In The Netherlands, a term for the movement among lower-middle-class Protestants for social, political, and religious emancipation in the second half of the 19th-c. They represented the orthodox wing of the Dutch Reformed Church and favoured ‘free’ churches and ‘free’ schools. They formed a virtual political party, led by Abraham Kuyper, based on the ideas of Groen van Prinsterer, producing the paper De Standaard. The Patrimonium Association was founded in 1877, and in 1879 the Anti-Revolutionary Party was formed and the Free University opened in 1880. They seceded from the church in 1886 (doleantie), and had really attained all their expressed and implicit objectives by the second decade of the 20th-c.