See also:

• PRINCE
• PRINCE (Lat. princeps, from primus capio, " I am the first to take "; Ital. principe, Fr. prince)

PRINCE FRYDERYK MICHAL See also:

• CZARTORYSKI, ADAM GEORGE, PRINCE (1770-1861)
• PRINCE FRYDERYK MICHAL CZARTORYSKI (1696-1775)

CZARTORYSKI (1696-1775)  , See also:

• POLISH

Polish statesman, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born in 1696 . Of small means and no position, he owed his See also:

• ELEVATION

elevation in the See also:

• WORLD

world to extraordinary ability, directed by an energetic but patriotic ambition . After a careful See also:

• EDUCATION

education on the best See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French See also:

• MODELS

models, which he completed at See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris, See also:

• FLORENCE
• FLORENCE (Ital. Firenze, Lat. Florentia)

Florence and See also:

• ROME
• ROME (Roma)

Rome, he attached himself to the See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

court of See also:

• DRESDEN

Dresden, and through the See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence of See also:

• COUNT (Lat. comes, gen. comitis, Fr. comte, Ital. conte, Span. conde)

Count See also:

• FLEMING, PAUL (1609-1640)
• FLEMING, RICHARD (d. 1431)
• FLEMING, SIR SANDFORD (1827- )
• FLEMING, SIR THOMAS (1S44-1613)

Fleming, the leading See also:

• MINISTER (Lat. minister, servant)

minister there, obtained the See also:

• VICE

vice-chancellorship of Lithuania and many other dignities . See also:

• CZARTORYSKI, ADAM GEORGE, PRINCE (1770-1861)
• CZARTORYSKI, FRYDERYK MICHAL, PRINCE (1696-1775)

Czartoryski was one of the many Polish nobles who, when See also:

• AUGUSTUS (a name 1 derived from Lat. augeo, increase, i.e. venerable, majestic, Gr. Ee0avr6s)

Augustus II. was seriously See also:

• ILL

ill at Bialyvostok in 1727, signed the See also:

• SECRET (Lat. secretum, hidden, concealed)

secret See also:

• DECLARATION (from Lat. declarare, to make fully clear, clams)

declaration guaranteeing the Polish See also:

• SUCCESSION (Lat. successio, from succedere, to follow after)

succession to his son; but this did not prevent him from repudiating his obligations when See also:

• STANISLAUS

Stanislaus Leszczynski was placed upon the See also:

• THRONE

throne by the influence of See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France in 1733• When Stanislaus abdicated in 1735 Czartoryski voted for Augustus III . (of See also:

• SAXONY
• SAXONY (Ger. Provinz Sachsen)

Saxony), who gladly employed him and his See also:

• FAMILY

family to counteract the influence of the irreconcilable Potokis . For the next See also:

• FORTY

forty years Czartoryski was certainly the leading Polish statesman . In See also:

• FOREIGN

foreign affairs he was the first to favour an See also:

• ALLIANCE

alliance with See also:

• RUSSIA
• RUSSIA (Rossiya)

Russia, See also:

• AUSTRIA
• AUSTRIA, LOWER (Ger. Niederosterreich or Osterreich unter der Enns, " Austria below the river Enns ")
• AUSTRIA, UPPER (Ger. Oberosterreich or Osterreich ob der Enns, " Austria above the river Enns ")

Austria and See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England, as opposed to France and See also:

• PRUSSIA
• PRUSSIA (Ger. Preussen; Lat. Borussia)

Prussia—a See also:

• SYSTEM

system difficult to sustain and not always beneficial to See also:

• POLAND (Polish Polska, Ger. Polen), (see POLAND, RUSSIAN, below)
• POLAND, RUSSIAN

Poland or Saxony . In Poland Czartoryski was at the See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head of the party of reform . His See also:

• PALACE (Lat. Palatium, the name given by Augustus to his residence on the Palatine Hill)

palace was the See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place where the most promising See also:

• YOUNG
• YOUNG, A
• YOUNG, ARTHUR (1741-1820)
• YOUNG, BRIGHAM (1801-1877)
• YOUNG, CHARLES MAYNE (1777–1856)
• YOUNG, EDWARD (1683–1765)
• YOUNG, JAMES (1811-1883)
• YOUNG, THOMAS (1773-1829)

young gentlemen of the See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day were educated and sent abroad that they might return as his coadjutors in the See also:

• GREAT

great See also:

• WORK

work . His See also:

• PLAN
• PLAN (from Lat. planes, flat)

plan aimed at the restoration of the royal See also:

• PREROGATIVE

prerogative and the abolition of the liberum See also:

• VETO (Lat. for " I forbid ")

veto, an abuse that made any durable improvement impossible . These patriotic endeavours made the Czartoryskis very unpopular with the ignorant szlachta, but for many years they had the See also:

• FIRM

firm and See also:

• CONSTANT, BENJAMIN (1845-1902)

constant support of the Saxon court, especially after See also:

• BRUHL
• BRUHL, HEINRICH, COUNT VON (1700-1763)

Bruhl succeeded Fleming . Czartoryski reached the height of his See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power in 1752 when he was entrusted with the great See also:

• SEAL
• SEAL, FUR
• SEAL, HAIR

seal of Lithuania; but after thatdate the influence of his See also:

• RIVAL

rival Mniszek began to prevail at Dresden, whereupon Czartoryski sought a reconciliation with his See also:

• POLITICAL

political opponents at See also:

• HOME
• HOME, DANIEL DUNGLAS (1833-1886)
• HOME, EARLS OF

home and foreign support both in England and Russia .

In 1.755 he sent his See also:

• NEPHEW

nephew Stanislaus See also:

• PONIATOWSKI
• PONIATOWSKI, JOSEPH ANTHONY (1763-1813)

Poniatowski to St See also:

• PETERSBURG

Petersburg as Saxon minister, a See also:

• MISSION

mission which failed completely . Czartoryski's See also:

• PHILO
• PHILO, HERENNIUS

philo-See also:

• RUSSIAN

Russian policy had by this See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time estranged Bruhl, but he frustrated all the plans of the Saxon court by dissolving the diets of 1760, 1762 and 1762 . In 1763 he went a step farther and proposed the dethronement of Augustus III., who died the same See also:

• YEAR

year . During the ensuing See also:

• INTERREGNUM (Lat. inter, between, and regnum, reign)

interregnum the See also:

• PRINCE
• PRINCE (Lat. princeps, from primus capio, " I am the first to take "; Ital. principe, Fr. prince)

prince See also:

• CHANCELLOR (M. Eng. and Anglo-Fr. canceler, chanceler, Fr. chancelier, Lat. cancellarius)

chancellor laboured See also:

• NIGHT

night and day at the See also:

• CONVOCATION
• CONVOCATION (Lat. convocatio, a calling together)

convocation See also:

• DIET

diet of 1764 to reform the constitution, and it was with displeasure that he saw his incompetent nephew Stanislaus finally elected See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king in 1765 . But though disgusted with the weakness of the king and obliged to abandon at last all See also:

• HOPE, ANTHONY
• HOPE, THOMAS (c. 1770-1831)

hope of the amelioration of his See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country, Czartoryski continued to hold See also:

• OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")

office till the last; and as chancellor of Lithuania he sealed all the See also:

• PARTITION

partition See also:

• TREATIES

treaties . He died in the full See also:

• POSSESSION
• POSSESSION (Lat. possessio, possidere, to possess)

possession of his faculties and was considered by the Russian minister See also:

• REPNIN

Repnin " the soundest head in the See also:

• KINGDOM

kingdom." It is a See also:

• MISTAKE (i.e. take amiss)

mistake, however, to regard Czartoryski as the See also:

• SOLE (Solea)

sole reforming statesman of his day, and despite his great services there were occasions when the See also:

• PARTISAN, or PARTIZAN

partisan in him got the better of the statesman . His foreign policy, moreover, was very vacillating, and he changed his " system " more frequently perhaps than any contemporary diplomatist . But when all is said he must remain one of the noblest names in Polish See also:

• HISTORY

history . See the See also:

• CORRESPONDENCE
• CORRESPONDENCE (from med. scholastic Lat. correspondentia, corrcspondere, compounded of Lat. cum, with, and respond ere, to answer; cf. Fr. correspondance)

Correspondence of Czartoryski in the Collections of the Russian See also:

• HISTORICAL

Historical Society, vols . 7, to, 13, 48, 51, 67 (St Petersburg, 189o, &c.) ; Wladyslaw Tadeusz Kisielewski, Reforms of the Czartorysccy (Pol.) (Sambor, 188o) ; See also:

• ADALBERT (originally VOYTECH), (c. 950-997)
• ADALBERT, or ADELBERT (c. 1000-1072)

Adalbert Roepell, Polen um See also:

• DIE
• DIE (Fr. de, from Lat. datum, given)

die Mitte See also:

• DES

des X VIII . Jahrhunderts (See also:

• GOTHA

Gotha, '876); Jacques See also:

• VICTOR
• VICTOR, GAIUS JULIUS (4th cent. A.D.)
• VICTOR, SEXTUS AURELIUS

Victor See also:

• ALBERT
• ALBERT (1490'1545)
• ALBERT (149o-1568)
• ALBERT (1522–1557)
• ALBERT (FRANCIS CHARLES AUGUSTUS ALBERT EMMANUEL) (1819—1861)
• ALBERT (FRIEDRICH RUDOLF ALBRECHT)
• ALBERT, FREDERICK AUGUSTUS
• ALBERT, MADAME (c. 2805—2846)

Albert de See also:

• BROGLIE, DE

Broglie, Le Secret du roi (Paris, 1878) ; Antoni Waliszewki, The Potoccy and the Czartorysccy (Pol.) ; Carl Heinrich Heyking, Aus Polens and Kurlands letzten Tagen (See also:

• BERLIN
• BERLIN, CONGRESS AND TREATY OF
• BERLIN, ISAIAH (1725–1799)

Berlin, 1897) ; Ludwik Denbicki, Pulawy (Pol.) (See also:

• LEMBERG (Pol. Lwdw, Lat. Leopolis)

Lemberg, 1887-1888) . (R .

N .