Penologist, born in San Quentin Prison, San Francisco, California, USA. The inspiration for the film Duffy of San Quentin, he was the son of a San Quentin guard. Born and raised within the prison gates, he became warden (1940–52). Known for his humanitarian reforms, he abolished airless cells and physical punishment, dismissed guards for cruelty, and introduced a night school, a cafeteria, a prison newspaper, and campaigned ceaselessly against the death penalty. Author of several books, his work was widely imitated by other penologists.