See also:

• DALMATIA (Ger. Dalmatien; Ital. Dalmazia; Serbo-Croatian, Dalmacija)

DALMATIA (Ger. Dalmatien; Ital. Dalmazia; Serbo-Croatian, Dalmacija)  , a See also:

• KINGDOM

kingdom and crownland of the Austro-Hungarian See also:

• EMPIRE

empire, in the See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north-See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

west of the See also:

• BALKAN

Balkan See also:

• PENINSULA
• PENINSULA (Lat. paeninsula, from paene, almost, and insula, an island)

Peninsula, and on the Adriatic See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

Sea . See also:

• DALMATIA (Ger. Dalmatien; Ital. Dalmazia; Serbo-Croatian, Dalmacija)

Dalmatia is bounded, on the landward See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side, by Croatia and Bosnia, in the N. and N.E.; and by Herzegovina and See also:

• MONTENEGRO

Montenegro, in the S.E. and S . Its See also:

• AREA

area amounts to 4923 sq. m.; its greatest length, from north-west to See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south-See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

east, is 210 m.; its breadth reaches 35 M. between Point Planca and the Bosnian frontier, diminishing to less than 1 m. at See also:

• CATTARO (Serbo-Croatian Kotor)

Cattaro . Near the ports of Klek and Castelnuovo the Herzegovinian frontier comes down to the sea,' but only for a See also:

• TOTAL

total distance of 141 m . See also:

• PHYSICAL

Physical Features.—No See also:

• PART

part of the Mediterranean See also:

• SHORE

shore, except the See also:

• COAST (from Lat. costa, a rib, side)

coast of See also:

• GREECE

Greece, is so deeply indented as the Dalmatian littoral, with its multitude of See also:

• ROCK
• ROCK (O.Fr. rake, Sp. rota, Ital. rocca; possibly from a Lat. form rupica, from rupes, rock)
• ROCK, DANIEL (1799–187t)

rock-See also:

• BOUND, or BOUNDARY (from O. Fr. bonde, Med. Lat. bodena or butina, a frontier line)

bound bays and inlets . It is sheltered from the open sea by a rampart of islands which vary greatly in See also:

• SIZE

size; a few being large enough to support several thousand inhabitants, while others are See also:

• MERE
• MERE, ADALBERT (1838-1909)

mere reefs, swept See also:

• BARE

bare by the sea, or tenanted only by rabbits and seabirds . This Dalmatian See also:

• ARCHIPELAGO

archipelago, separated from the Istrian by the Gulf of Quarnerolo, forms two See also:

• ISLAND (O.E. ieg =isle, +land')

island See also:

• GROUPS
• GROUPS, THEORY

groups, the See also:

• NORTHERN

northern or Liburrian, and the See also:

• SOUTHERN

southern; with open See also:

• WATER

water intervening, off Point Planca . In See also:

• CALM

calm See also:

• WEATHER (O. Eng. weder; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Du. weder, Dan. veir, Icel. ve8r, and Ger. Wetter and Gewitter, storm; the root is wa- to blow, from which is derived " wind ")

weather the channels between the islands and the See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

main-See also:

• LAND

land resemble a See also:

• CHAIN (through the O. Fr. citable, chcene, &c., from Lat. catena)

chain of landlocked lakes, brilliantly clear to a See also:

• DEPTH

depth of several fathoms . As a See also:

• RULE

rule, the surrounding hills are rugged, bleached almost See also:

• WHITE
• WHITE, ANDREW DICKSON (1832– )
• WHITE, GILBERT (1720–1793)
• WHITE, HENRY KIRKE (1785-1806)
• WHITE, HUGH LAWSON (1773-1840)
• WHITE, JOSEPH BLANCO (1775-1841)
• WHITE, RICHARD GRANT (1822-1885)
• WHITE, ROBERT (1645-1704)
• WHITE, SIR GEORGE STUART (1835– )
• WHITE, SIR THOMAS (1492-1567)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM ARTHUR (1824--1891)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM HENRY (1845– )
• WHITE, THOMAS (1628-1698)
• WHITE, THOMAS (c. 1550-1624)

white or See also:

• PALE (through Fr. pal, from Lat. palms, a stake, for paglus, from the stem pag- of pangere, to fix; " pole " is from the same original source)

pale russet, and destitute of verdure; but their monotony is relieved by the See also:

• HALF

half-ruined castles and monasteries clinging to the rocks, or by the beauty of such cities as See also:

• RAGUSA
• RAGUSA (Serbo-Croatian Dubrovnik)

Ragusa, or Arbe, with its fantastic See also:

• ROW, JOHN (c. 1525—1580)

row of steeples overlooking the See also:

• BEACH

beach . The See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal islands, Arbe, Brazza, See also:

• CURZOLA (Serbo-Croatian Korcula or Karkar)

Curzola, See also:

• LACROMA (Serbo-Croatian Lokrum)

Lacroma, See also:

• LESINA (Serbo-Croatian, Hvar)

Lesina, See also:

• LISSA (Polish Lezno)
• LISSA (Serbo-Croation Vis; Lat. Issa)

Lissa and See also:

• MELEDA (Serbo-Croatian, Mljet; Lat. Melita)

Meleda, are de-scribed under See also:

• SEPARATE

separate headings . The promontory of Sabbioncello, or+Punta di Stagno, which juts out for 41 M. into the sea, between Curzola and Lesina, is almost another island; for its breadth, which nowhere exceeds 5 m., dwindles to about 1 m: at the narrow See also:

• ISTHMUS (Gr.io0pbs, neck)

isthmus which unites it with the shore . There are two small ports on this isthmus—on the south, Stagno Grande ' This arrangement is based on the terms of the See also:

• PEACE
• PEACE, BREACH OF THE

peace of Carlowitz 1699 (articles IX. and XI. of the Turco-Venetian Treaty) .

It is due to the commercial and maritime rivalry between See also:

• VENICE
• VENICE (continued)
• VENICE (Venezia)

Venice and Ragusa . The Ragusans bribed the See also:

• TURKISH

Turkish envoys at Carlowitz to stipulate for a See also:

• DOUBLE
• DOUBLE (from the Mid. Eng. duble, the form which gives the present pronunciation, through the Old Er. duble, from Lat. duplus, twice as much)

double See also:

• EXTENSION (Lat. ex, out ; tendere, to stretch)

extension of the See also:

• OTTOMAN

Ottoman dominions down to the Adriatic; and thus the Ragusan lands, which otherwise would have bordered upon the Dalmatian possessions of Venice, were surrounded by neutral territory.(Serbo-Croatian, Ston Veliki), once celebrated for its See also:

• SALT (a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch zout, Ger. Salz, Scand. salt; cognate with Gr. &Xs, Lat. sal)
• SALT, SIR TITUS, BART

salt and See also:

• SHIPBUILDING

shipbuilding See also:

• INDUSTRIES

industries, and, on the north, Stagno See also:

• PICCOLO (Fr. petite filte octave; Ger. Pickelflote; Ital. flauto piccolo or ottavino)

Piccolo (Ston Mali) . Dalmatia possesses a magnificent anchorage in the Bocche di Cattaro, and there are numerous lesser havens, at See also:

• SEBENICO (Serbo-Croatian, Sibenik)

Sebenico, Trail, See also:

• ZARA (Serbo-Croatian Zadar)

Zara and elsewhere along the coast and among the islands . The See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country is almost everywhere hilly or mountainous . Or. the Croatian border rises the lofty barrier of the Velebit, which. culminates in Sveto Brdo (5751 ft.), and Vakanski Vrh (5768 ft.) . The Dinaric See also:

• ALPS

Alps See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form the frontier between Dalmatia and Bosnia; Dinara (6007 ft.), which gives its name to the whole chain, and Troglav (6276 ft.), being the highest Dalmatian summits . North-west of Sinj rise the Svilaja and Mosec Planinas; the ridges of Mosor and Biokovo, with Sveto Juraj (5781 ft.), follow the windings of the coast from See also:

• SPALATO, or SPALATRO (Serbo-Croatian Spljet or Split)

Spalato to See also:

• MACARSCA (Serbo-Croatian, Makarska)

Macarsca; Orjen marks the See also:

• MEETING (from " to meet," to come together, assemble, 0. Eng. metals ; cf. Du. moeten, Swed. mota, Goth. gamotjan, &c., derivatives of the Teut. word for a meeting, seen in O. Eng. Wit, moot, an assembly of the people; cf. witanagemot)

meeting-See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place of the Herzegovinian, Montenegrin and Dalmatian frontiers, and the Sutorman range appears in the extreme south . The barren dry See also:

• LIMESTONE

limestone of the Dalmatian See also:

• HIGHLANDS, THE

highlands has been aptly compared with a petrified sponge; for it is honeycombed with underground caverns and water-courses, into which the rainfall is at once filtered . Thus arises a See also:

• COMPLETE

complete See also:

• SYSTEM

system of subterranean See also:

• RIVERS
• RIVERS, ANTHONY WOODVILLE, or WYDEVILLE, 2ND EARL (c. 1442—1483)
• RIVERS, EARL
• RIVERS, RICHARD SAVAGE, 4TH EARL (c. 1660—1712)

rivers, with waterfalls, lakes and See also:

• REGULAR

regular seasons of See also:

• FLOOD (in O. Eng. flod, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Flut, Dutch vloed, from the same root as is seen in " flow," " float ")
• FLOOD, HENRY (1732-1791)

flood . Even the few See also:

• SURFACE

surface rivers vanish and emerge again at intervals . The Trebinjcica, for in-stance, disappearing in Herzegovina, supplies both the broad and See also:

• SWIFT
• SWIFT, JONATHAN (1667—1745)

swift See also:

• ESTUARY (from the Lat. aestuarium, a place reached by aestus, the tide)

estuary of Ombla, near Ragusa, and the fresh-water See also:

• SPRING (from " to spring," " to leap or jump up," " burst out," O. Eng., springau, a common Teut. word, cf. Ger. springer, possibly allied to Gr. QnrFpxecOac, to move rapidly)

spring of Doli, which issues from the bottom of the sea . Apart from the Ombla, and the Narenta (Serbo-Croatian, Neretva; See also:

• ROMAN

Roman, Naro), which creates a broad marshy See also:

• DELTA (from the shape of the Gr. letter A, delta, originally used of the mouth of the Nile)

delta between Metkovic and the sea, Dalmatia has only three rivers more than 25 M. See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long; the Zermagna (Zrmanja, Tedanium), Kerka, (Krka, Titius), and Cetina (Cetina; Narona or Tilurus) .

The Zermagna skirts the southern foothills of the Velebit and falls into the See also:

• HARBOUR (from M.E. hereberge, here, an army; cf. Ger. Heer and -beorg, protection or shelter. Other early forms in English were herberwe and haiborow, as seen in various place names, such as Market Harborough.. The French auberge, an inn, derived through

harbour of Novigrad . Better known is the Kerka, which rises in the Dinaric Alps and flows south-westward to the Adriatic . Near Scardona (Skradin)_it spreads into a broad See also:

• LAKE
• LAKE, GERARD LAKE, 1ST VISCOUNT (1744-1808)

lake, and forms several See also:

• FINE

fine waterfalls, after receiving its tributary the Cikola (Cikola), from the east . South of Spalato, the Cetina, which also springs from the Dinaric Alps, descends to the sea at Almissa (Omis), after passing between the Mosor and Biokovo ranges . There are a few small lakes near Zara, Zaravecchia and the Narenta estuary; while the fertile, but unhealthy, hollows among the mountains fill with water after heavy See also:

• RAIN (O.E. regn; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Regen, Swed. and Dan. regn; it has been connected with Lat. rigare, to wet, Gr. 13pixeav)

rain, and some-times cause disastrous floods . But most parts of the country suffer from drought . For an See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account of the See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief See also:

• GEOLOGICAL

geological formations see BALKAN PENINSULA . Small quantities of See also:

• IRON [symbol Fe, atomic weight 55.85 (0=16)]

iron, See also:

• LIGNITE (Lat. lignum, wood)

lignite, See also:

• ASPHALT, or ASPHALTUM

asphalt and See also:

• BAY

bay salt are the only minerals of commercial importance . The See also:

• CLIMATE

climate is warm and healthy, the mean temperature at Zara being 57° F., at Lesina 62°, and at Ragusa 63° . The prevailing See also:

• WIND
• WIND (a common Teut. word, cognate with Skt. vats, Lat. ventus, cf. " weather," to be of course distinguished from to " wind," to coil or twist, O.Eng. windan, cf. "wander," "wend," &c.)

wind is the See also:

• SIROCCO

sirocco, or S.E.; but the terrible See also:

• BORA

Bora, or N.N.E., may See also:

• BLOW, JOHN (1648-1708)

blow at any See also:

• SEASON (0. Fr. seson, seison, mod. saison, Lat. satio, sowing time, the spring, from serere, to sow; in Late Lat. the word is found with its present meaning, the spring being considered as particularly the season of the year)

season of the See also:

• YEAR

year . The See also:

• AVERAGE

average See also:

• ANNUAL

annual rainfall is about 28 in., but a dry and a wet year usually alternate . See also:

• FAUNA

Fauna.—Bears, badgers and See also:

• WILD, JONATHAN (c. 1682-1725)

wild See also:

• CATS, JACOB (1577-1660)

cats, with a larger number of wolves and foxes, find shelter in the Dinaric Alps and on the heights of Svilaja, Mosor and Biokovo; while jackals exist on Curzola and Sabbioncello, almost their last refuges in See also:

• EUROPE

Europe .

Roedeer are uncommon, and the wild See also:

• BOAR (0. Eng. bar; the word is found only in W. Ger. languages, cf. Dutch beer, Ger. Eber)

boar, See also:

• CHAMOIS

chamois, red-See also:

• DEER (O. E. rigor, dfor, a common Teutonic word, meaning a wild animal, cf. Ger. Tier, Du. dier, &c., probably from a root dhus-, to breathe)
• DEER, CHINESE

deer and See also:

• BEAVER
• BEAVER (from Fr. baviere, a child's bib, from bane, saliva)

beaver are See also:

• EXTINCT

extinct; but See also:

• HARES

hares and rabbits abound . The See also:

• GAME

game-See also:

• LAWS

laws are not strict, and are often evaded by the Morlachs ; but moderate See also:

• SPORT (a contracted or shortened form of "disport," to amuse, divert oneself, O. Fr. se dis porter or deporter, to leave off work, hence to play, Lat. dis-, away, and portare, to carry; the origin of the meaning lies in the notion of turning away from ser

sport may be obtained in the See also:

• FENS

fens formed by the Cetina about Sinj, and the lagoons of the Narenta estuary; both regions being frequented by wild swans, geese, See also:

• DUCK

duck, See also:

• SNIPE (0. Eng. Spite, Icel. Snipe, Dutch Snip, Ger. Schnepfe)

snipe and other aquatic birds . Among land-birds, the commonest are quails, See also:

• WOODCOCK (O. Eng. wude-cocc, wudu-coc, and wudu-snite)

woodcock, partridges, and especially the so-called " See also:

• STONE
• STONE (0. Eng. shin; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Stein, Du. steen, Dan. and Swed. sten; the root is also seen in Gr. aria, pebble)
• STONE, CHARLES POMEROY (1824-1887)
• STONE, EDWARD JAMES (1831-1897)
• STONE, FRANK (1800-1859)
• STONE, GEORGE (1708—1764)
• STONE, LUCY [BLACKWELL] (1818-1893)
• STONE, MARCUS (184o— )
• STONE, NICHOLAS (1586-1647)

stone-See also:

• FOWL (Dan. Fugl, Ger. Vogel)

fowl " (Steinhuhn, Perdix Graeca) . Tortoises are numerous; See also:

• SNAKES

snakes, lizards, scorpions and innumerable See also:

• SAND
• SAND, GEORGE (1804-1876)

sand-flies infest the dry hillsides; and the limestone caverns are peopled by sightless bats, See also:

• REPTILES (Lat. Reptilia, creeping things, from reptilis; ref ere, to creep; Gr. Ep7rety, whence the term " herpetology," for the science dealing with them)

reptiles, See also:

• FISH (O. Eng. fist, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dutch visch, Ger. Fisch, Goth. fisks, cognate with the Lat. piscis)
• FISH, HAMILTON (1808-1893)

fish, flies, beetles, See also:

• SPIDERS

spiders, See also:

• CRUSTACEA

crustacea and molluscs . See also:

• FISHERIES

Fisheries.—No region of Europe is richer in its marine fauna and See also:

• FLORA

flora . Sponge and See also:

• CORAL

coral fisheries afford a valuable source of income to the peasantry, many of whom also go northward for the sardine and See also:

• TUNNY (Thunnus thynnus)

tunny fisheries of the Istrian coast, while See also:

• SALMON
• SALMON, GEORGE (1819-1904)

salmon, See also:

• TROUT (Salmo trutta)

trout and eels are caught in the Dalmatian rivers . Flora.—The See also:

• OLIVE (Olea europaea)

olive, See also:

• ALMOND (from the O. Fr. almande or alemande, late Lat. amandola, derived through a form amingdola from the Gr. l uybian, an almond; the al- for a- is probably due to a confusion with the Arabic article al, the word having first dropped the a- as in the It

almond, fig, See also:

• ORANGE
• ORANGE (Citrus Aurantium)
• ORANGE, HOUSE OF

orange, See also:

• PALM (Lat. palma, Gr. iraX6.jn )
• PALM, JOHANN PHILIPP (1768-1806)

palm, See also:

• ALOE

aloe, See also:

• MYRTLE

myrtle, See also:

• LOCUST

locust-See also:

• TREE (0. Eng. treo, treow, cf. Dan. tree, Swed. Odd, tree, trd, timber; allied forms are found in Russ. drevo, Gr. opus, oak, and 36pv, spear, Welsh derw, Irish darog, oak, and Skr. dare, wood)
• TREE, SIR HERBERT BEERBOHM (1853- )

tree and other characteristic members of the Mediterranean flora thrive in the sheltered valleys of the Dalmatian littoral, where almond-blossoms appear in See also:

• MID

mid-See also:

• WINTER, JOHN STRANGE
• WINTER, PETER (c. 1755-1825)

winter, and the palm occasionally bears ripe See also:

• FRUIT (through the French from the Lat. fructus; frui, to enjoy)

fruit . The marasca, or wild See also:

• CHERRY

cherry, is abundant, and yields the celebrated liqueur called maraschino . But at a little distance from the rivers and on the more exposed parts of the coast the aspect of the country changes entirely . Patches of thin grass, heather, See also:

• JUNIPER

juniper, See also:

• THYME

thyme, tamarisks and See also:

• MOUNTAIN (0. Fr. montaigne; popular Lat. montanea, an adjectival form from the classical mons, montis, whence Eng. " mount," a form usually used along with the name of an individual mountain, e.g. Mt Everest)
• MOUNTAIN, THE (La Montagne)

mountain See also:

• ROSES, WARS OF THE

roses hardly relieve the bareness and aridity of the seaward slopes . Forests.—Oaks, pines and beeches still, in a few parts, clothe the landward slopes, but, as a rule, the forests for which Dalmatia was once famous were cut down for the Venetian shipyards or burned by pirates; while every See also:

• ATTEMPT (Lat. adtemptare, attentare, to try)

attempt at replanting is frustrated by the shallowness of the See also:

• SOIL

soil, the drought and the multitude of goats that browse on the See also:

• YOUNG
• YOUNG, A
• YOUNG, ARTHUR (1741-1820)
• YOUNG, BRIGHAM (1801-1877)
• YOUNG, CHARLES MAYNE (1777–1856)
• YOUNG, EDWARD (1683–1765)
• YOUNG, JAMES (1811-1883)
• YOUNG, THOMAS (1773-1829)

young trees . See also:

• AGRICULTURE
• AGRICULTURE (from Lat. ages, field, and colere, to cultivate)
• AGRICULTURE, BOARD OF

Agriculture.—Little more than one-tenth of the whole surface is under the plough; the See also:

• REST (O. Eng. rest, reste, bed, cognate with other Teutonic forms, e.g. Ger. Rast, Riiste, rest, and probably Gothic Rasta, league, i.e. resting or stopping place)

rest, where it is not altogether sterile, being chiefly mountain pasture, vineyards and See also:

• GARDEN (from O. Fr. garden, mod. Fr. jardin; this, like our words " garth," a paddock attached to a building, and " yard," comes from a Teutonic word for an enclosure which appears in Gothic as gards and O. H. Ger. gart, cf. Dutch gaarde and Ger. .garten)

garden land .

Asses are the favourite beasts of See also:

• BURDEN, or BURTHEN

burden; goats are strikingly numerous; and See also:

• SHEEP
• SHEEP (from the Anglo-Saxon sceap, a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages; e.g. the German Schaf)

sheep are kept for the See also:

• SAKE

sake of their mutton, which is almost the only See also:

• ANIMAL
• ANIMAL (Lat. animalis, from anima, breath, soul)

animal See also:

• FOOD
• FOOD (like the verb " to feed," from a Teutonic root, whence O. Eng. foda; cf. " fodder "; connected with Gr. lrareicOae, to feed)

food freely consumed by the peasantry . See also:

• CATTLE (Norman Fr. catel, from Late Lat. capitale, wealth or property, a word applied in the feudal system to movable property and particularly to live stock, and surviving in its wider meaning as " chattel " or " chattle ")

Cattle-breeding, See also:

• BEE (Sanskrit blza, AS. ben, Lat. apis)

bee-keeping, and the cultivation of fruit and vegetables, especially potatoes and beetroot, are among the principal resources of the See also:

• PEOPLE

people, while See also:

• WHEAT
• WHEAT (Triticum)

wheat, See also:

• RYE

rye, See also:

• BARLEY (Hordeum sativum)

barley, oats, See also:

• INDIAN

Indian See also:

• CORN (a common Teutonic word; cf. Lat. granum, seed, grain)
• CORN (fromm Lat. corms, horn)

corn, See also:

• HEMP (in O. Eng. henep, cf. Dutch hennep, Ger. Hanf , cognate with Gr. Kavval3er, Lat. cannabis)

hemp and See also:

• MILLET (Fr. millet; Ital. miglietto, diminutive of miglio= Lat. mille, a thousand, in allusion to its fertility)
• MILLET (or MILE), JEAN FRANCOIS (c. 1642–1679)
• MILLET, FRANCIS DAVIS (1846- )
• MILLET, JEAN FRANCOIS (1814–1875)

millet are also grown . Viticulture is carried on with See also:

• GREAT

great and increasing success (see See also:

• WINE (Lat. vinum, Gr. oivos)

WINE) . Land-See also:

• TENURE (Fr. tenure, from Lat. tenere, to hold)

tenure.—Individual proprietorship of the soil is rare, for, despite the decadence of the zadruga or See also:

• HOUSEHOLD, ROYAL

household community, the tenure of land and the See also:

• PRIVILEGE

privilege of using the communal domain still appertain to the See also:

• FAMILY

family as a whole . There are a few large estates, but most of the land is parcelled out in small holdings . Industries.—Besides fishing, farming and such allied trades as See also:

• SHIP

ship-See also:

• BUILDING

building, wine and oil pressing, and the See also:

• DISTILLATION (from the Lat. distillare, more correctly destillare, to drop or trickle down)

distillation of See also:

• SPIRITS

spirits, notably maraschino, a few other industries are practised, such as See also:

• TILE (0. Eng. tigel, Fr. tuile, connected with Lat. tegula)

tile-burning and the manufacture of See also:

• SOAP

soap; but these are of See also:

• MINOR
• MINOR (Lat. for smaller, lesser)
• MINOR, ROBERT CRANNELL (1839-1904)

minor importance . Certain crafts are also carried on by the country-folk, in their own homes; thus the See also:

• PEASANT (O. Fr. paysant, Mod. paysan; Lat. pagensis, belonging to the pagus or country; cf. " pagan ")

peasant is sometimes his own See also:

• MASON, FRANCIS (1799—1874)
• MASON, GEORGE (1725—1792)
• MASON, GEORGE HEMMING (1818–1872)
• MASON, JAMES MURRAY (1798-1871)
• MASON, JOHN (1586-1635)
• MASON, JOHN YOUNG (1799-1859)
• MASON, LOWELL (1792—1872)
• MASON, SIR JOHN (1503–1566)
• MASON, SIR JOSIAH (1795-1881)
• MASON, WILLIAM (1725—1797)

mason, See also:

• CARPENTER, LANT (1780-1840)
• CARPENTER, MIRY (1807-1877)
• CARPENTER, WILLIAM BENJAMIN (1813-1885)

carpenter, See also:

• WEAVER, JAMES BAIRD (1833- )

weaver and See also:

• MILLER, HUGH (1802–1856)
• MILLER, JOAQUIN (CINCINNATUS HEINE) (1841- )
• MILLER, JOE (JosEPH or JosIAS( (1684-1738)
• MILLER, SAMUEL FREEMAN (1816-1890)
• MILLER, WILLIAM (1782-1849)
• MILLER, WILLIAM (1795-1861)
• MILLER, WILLIAM (1796–1882)
• MILLER, WILLIAM HALLOWES (18o1–188o)

miller . Manufactured goods and foodstuffs are imported, in return for asphalt, lignite, bay salt, wine, spirits, oil, See also:

• HONEY (Chin. me ; Sansk. madhu, mead, honey; cf. A.S. medo, medu, mead; Gr. p Xt, in which 0 or b is changed into X; Lat. mel ; Fr. miel ; A.S. hung ; Ger. Honig)

honey, See also:

• WAX

wax and hides; and there is a lucrative transit See also:

• TRADE (O. Eng. trod, footstep, from tredan, to tread; in M. Eng. the forms teed, trod and trade appear, the last in the sense of a beaten track)
• TRADE, BOARD OF

trade with Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, See also:

• TURKEY

Turkey and various Adriatic and Mediterranean ports . Communications.—Communications are defective, some parts of the interior being only accessible by the roughest of mountain roads . The principal railway, in point of size, traverses the central districts, linking together Knin, Spalato, Sebenico and Sinj; but the southern lines, which unite Dalmatia with Herzegovina and terminate at Ragusa, Metkovic and Castlenuovo on the Bocche di Cattaro, are almost of equal importance, Cattaro being one of the chief outlets for Montenegrin See also:

• COMMERCE
• COMMERCE (Lat. commercium, from, cum, together, and rnerx, merchandise)

commerce, while the vessels which See also:

• STEAM
• STEAM (0. Eng. steam, vapour, smoke, cf. Du. steam; the origin is unknown)

steam up the Narenta to Metkovic carry the bulk of the sea-See also:

• BORNE, KARL LUDWIG (1786–1837)

borne trade of Herzegovina . In 1897 Dalmatia possessed 151 See also:

• POST

post and 98 See also:

• TELEGRAPH (Gr. Tike, far, and rypaq5eiv, to write)

telegraph offices . Chief Towns.—The chief towns are Zara, the See also:

• CAPITAL (i.e. capital stock or fund)
• CAPITAL (Lat. caput, head)

capital, with 32,5061 inhabitants in 'goo, Spalato (27,198), Sebenico (24,751), Trail (17,064), Ragusa (13,174), Macarsca (11,016), and Cattaro (5418) .

All these are described under separate headings . See also:

• POPULATION (Lat. populus, people; populare, to populate)

Population and See also:

• NATIONAL

National Characteristics.—With a See also:

• CONSTANT, BENJAMIN (1845-1902)

constant excess of male over See also:

• FEMALE

female See also:

• CHILDREN, LAW RELATING TO

children, the population increased steadily from 1869 to 'goo, when it reached 591,597 . Of this total 1 % are foreigners and about 3 % Italians, whose See also:

• NUMBERS, BOOK OF
• NUMBERS, PARTITION OF

numbers ' These figures, taken from the See also:

• AUSTRIAN

Austrian See also:

• OFFICIAL (Late Lat. QJicialis, for class. Lat. apparitor, from officium, office, duty)

official returns, include the population of the entire See also:

• COMMUNE (Med. Lat. communia, Lat. communis, common)
• COMMUNE, MEDIEVAL

commune,' not merely the See also:

• URBAN
• URBAN (Urbanus)

urban residents . Only in Zara, Spalato, Sebenico and Ragusa, do the actual townsfolk number more than See also:

• I000

I000.tend slowly to diminish . The Morlachs, who constitute the remaining 96%, belong to the Serbo-Croatian See also:

• BRANCH (from the Fr. branche, late Lat. branca, an animal's paw)

branch of the See also:

• SLAVONIC, OLD

Slavonic See also:

• RACE

race, having absorbed the Latinized Illyrians, Albanians and other See also:

• ALIEN (Lat. alienus)

alien elements with which they have been associated . The name of Morlachs, Morlaks or Morlacks commonly bestowed by See also:

• ENGLISH

English writers on the Dalmatian Slays, though sometimes restricted to the peasantry of the hills, is an abbreviated form of Mavrovlachi, meaning either " See also:

• BLACK
• BLACK, ADAM (1784-1874)
• BLACK, JEREMIAH SULLIVAN (1810–1883)
• BLACK, WILLIAM (1841-1898)

Black See also:

• VLACHS

Vlachs," or, less probably, " Sea Vlachs." It was originally applied to the scattered remnants of the Latin or Latinized inhabitants of central See also:

• ILLYRIA

Illyria, who were driven from their homes by the See also:

• BARBARIAN (Gr. fap/3apos)

barbarian invaders during the 7th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century, and took See also:

• REFUGE

refuge among the mountains . Throughout the See also:

• MIDDLE

middle ages the Mavrovlachi were usually nomadic shepherds, cattle-drovers or muleteers . In the 14th century they emigrated from central Illyria into northern Dalmatia and maritime Croatia; and these regions were thence-forward known as Morlacchia, until the 18th century, Gradually, however, the Mavrovlachi became identified with the Slays, whose See also:

• LANGUAGE (adapted from the Fr. langage, from langue, tongue, Lat. lingua)

language and See also:

• MANNERS, CHARLES (1857– )

manners they adopted, and to whom they gave their own name . In northern Dalmatia the Slays of the interior are still called Morlacchi; in the south this name ex-presses contempt . Of the Vlachs, properly so called, very few are See also:

• LEFT

left in the country; although the name Vlachs (q.v.) is frequently used by the Slays to designate the Italians and the See also:

• TOWN

town-dwellers generally . The See also:

• LITERARY

literary See also:

• LANGUAGES

languages of Dalmatia are See also:

• ITALIAN

Italian and Serbo-Croatian; the spoken language is, in each See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case, modified by the introduction of various See also:

• DIALECT (from Gr. Sia stcror, conversation, manner of speaking, &aXeyec6at, to converse)

dialect forms . The Morlachs See also:

• WEAR

wear a picturesque and brightly-coloured See also:

• COSTUME
• COSTUME (through the Fr. costume, from Ital. costume, Late Lat. costuma, a contracted form of Lat. consuetudinem, ace. of consuetudo, custom, habit, manner, &c.)

costume, resembling that of the Serbs (see See also:

• SERVIA

SERVIA) .

In See also:

• APPEARANCE (from Lat. apparere, to appear)

appearance they are sometimes blond, with See also:

• BLUE (common in different forms to most European languages)

blue or See also:

• GREY, CHARLES GREY, 2ND EARL (1764-1845)
• GREY, HENRY GREY, 3RD EARL (1802-1894)
• GREY, LADY JANE (1537-1554)
• GREY, SIR EDWARD
• GREY, SIR GEORGE (1812–1898)

grey eyes, like the Shumadian peasantry of Servia; more often, olive-skinned, with dark See also:

• HAIR (a word common to Teutonic languages)

hair and eyes, like the Montenegrins, whom they See also:

• RIVAL

rival in stature, strength and courage; while their conservative spirit, their devotion to national traditions, See also:

• POETRY

poetry and See also:

• MUSIC

music, their See also:

• PRIDE, THOMAS (d. 1658)

pride, indolence and superstition, are typically Servian . Dalmatian public See also:

• LIFE

life is deeply affected by the jealousies which subsist between the Slays and the Italians, whose See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence, though everywhere waning, remains predominant in some of the towns; and between Orthodox " Serbs," who use the See also:

• CYRILLIC

Cyrillic See also:

• ALPHABET (see also WRITING)

alphabet, and Roman See also:

• CATHOLIC (Gr. KcaBoXuK6s, general, universal)

Catholic " Croats," who prefer the Latin . See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

Government.—Dalmatia occupies a somewhat anomalous position in the Austro-Hungarian See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state system . Itself a See also:

• CROWN

crown-land of See also:

• AUSTRIA
• AUSTRIA, LOWER (Ger. Niederosterreich or Osterreich unter der Enns, " Austria below the river Enns ")
• AUSTRIA, UPPER (Ger. Oberosterreich or Osterreich ob der Enns, " Austria above the river Enns ")

Austria, returning eleven members to the Austrian See also:

• PARLIAMENT (Anglo-Lat. parliamentum, Fr. parlement, from parler, to speak)

parliament, it is severed geographically from the other Austrian lands by the Hungarian kingdom of Croatia . Ethnologically it is one with Croatia, and it is included in the official See also:

• TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title of the Croatian See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king, i.e. the See also:

• EMPEROR (Fr. empereur, from the Lat. imperator)

emperor . The See also:

• POLITICAL

political system is based on a See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law of the 26th of See also:

• FEBRUARY

February 1861 . The provincial See also:

• DIET

diet is composed of 43 members, comprising the Roman Catholic See also:

• ARCHBISHOP (Lat. archiepiscopus, from Gr. apxceatorcoros)

archbishop, the Orthodox See also:

• BISHOP (A.S. bisceop, from Lat. episcopus, Gr. irio-Korros, " overlooker " or " overseer ")
• BISHOP, ISABELLA (1832-1904)
• BISHOP, SIR HENRY ROWLEY (1786-1855)

bishop of Zara and representatives of the chief taxpayers, the towns and the communes . Benkovac, on the main road from Zara to Spalato, Cattaro, Curzola, Imotski, 21 M . N. by E. of Macarsca, Knin, Lesina, Macarsca, Ragusa, Sebenico, Sinj, Spalato and Zara, give names to the twelve administrative districts, of which they are the capitals . See also:

• DEFENCE
• DEFENCE (Lat. defendere, to defend)

Defence.—See also:

• CONSCRIPTION (from Lat. con-, together, and scribere, to write)

Conscription is in force, as elsewhere in Austria, and the Dalmatian coast furnishes the Austrian—as formerly the Venetian—See also:

• NAVY

navy with many of its best recruits . See also:

• RELIGION
• RELIGION, FOLKLORE, CUSTOM

Religion.—Roman Catholicism is the religion of more than 8o% of the population, the See also:

• REMAINDER, REVERSION

remainder belonging chiefly to the Orthodox See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

Church . The Roman Catholic archbishop has his seat in Zara, while Cattaro, Lesina, Ragusa, Sebenico and Spalato are bishoprics .

At the See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head of the Orthodox community stands the bishop of Zara . The use of Slavonic liturgies written in the Glagolitic alphabet, a very See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient privilege of the Roman Catholics in Dalmatia and Croatia, caused much controversy during the first years of the loth century . There was considerable danger that the Latin liturgies would be altogether superseded by the Glagolitic, especially among the northern islands and in rural communes, where the Slavonic See also:

• ELEMENT (Lat. elementum)

element is all-powerful . In 1904 the Vatican forbade the use of Glagolitic at the festival of SS . See also:

• CYRIL (376-444)
• CYRIL (827-869)
• CYRIL (c. 315–386)

Cyril and See also:

• METHODIUS (c. 825-885)

Methodius, as likely to impair the unity of Catholicism . A few years previously the Slavonic archbishop Rajcevic of Zara, in discussing the " Glagolitic controversy," had denounced the See also:

• MOVEMENT

movement as " an innovation introduced by Panslavism to make it easy for the Catholic See also:

• CLERGY (M.E. clergie, O. Fr. clergie, from Low Lat. form clericia [Skean, by assimilation with O. Fr. clergie, Fr. clerge,from Low Lat. clericatus)
• CLERGY, BENEFIT OF

clergy, after any great revolution in the Balkan States, to break with Latin See also:

• ROME
• ROME (Roma)

Rome." This view is shared by very many, perhaps by the See also:

• MAJORITY (Fr. majorite; Med. Lat. majoritas; Lat. major, greater)

majority, of the Roman Catholics in Dalmatia . See also:

• EDUCATION

Education.—Education progressed slowly between 186o and r9oo, attendance at school being often a hardship in the poor and widely scattered hamlets of the interior . In 1890 more than 8o % of the population could neither read nor write, although See also:

• SCHOOLS

schools are maintained by every commune . In 1893 the country possessed 5 intermediate and 337 elementary schools, 6 theological seminaries, 6 gymnasia, and about 40 continuation and technical schools . Antiquities.—To the See also:

• FOREIGN

foreign visitor Dalmatia is chiefly interesting as a See also:

• TREASURY

treasury of See also:

• ART

art and antiquities . The See also:

• GRAVE

grave-mounds of Curzola, Lesina and Sabbioncello have yielded a few See also:

• RELICS (Lat, reliquiae, the equivalent of the English " remains " in the sense of a dead body)

relics of prehistoric See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man, and the memory of the See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early See also:

• CELTIC

Celtic conquerors and See also:

• GREEK
• GREEK, ETRUSCAN AND

Greek settlers is preserved only in a few place-names; but the monuments left by the See also:

• ROMANS
• ROMANS, EPISTLE TO THE

Romans are numerous and See also:

• PRECIOUS (O. Fr. precios, mod. precieux, Lat. pretiosus, of high value or price, pretium)

precious . They are chiefly confined to the cities; for the See also:

• CIVILIZATION

civilization of the country was always urban, just as its See also:

• HISTORY

history is a See also:

• RECORD (Lat. recordari, to recall to mind, from cor, heart or mind)

record of isolated See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city-states rather than of a See also:

• UNITED

united nation .

Beyond the walls of its larger towns, little was spared by the barbarian Goths, See also:

• AVARS

Avars and Slays; and the battered fragments of Roman See also:

• WORK

work which See also:

• MARK
• MARK, CARL (1858– )
• MARK, GOSPEL OF ST
• MARK, ST

mark the sites of Salona, near Spalato, and of many other ancient cities, are of slight antiquarian See also:

• INTEREST

interest and slighter See also:

• ARTISTIC

artistic value . Among the monuments of the Roman See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period, by far the most noteworthy in Dalmatia, and, indeed, in the whole Balkan Peninsula, is the See also:

• PALACE (Lat. Palatium, the name given by Augustus to his residence on the Palatine Hill)

Palace of See also:

• DIOCLETIAN (GAIUs AURELIUS VALERIUS DIOCLETIANUS) (A.D. 245–313)
• DIOCLETIAN, EDICT OF (De Pretiis rerum venalium)

Diocletian at Spalato (q.v.) . Dalmatian See also:

• ARCHITECTURE (Lat. architectura, from the Gr. ap)(LTEKrwv, a master-builder)

architecture was See also:

• BYZANTINE

Byzantine in its See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character from the 6th century until the See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close of the loth . The See also:

• OLDEST

oldest memorials of this period are the vestiges of three basilicas, excavated in Salona, and dating from the first half of the 7th century at latest . Byzantine art, in the latter half of this period and the two succeeding centuries, continued to flourish in those cities which, like Zara, gave their See also:

• ALLEGIANCE (Mid. Eng. ligeaunce; med. Lat. ligeantia, &c.; the al- was probably added through confusion with another legal term, allegeance, an allegation; the Fr. allegeance comes from the English; the word is formed from " liege," of which the derivatio

allegiance to Venice; just as, in the architecture of Trait and other cities dominated by See also:

• HUNGARY
• HUNGARY (Hungarian Magyarorszdg)

Hungary, there are distinct traces of See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German influence . The See also:

• BELFRY (Mid. Eng. berfrey, through Med. Lat. berefredus, from Teut. bergfrid or bercvrit, which, according to the New Eng. Dict., is a combination of bergen, to protect, and frida, safety or peace; the word thus meaning a shelter; the change from r to 1,—

belfry of S . Maria, at Zara, erected in 1105, is first in a long See also:

• LIST (O.E. lisle, a Teutonic word, cf. Dut. lust, Ger. Leiste, adapted in Ital. lista and Fr. lisle)
• LIST, FRIEDRICH (1789-1846)

list of Romanesque buildings . At Arbe there is a beautiful Romanesque campanile which also belongs to the 12th century; but the finest example in this See also:

• STYLE
• STYLE (from Gr. a-6'1ms, a column; a different word from that used in literature, see below)

style is the See also:

• CATHEDRAL

cathedral of Trail . The 14th century Dominican and Franciscan convents in Ragusa are also noteworthy . Romanesque lingered on in Dalmatia until it was displaced by Venetian See also:

• GOTHIC

Gothic in the early years of the 15th century . The influence of Venice was then at its height . Even in the hostile See also:

• REPUBLIC (Lat. respublica, a commonweal or common-wealth)

republic of Ragusa the Romanesque of the See also:

• CUSTOM (from O. Fr. costume, costume or coustume; Low Lat. costuma, a shortened form of consuetudo)

custom-See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house and Rectors' palace is combined with Venetian Gothic, while the graceful balconies and See also:

• OGEE (probably an English corruption of Fr. ogive, a diagonal groin rib, being a moulding commonly employed; equivalents in other languages are Lat. cyma-reversa, Ital. gola, Fr. cymaise, Ger. Kehlleisten)

ogee windows of the Prijeki closely follow their Venetian See also:

• MODELS

models .

Gothic, however, which had been adopted very See also:

• LATE

late, was abandoned very early; for in 1441 Giorgio See also:

• ORSINI
• ORSINI, FELICE (1819-1858)

Orsini of Zara, summoned from Venice to See also:

• DESIGN (Fr. desiin, drawing; Lat. designare, to mark out)

design the cathedral of Sebenico, brought with him the influence of the Italian See also:

• RENAISSANCE, THE

Renaissance . The new forms which he introduced were eagerly imitated and See also:

• DEVELOPED

developed by other architects, until the period of decadence—which virtually concludes the history of Dalmatian art—set in during the latter half of the 17th century . See also:

• SPECIAL

Special mention must be made of the carved woodwork, embroideries and See also:

• PLATE

plate preserved in many churches . The See also:

• SILVER

silver statuette and the reliquary of St Biagio at Ragusa, and the silver See also:

• ARK (a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Arche, adapted from the Lat. area, chest, cf. arcere, to shut up, enclose)„ a chest, basket or box. The Hebrew word tebah, translated in the' A.V. by " ark," is used in the Old Testament (1)

ark of St See also:

• SIMEON
• SIMEON (or SYMEON) OF DURHAM (d. after 1129)
• SIMEON, JOSEPH JEROME, COMTE (1749–1842)

Simeon at Zara, are fine specimens of Byzantine and Italian jewellers' work, ranging in date from the r 1th or 12th to the 17th century . HISTORY Dalmatia under Roman Rule, A.D . 9–1102.—The history of Dalmatia may be said to begin with-the year 18o B.C., when the tribe from which the country derives its name declared itself jndependent of Gentius, the Illyrian king, and established arepublic . Its capital was Delminium1; its territory stretched northwards from the Narenta to the Cetina, and later to the Kerka, where it met the confines of Liburnia . In 156 B.C. the Dalmatians were for the first See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time attacked by a Roman See also:

• ARMY
• ARMY (from Fr. armee, Lat. armata)

army and compelled to pay See also:

• TRIBUTE (Lat. tributurn, a stated payment, contribution)

tribute; but only in the time of See also:

• AUGUSTUS (a name 1 derived from Lat. augeo, increase, i.e. venerable, majestic, Gr. Ee0avr6s)

Augustus (31 B.C.—A.D . 14) was their land finally annexed, after the last of many formidable revolts had been crushed by Tiberius in A.D