Syria See also:

• FELL
• FELL, JOHN (1625-1686)

fell to the Persians; in 538 Cyrus granted to the See also:

• JEWS
• JEWS (Heb. Y8hudi, man of Judah; Gr. 'Iovbaiot; Lat. Judaei)

Jews, whom See also:

• NEBUCHADREZZAR, or NEBUCHADNEZZAR

Nebuchadrezzar had transported to Babylonia, the return to See also:

• PALESTINE

Palestine and the rebuilding of See also:

• JERUSALEM (Heb. ^S0-r, Yerushalaim, pronounced as a dual)
• JERUSALEM, SYNOD OF (1672)

Jerusalem and its See also:

• TEMPLE
• TEMPLE, FREDERICK (1821-1902)
• TEMPLE, RICHARD
• TEMPLE, SIR RICHARD, BART
• TEMPLE, SIR WILLIAM, BART

temple (see JEws, § 19) .

It is probable that Cyrus had fought more than one war against the peoples of eastern See also:

• IRAN

Iran; according to Ctesias he had, before the war with Croesus, defeated the Bactrians and the Sacae (in See also:

• FERGHANA, or FERGANA

Ferghana; their king Amorges is the eponym of the Amyrgian Sacae, Herod. vii . 64, called by Darius Haumavarka); and the historians of See also:

• ALEXANDER
• ALEXANDER (1461-1506)
• ALEXANDER (ALEXANDER OF BATTENBERG) (1857-1893)
• ALEXANDER (ALEXANDER OsxENOVici) (1876-1903)
• ALEXANDER, ARCHIBALD (1772—1851)
• ALEXANDER, FRANCIS (1800—1881)
• ALEXANDER, GEORGE (1858— )
• ALEXANDER, JOHN WHITE (1856- )
• ALEXANDER, JOSEPH ADDISON (18o9—186o)
• ALEXANDER, SIR JAMES EDWARD (1803—1885)
• ALEXANDER, WILLIAM (1824— )
• ALEXANDER, WILLIAM LINDSAY (1808—1884)

Alexander mention a See also:

• MARCH
• MARCH (1) (from Fr. marcher, to walk; the earliest sense in French appears to be " to trample," and the origin has usually been found in the Lat. marcus, hammer; Low Lat. marcare, to hammer; hence to beat the road with the regular tread of a soldier: cf.
• MARCH, AUZIAS (c. "1395-1458)
• MARCH, EARLS OF
• MARCH, FRANCIS ANDREW (1825– )

march through Gedrosia, where he lost his whole army but seven men (See also:

• ARRIAN (FLAvrus ARRIANUS)

Arrian vi . 24 . 2; Strabo xv . 722), a tribe Ariaspae on the Etymandros (in Sijistan), who, on account of the support which they gave him against the Scythians, were called Euergetae (Arrian iii . 27 . 4; Diod. xvii . 81; Curt. vii . 3 . 1), and a town Cyropolis, founded by him on the Jaxartes (Arrian iv . 2 . 3; Curt .

Vii . 6 . 16; Strabo xi . 517, called Cyreskhata by Ptolem. vi . 12 . 5) . In 530, having appointed his son Cambyses king of Babel, he set out for a new expedition against the East . In this war he was killed (Herod.) or mortally wounded (Ctesias) . According to Herodotus he attacked the See also:

• MASSAGETAE

Massagetae beyond the Jaxartes; according to Ctesias, the Derbices, a very barbarous tribe (cf . Strabo xi . 520; Aelian, Var . Hist. iv. i) on the border of the See also:

• CASPIAN

Caspian, near the Hyrcanians (Strabo xi .

514; Steph . Byz.; Curt. vii . 2 . 7; See also:

• DION

Dion . Perieg . 734 ff.; Pomp . .See also:

• MELA, POMPONIUS (ft. c. A.D. 43)

Mela iii . 5), or on the See also:

• OXUS

Oxus (Plin. vi . 48; Ptolem. vi. to . 2; Tab . Peuting.) . Berossus (ap .

Euseb . Chron. i . 29) simply says that he fell against the Dahae, i.e. the nomads of the Turanian See also:

• DESERT

desert . His See also:

• DEATH

death occurred in 528 B.C., as we have a Babylonian tablet from the Adar of the tenth year of Cyrus, i.e . See also:

• FEBRUARY

February 528; for in Babylon the first year of Cyrus began in the spring of 538 . In his native district Cyrus had built a See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city with a palace, called after his tribe Pasargadae (now Murghab), and here he was buried (see PASARGADAE) . In a short time he, the See also:

• PETTY, SIR WILLIAM (1623-1687)

petty See also:

• PRINCE
• PRINCE (Lat. princeps, from primus capio, " I am the first to take "; Ital. principe, Fr. prince)

prince of an almost unknown tribe, had founded a mighty empire, which extended from the See also:

• INDUS

Indus and Jaxartes to the Aegaean and the See also:

• BORDERS, THE

borders of Egypt . This result shows that Cyrus must have been a great See also:

• WARRIOR

warrior and statesman . Nor is his See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character without See also:

• NOBILITY

nobility . He excels in the humanity with which he treated the vanquished . He destroyed no town nor did he put the See also:

• CAPTIVE (from Lat. capere, to take)

captive kings to death; in Babylonia he behaved like a constitutional monarch; by the Persians his memory was cherished as " the See also:

• FATHER

father of the See also:

• PEOPLE

people " (Herod. iii . 89), and the Greek tradition preserved by Aeschylus (cf. above) shows that his greatness was acknowledged also by his enemies .

He therefore deserves the See also:

• HOMAGE (from homo, through the Low Lat. hominaticum, which occurs in a document of 1035)

homage which Xenophon paid to him in choosing him as hero for his didactic novel . 2 . CYRUS THE YOUNGER, son of Darius II. and See also:

• PARYSATIS

Parysatis, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born after the See also:

• ACCESSION (from Lat. accedere, to go to, to approach)

accession of his father in 424 . When, after the victories of See also:

• ALCIBIADES (c. 450-404 B.c.)

Alcibiades, Darius II. decided to continue the war against See also:

• ATHENS
• ATHENS ['AN vat, Athenae, modem colloquial Greek `Ath va]

Athens and give strong support to the Spartans, he sent in 408 the See also:

• YOUNG
• YOUNG, A
• YOUNG, ARTHUR (1741-1820)
• YOUNG, BRIGHAM (1801-1877)
• YOUNG, CHARLES MAYNE (1777–1856)
• YOUNG, EDWARD (1683–1765)
• YOUNG, JAMES (1811-1883)
• YOUNG, THOMAS (1773-1829)

young prince into Asia Minor, as See also:

• SATRAP [Pers. Khshatrapavan, i.e." protector (superintendent) of the country (or district)," Heb. sakhshadrapan, Gr. taerpan-ris (insc. of Miletus, Sitzungsber. Berl. Ak. 1900, 112), E% u3pa7eixav (insc. of Mylasa, Dittenberger, Sylloge, 95), ital. p6. rr

satrap of Lydia and Phrygia See also:

• MAJOR
• MAJOR (Lat. for " greater ")
• MAJOR (or MAIR), JOHN (1470-1550)

Major with Cappadocia, and See also:

• COMMANDER

commander of the Persian troops, " which gather into the See also:

• FIELD (a word common to many West German languages, cf. Ger. Feld, Dutch veld, possibly cognate with O.E. f olde, the earth, and ultimately with root of the Gr. irAaror, broad)
• FIELD, CYRUS WEST (1819-1892)
• FIELD, DAVID DUDLEY (18o5-1894)
• FIELD, EUGENE (1850-1895)
• FIELD, FREDERICK (18o1—1885)
• FIELD, HENRY MARTYN (1822-1907)
• FIELD, JOHN (1782—1837)
• FIELD, MARSHALL (183 1906)
• FIELD, NATHAN (1587—1633)
• FIELD, STEPHEN JOHNSON (1816-1899)
• FIELD, WILLIAM VENTRIS FIELD, BARON (1813-1907)

field of Castolos " (Xen . See also:

• HELL (0. Eng. hel, a Teutonic word from a root meaning " to cover," cf. Ger. Holle, Dutch hel)

Hell. i . 4 . 3; Anab. i . 9 . 7), i.e. of the army of the district of Asia Minor . He gave strenuous support to the Spartans; evidently he had already then formed the See also:

• DESIGN (Fr. desiin, drawing; Lat. designare, to mark out)

design, in which he was supported by his See also:

• MOTHER

mother, of gaining the See also:

• THRONE

throne for himself after the death of his father; he pretended to have stronger claims to it than his See also:

• ELDER (0. Eng. ellarn; Ger. Holunder; Fr. sureau)
• ELDER (Gr. 1rpev(3iTepos)

elder See also:

• BROTHER

brother See also:

• ARTAXERXES

Artaxerxes, who was not born in the See also:

• PURPLE

purple . For this See also:

• PLAN
• PLAN (from Lat. planes, flat)

plan he hoped to gain the assistance of Sparta . In the Spartan general See also:

• LYSANDER (Gr. Abcavdpos)

Lysander he found a See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man who was wilkag to help him, as Lysander himself hoped to become See also:

• ABSOLUTE (Lat. absolvere, to loose, set free)

absolute ruler of Greece by the aid of the Persian prince .

So Cyrus put all his means at the disposal of Lysander in the Peloponnesian War, but denied them to his successor Callicratidas; by exerting his See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence in Sparta, he brought it about that after the battle of Arginusae Lysander was sent out a second time as the real commander ',shough under a nominal See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief) of the Spartan See also:

• FLEET

fleet in 405 (Xen . Hell. ii . 1 . 14) . At the same time Darius fell See also:

• ILL

ill and called his son to his deathbed; Cyrus handed over all his treasures to Lysander and went to See also:

• SUSA (anc. Segusio, q.v.)
• SUSA (Biblical, Shushan)
• SUSA (Fr. Sousse)

Susa . After the accession of Artaxerxes II. in 404, See also:

• TISSAPHERNES (Pers. Cithrafarna)

Tissaphernes denounced the plans of Cyrus against his brother (cf . Plut . Artax . 3); but by the intercession of Parysatis he was pardoned and sent back to his satrapy . Meanwhile Lysander had gained the battle of See also:

• AEGOSPOTAMI (i.e. " Goat Streams ")

Aegospotami and Sparta was supreme in the Greek world . Cyrus managed very cleverly to gather a large army by beginning a See also:

• QUARREL

quarrel with Tissaphernes, satrap of See also:

• CARIA

Caria, about the Ionian towns; he also pretended to prepare an expedition against the Pisidians, a mountainous tribe in the See also:

• TAURUS (" the Bull ")

Taurus, which was never obedient to the Empire . Although the dominant position of Lysander had been broken in 403 by King See also:

• PAUSANIAS

Pausanias, the Spartan See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government gave him all the support which was possible without going into open war against the king; it caused a See also:

• PARTISAN, or PARTIZAN

partisan of Lysander, See also:

• CLEARCHUS

Clearchus, condemned to death on account of atrocious crimes which he had committed as See also:

• GOVERNOR (from the Fr. gouverneur, from gouverner, O. Fr. governer, Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, to direct, guide)

governor of See also:

• BYZANTIUM

Byzantium,to gather an army of mercenaries on the Thracian Chersonesus, and in See also:

• THESSALY

Thessaly Menon of Pharsalus, See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head of a party which was connected with Sparta, collected another army .

In the spring of 401 Cyrus See also:

• UNITED

united all his forces and advanced from Sardis, without announcing the See also:

• OBJECT

object of his expedition . By dexterous management and large promises he overcame the scruples of the Greek troops against the length and danger of the war; a Spartan fleet of See also:

• THIRTY

thirty-five triremes sent to Cilicia opened the passes of the Amanus into Syria and conveyed to him a Spartan detachment of 700 men under Cheirisophus . The king had only been warned at the last moment by Tissaphernes and gathered an army in all haste; Cyrus advanced into Babylonia, before he met with an enemy . Here ensued, in October 401, the battle of Cunaxa . Cyrus had 10,400 Greek hoplites and 2500 peltasts, and besides an See also:

• ASIATIC

Asiatic army under the command of Ariaeus, for which Xenophon gives the absurd number of 1oo,000 men; the army of Artaxerxes he puts down at 900,000 . These See also:

• NUMBERS, BOOK OF
• NUMBERS, PARTITION OF

numbers only show that he, although an eyewitness, has no See also:

• IDEA (Gr. Ibia, connected with i&eiv, to see; cf. Lat. species from specere, to look at)

idea of large numbers; in reality the army of Cyrus may at the very utmost have consisted of 30,000, that of Artaxerxes of 40,000 men . Cyrus saw that the decision depended on the See also:

• FATE

fate of the king; he therefore wanted Clearchus, the commander of the Greeks, to take the centre against Artaxerxes . But Clearchus, a tactician of the old school, disobeyed . The See also:

• LEFT

left wing of the Persians under Tissaphernes avoided a serious conflict with the Greeks; Cyrus in the centre threw himself upon Artaxerxes, but was slain in a desperate struggle . Afterwards Artaxerxes pretended to have killed the See also:

• REBEL, JOHANN PETER (176o-1826)

rebel himself, with the result that Parysatis took cruel vengeance upon the slayer of her favourite son . The Persian troops dared not attack the Greeks, but decoyed them into the interior, beyond the See also:

• TIGRIS (Old Persian Tigrd, Diklat of the cuneiform inscriptions, Hiddekel of the Old Testament, Diglath of the Targum, Digla of the Arabs)

Tigris, and tried to annihilate them by treachery . But after their commanders had been taken prisoners the Greeks forced their way to the See also:

• BLACK
• BLACK, ADAM (1784-1874)
• BLACK, JEREMIAH SULLIVAN (1810–1883)
• BLACK, WILLIAM (1841-1898)

Black See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

Sea, By this achievement they had demonstrated the See also:

• INTERNAL

internal weakness of the Persian empire and the absolute superiority of the Greek arms .

The history of Cyrus and of the See also:

• RETREAT (O. Fr. retrete, mod. retraite, from Lat. retrahere, to draw back)

retreat of the Greeks is told by Xenophon in his See also:

• ANABASIS

Anabasis (where he tries to See also:

• VEIL (O.Fr. veile, mod. voile, from Lat. velum, cloth, awning, sail)

veil the actual participation of the Spartans) . Another account, probably from Sophaenetus of Stymphalus, was used by See also:

• EPHORUS (c. 400–330 B.C.)

Ephorus, and is preserved in Diodor. xiv . 19 ff . Further information is contained in the excerpts from Ctesias by Photius; cf. also See also:

• PLUTARCH
• PLUTARCH (Gr. llXoi rapxos) (c. A.D. 46–120)

Plutarch's life of Artaxerxes . The character of Cyrus is highly praised by the ancients, especially by Xenophon (cf. also his Oeconomics, c. iv.) ; and certainly he was much See also:

• SUPERIOR

superior to his weak brother in See also:

• ENERGY (from the Gr. ivipyela; iv, in, ipyov, work)

energy and as a general and statesman . If he had ascended the throne he might have regenerated the empire for a while, whereas it utterly decayed under the rule of Artaxerxes II . (See also PERSIA: See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

Ancient History.) (ED .