See also:

• FRIEDRICH, JOHANN (1836— )

FRIEDRICH CHRISTOPH See also:

• FRIEDRICH CHRISTOPH DAHLMANN (1785-186o)

DAHLMANN (1785-186o)  , See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German historian and politician, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born on the 13th of May 1785; he came of an old Hanseatic See also:

• FAMILY

family of See also:

• WISMAR

Wismar, which then belonged to See also:

• SWEDEN
• SWEDEN [Sverige]
• SWEDEN, NORWAY AND

Sweden . His See also:

• FATHER

father, who was the burgomaster of the See also:

• TOWN

town, intended him to study See also:

• THEOLOGY

theology, but his See also:

• BENT
• BENT (E1. BENI)
• BENT, JAMES THEODORE (1852–1897)

bent was towards classical See also:

• PHILOLOGY

philology, and this he studied from 1802 to 18o6 at the See also:

• UNIVERSITIES

universities of See also:

• COPENHAGEN (Danish Kjobenhavn)

Copenhagen and See also:

• HALLE (known as HALLE-AN-DER-SAALE, t0 distinguish it from the small town of Halle in Westphalia)
• HALLE, SIR CHARLES (originally KARL HALLE) (1819-1895)

Halle, and again at Copenhagen . After See also:

• FINISHING

finishing his studies, he translated some of the See also:

• GREEK
• GREEK, ETRUSCAN AND

Greek tragic poets, and the Clouds of See also:

• ARISTOPHANES
• ARISTOPHANES (c. 448–385 B.e.1)

Aristophanes . But he was also interested in See also:

• MODERN

modern literature and See also:

• PHILOSOPHY (Gr. gthos, fond of, and vo4 (a, wisdom)

philosophy; and the troubles of the times, of which he had See also:

• PERSONAL

personal experience, aroused in him, as in so many of his contemporaries, a strong feeling of German patriotism, though throughout his See also:

• LIFE

life he was always proud of his connexion with Scandinavia, and Gustavus See also:

• ADOLPHUS, JOHN LEYCESTER (1795-1862)

Adolphus was his particular See also:

• HERO (Gr. open)
• HERO, THE YOUNGER

hero . In 1809, on the See also:

• NEWS

news of the outbreak of See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war in See also:

• AUSTRIA
• AUSTRIA, LOWER (Ger. Niederosterreich or Osterreich unter der Enns, " Austria below the river Enns ")
• AUSTRIA, UPPER (Ger. Oberosterreich or Osterreich ob der Enns, " Austria above the river Enns ")

Austria, See also:

• DAHLMANN, FRIEDRICH CHRISTOPH (1785-186o)

Dahlmann, together with the poet Heinrich von See also:

• KLEIST, BERND HEINRICH WILHELM VON (1777-1811)
• KLEIST, EWALD CHRISTIAN VON (1715–1759)

Kleist, whom he had met in See also:

• DRESDEN

Dresden, went to Bohemia, and was afterwards with the Imperial See also:

• ARMY
• ARMY (from Fr. armee, Lat. armata)

army, up till the See also:

• BATTLE

battle of Aspern, with the somewhat vague See also:

• OBJECT

object of trying to convert the See also:

• AUSTRIAN

Austrian war into a German one . This See also:

• HOPE, ANTHONY
• HOPE, THOMAS (c. 1770-1831)

hope was shattered by the defeat of See also:

• WAGRAM (DEUTSCH-WAGRAM)

Wagram . He now decided to try his fortunes in See also:

• DENMARK
• DENMARK (Danmark)

Denmark, where he had influential relations . After taking his See also:

• DOCTOR (Lat. for " teacher ")

doctor's degree at See also:

• WITTENBERG

Wittenberg (181o) he qualified at Copenhagen in 1811, with an See also:

• ESSAY, ESSAYIST (Fr. essai, Late Lat. exagium, a weighing or balance; exigere, to examine; the term in general meaning any trial or effort)

essay on the origins of the See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient See also:

• THEATRE (BEarpov, " a place for seeing," from OeacOae)

theatre, as a lecturer on ancient literature and See also:

• HISTORY

history, on which he delivered lectures in Latin . His influential See also:

• FRIENDS, SOCIETY
• FRIENDS, SOCIETY OF

friends soon brought him further See also:

• ADVANCEMENT

advancement . As See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early as 1812 he was summoned to See also:

• KIEL

Kiel, as successor to the historian See also:

• DIETRICH, CHRISTIAN WILHELM ERNST (1712-1774)

Dietrich See also:

• HERMANN, JOHANN GOTTFRIED JAKOB (1772–1848)
• HERMANN, KARL FRIEDRICH (1804–1855)

Hermann Hegewisch (1746-1812) . This See also:

• APPOINTMENT, POWER OF

appointment was in two respects a decisive moment in his career; on the one See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand it made him give his whole See also:

• ATTENTION (from Lat. ad-tendo, await, expect; the condition of being " stretched " or " tense ")

attention to a subject for which he was admirably suited, but to which he had so far given only a secondary See also:

• INTEREST

interest; and on the other hand, it threw him into politics . In 1815 he obtained, in addition to his professorate, the position of secretary to the perpetual deputation of the estates of See also:

• SCHLESWIG (Dan. Slesvig)

Schleswig-See also:

• HOLSTEIN
• HOLSTEIN, FRIEDRICH VON (1837–1909)

Holstein .

In this capacity he began, by means of See also:

• MEMOIRS

memoirs or of articles in the Kieler Blatter, which he founded himself, to appear as an able and zealous See also:

• CHAMPION (Fr. champion, Late Lat. campio from campus; a field or open space, i.e. one " who takes the field " or fights; cf. Ger. Kampf, battle, and Kampfer, fighter)

champion of the See also:

• HALF

half-forgotten rights of the See also:

• ELBE (the Albis of the Romans and the Labe of the Czechs)

Elbe duchies, as against Denmark, and of their See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close connexion with See also:

• GERMANY
• GERMANY (Ger. Deutschland)

Germany . It was he upon whom the Danes afterwards threw the blame of having invented the Schleswig-Holstein question; certainly his activites See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form an important See also:

• LINK

link in the See also:

• CHAIN (through the O. Fr. citable, chcene, &c., from Lat. catena)

chain of events which eventually led to the See also:

• SOLUTION (from Lat. solvere, to loosen, dissolve)

solution of 1864 . So far as this interest affected himself, the See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief profit See also:

• LAY

lay in the fact that it deepened his conception of the See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state, and directed it to more See also:

• PRACTICAL

practical ends . Whereas at that See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time See also:

• MERE
• MERE, ADALBERT (1838-1909)

mere See also:

• SPECULATION

speculation dominated both the See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French Liberalism of the school of Rotteck, and Karl See also:

• LUDWIG, KARL FRIEDRICH WILHELM (1816—1895)
• LUDWIG, OTTO (1813-1865)

Ludwig von See also:

• HALLER, ALBRECHT VON (1708–1777)
• HALLER, BERTHOLD (1492–1536)

Haller's Romanticist See also:

• DOCTRINE

doctrine of the See also:

• CHRISTIAN
• CHRISTIAN, WILLIAM (1608-1663)

Christian state, Dahlmann took as his premisses the circumstances as he found them, and evolved the new out of the old by a quiet See also:

• PROCESS

process of development . Moreover, in the inevitable conflict with the Danish See also:

• CROWN

crown his upright point of view and his German patriotism were further confirmed . After his transference to See also:

• GOTTINGEN

Gottingen in 1829 he had the opportunity of working in the same spirit . As confidant of the See also:

• DUKE (corresponding to Fr. duc, Ital. duca, Ger. Herzog)

duke of See also:

• CAMBRIDGE
• CAMBRIDGE, EARLS AND DUKES OF
• CAMBRIDGE, RICHARD OWEN (1717-1802)

Cambridge, he was allowed to take a See also:

• SHARE (O. Eng. scearu, chiefly in compounds, e.g. land-scearu, a share of land, from sceran to cut; cf. " shear" )

share in framing the Hanoverian constitution of 1833, which remodelled the old aristocratic See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government in a direction which had become inevitable since the See also:

• JULY

July revolution in See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris; and when in 1837 the new See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king Ernest See also:

• AUGUSTUS (a name 1 derived from Lat. augeo, increase, i.e. venerable, majestic, Gr. Ee0avr6s)

Augustus declared the constitution invalid, it was Dahlmann who inspired the famous protest of the seven professors of Gottingen . He was deprived of his position and banished, but he had the See also:

• SATISFACTION (Lat. salisfacerc, to satisfy)

satisfaction of knowing that German See also:

• NATIONAL

national feeling received a mighty impulse from his courageous See also:

• ACTION

action, while public subscriptions prevented him from material cares . After he had lived for several years in See also:

• LEIPZIG

Leipzig and See also:

• JENA

Jena, King See also:

• FREDERICK
• FREDERICK (Mod. Ger. Friedrich; Ital. Federigo; Fr. Frederic and Federic; M.H.G. Friderich; O.H.G. Fridurih, " king or lord of peace," from O.H.G. fridu, A.S. frith, " peace," and rfh " rich," " a ruler," for derivation of which see HENRY)

Frederick See also:

• WILLIAM
• WILLIAM (1143-1214)
• WILLIAM (1227-1256)
• WILLIAM (1J33-1584)
• WILLIAM (A.S. Wilhelm, O. Norse Vilhidlmr; O. H. Ger. Willahelm, Willahalm, M. H. Ger. Willehelm, Willehalm, Mod.Ger. Wilhelm; Du. Willem; O. Fr. Villalme, Mod. Fr. Guillaume; from " will," Goth. vilja, and " helm," Goth. hilms, Old Norse hidlmr, meaning
• WILLIAM (c. 1130-C. 1190)
• WILLIAM, 13TH

William IV. appointed him in See also:

• OCTOBER

October 1842 to a professorship at See also:

• BONN

Bonn . The years that followed were those of his highest celebrity . His Politik (1835) had already made him a See also:

• GREAT

great name as a writer; he now published his Ddnische Geschichte (1840-1843), a See also:

• HISTORICAL

historical See also:

• WORK

work of the first See also:

• RANK (O.Fr. rant or rent, mod. rang, generally connected with the O.E. and O.H.G. bring, a ring)

rank; and this was soon followed by histories of the See also:

• ENGLISH

English and French revolutions, which, though of less scientific value, exercised a decisive See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence upon public See also:

• OPINION (Lat. opinio, from opinari, to think)

opinion by their open advocacy of the See also:

• SYSTEM

system of constitutional See also:

• MONARCHY (Fr. monarchic, from Lat. monarchia, Gr. uovapXia, rule of one, µbvos, alone, apXi7, rule)

monarchy . As a teacher too he was much beloved .

Though no orator, and in spite of a See also:

• PERSONALITY (from Lat. persona, originally an actor's mask, from personare,1 to sound through)

personality not particularly amiable or winning, he produced a profound impression upon See also:

• YOUNG
• YOUNG, A
• YOUNG, ARTHUR (1741-1820)
• YOUNG, BRIGHAM (1801-1877)
• YOUNG, CHARLES MAYNE (1777–1856)
• YOUNG, EDWARD (1683–1765)
• YOUNG, JAMES (1811-1883)
• YOUNG, THOMAS (1773-1829)

young men by the pregnancy of his expression, a consistent logical method of thought based on See also:

• KANT, IMMANUEL (1724-1804)

Kant and bythe manliness of his See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character . When the revolution of 1848 See also:

• BROKE, or BROOKE, ARTHUR (d. 1563)
• BROKE, SIR PHILIP BOWES VERE, BART

broke out, the " father of German See also:

• NATIONALITY

nationality," as the See also:

• PRO

pro-visional government at See also:

• MILAN
• MILAN (Ital. Milano, Ger. Mailand, anc. Mediolanum, q.v.)

Milan called him, found himself the centre of universal interest . Both See also:

• MECKLENBURG

Mecklenburg and See also:

• PRUSSIA
• PRUSSIA (Ger. Preussen; Lat. Borussia)

Prussia offered him in vain the See also:

• POST

post of See also:

• ENVOY (Fr. envoye, " sent ")

envoy to the See also:

• DIET

diet of the See also:

• CONFEDERATION (Fr. confederation, Lat. confoederatio, from foedus, a league, foederare, to form a league)

confederation . Naturally, too, he was elected to the national See also:

• ASSEMBLY, UNLAWFUL

assembly at See also:

• FRANKFORT

Frankfort, and took a leading See also:

• PART

part in the constitutional committees appointed first by the diet, then by the See also:

• PARLIAMENT (Anglo-Lat. parliamentum, Fr. parlement, from parler, to speak)

parliament . His object was to make Germany as far as possible a See also:

• UNITED

united constitutional monarchy, with the exclusion of the whole of Austria, or at least, of its non-German parts . Prussia was to provide the See also:

• EMPEROR (Fr. empereur, from the Lat. imperator)

emperor, but at the same time—and in this lay the doctrinaire weakness of the system—was to give up its See also:

• SEPARATE

separate existence, consecrated by history, in the same way as the other states . When, therefore, Frederick William IV., without showing any anxiety to bind himself by the conditions laid down at Frankfort, concluded with Denmark the seven months' truce of See also:

• MALMO

Malmo (26th See also:

• AUGUST (originally Sextilis)

August 1848), Dahlmann proposed that the national parliament should refuse to recognize the truce, with the See also:

• EXPRESS (through the French from the past participle of the Lat. exprimere, to press out, by transference used of representing objects in painting or sculpture, or of thoughts, &c. in words)

express intention of clearing up once for all the relations of the parliament with the See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

court of See also:

• BERLIN
• BERLIN, CONGRESS AND TREATY OF
• BERLIN, ISAIAH (1725–1799)

Berlin . The See also:

• MOTION (Lat. motio, from movere, to move)
• MOTION, LAWS OF

motion was passed by a small See also:

• MAJORITY (Fr. majorite; Med. Lat. majoritas; Lat. major, greater)

majority (See also:

• SEPTEMBER (Lat. septem, seven)

September 5th); but the members of Dahlmann's party were just those who voted against it, and it was they who on the 17th of September reversed the previous See also:

• VOTE

vote and passed a See also:

• RESOLUTION

resolution accepting the truce, after Dahlmann had failed to form a See also:

• MINISTRY

ministry on the basis of the resolution of the 5th, owing to his objection to the Radicals . Dahlmann afterwards described this as the decisive turning-point in the See also:

• FATE

fate of the parliament . He did not, however, at once give up all hope . Though he took but little active part in See also:

• PARLIAMENTARY

parliamentary debates, he was very active on commissions and in party conferences, and it was largely owing to him that a German constitution was at last evolved, and that Frederick William IV. was elected hereditary emperor (28th of See also:

• MARCH
• MARCH (1) (from Fr. marcher, to walk; the earliest sense in French appears to be " to trample," and the origin has usually been found in the Lat. marcus, hammer; Low Lat. marcare, to hammer; hence to beat the road with the regular tread of a soldier: cf.
• MARCH, AUZIAS (c. "1395-1458)
• MARCH, EARLS OF
• MARCH, FRANCIS ANDREW (1825– )

March 1849) . He was accordingly one of the deputation which offered the crown to the king in Berlin .

The king's refusal was less of a surprise to him than to most of his colleagues . He counted on being able to compel recognition of the constitution by the moral pressure of the consent of the See also:

• PEOPLE

people . It was only when the attitude of the Radicals made it clear to him that this course would See also:

• LEAD
• LEAD (pronounced iced)

lead to a revolution, that he decided, after a See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long struggle, to retire from the national parliament (21st May) . He was still, however, one of the chief promoters of the well-known See also:

• CONFERENCE

conference of the imperial party at See also:

• GOTHA

Gotha, the proceedings of which were not, however, satisfactory to him; and he took part in the sessions of the first Prussian chamber (1849-1850) and of the parliament of See also:

• ERFURT

Erfurt (1850) . But finally, convinced that for the moment all efforts towards the unity of Germany were unavailing, he retired from See also:

• POLITICAL

political life, though often pressed to stand for See also:

• ELECTION
• ELECTION (from Lat. eligere, to pick out)

election, and again took up his work of teaching at Bonn . His last years were, however, saddened by illness, bereavement and continual See also:

• FRICTION (from Lat. fricare, to rub)

friction with his colleagues . His See also:

• DEATH

death took See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place on the 5th of See also:

• DECEMBER (Lat. decent, ten)

December r86o, following on an apoplectic See also:

• FIT

fit . He was a See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man whose personality had contributed to the progress of the See also:

• WORLD

world, and whose teaching was to continue to exercise a far-reaching influence on the development of German affairs . His chief See also:

• WORKS

works were:—Quellenkunde der deutschen Geschichte nach der Folge der Begebenheiten geordnet (183o, 7th edition of Dahlmann-See also:

• WAITZ, GEORG (1813-1886)
• WAITZ, THEODOR (1821-1864)

Waitz, Quellenkunde, Leipzig, 1906); Politik, auf den Grund and das See also:

• MASS (O.E. maesse; Fr. messe; Ger. Messe; Ital. messa; from eccl. Lat. missa)
• MASS, IN

Mass der gegebenen Zustande zuriickgefiihrt (1 vol., 1835); Geschichte Diinemarks (3 vols., 1840-1843); Geschichte der englischen Revolution (1844); Geschichte der franzosischen Revolution (1845) . See A . See also:

• SPRINGER (Fr. rein)
• SPRINGER, ANTON HEINRICH (1825–1891)

Springer, See also:

• FRIEDRICH, JOHANN (1836— )

Friedrich Christoph Dahlmann (2 vols., 1870-1872) ; and H. v . See also:

• TREITSCHKE, HEINRICH VON (1834-1896)

Treitschke, Histor. and polit .

Aufsatze, i . 365 et seq . (F .