DANTE  , Dante (or See also:

• DURANTE, FRANCESCO (1684-1755)

Durante) Alighieri (1265-1321), the greatest of See also:

• ITALIAN

Italian poets, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born at See also:

• FLORENCE
• FLORENCE (Ital. Firenze, Lat. Florentia)

Florence about the See also:

• MIDDLE

middle of May 1265 . He was descended from an See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient See also:

• FAMILY

family, but from one which at any See also:

• RATE

rate for several generations had belonged to the burgher and not to the knightly class . His biographers have attempted on very slight grounds to deduce his origin from the Frangipani, one of the See also:

• OLDEST

oldest senatorial families of See also:

• ROME
• ROME (Roma)

Rome . We can affirm with greater certainty that he was connected with the Elisei who took See also:

• PART

part in the See also:

• BUILDING

building of Florence under See also:

• CHARLES
• CHARLES (1270-1325)
• CHARLES (1421-1461)
• CHARLES (1525-1574)
• CHARLES (c. 1319-1364)
• CHARLES (Fr. Charles; Span. Carlos; Ital. Carlo; Ger. Karl; derived from O.H.G. Charal,latinized as Carolus, meaning originally " man ": cf. Mod.Ger., Kerl," fellow," A.S. ceorl, Mod. Eng. " churl ")
• CHARLES (KARL EITEL ZEPHYRIN LUDWIG; in Rum. CAROL)
• CHARLES [KARL ALEXANDER] (1712-1780)
• CHARLES, ELIZABETH (1828-1896)
• CHARLES, JACQUES ALEXANDRE CESAR (1746-1823)
• CHARLES, THOMAS (1755-1814)

Charles the See also:

• GREAT

Great . Dante himself does not, with the exception of a few obscure and scattered allusions, carry his ancestry beyond the See also:

• WARRIOR

warrior Cacciaguida, whom he met in the See also:

• SPHERE (Gr. vclsa?pa, a ball or globe)

sphere of See also:

• MARS
• MARS (MAYORS, MARMAR, MARSPITER GA MASPITER)
• MARS, MLLE [ANNE FRANCOISE HYPPOLYTE BOUTET] (1779-1847)

Mars (See also:

• PAR (Lat. par, equal)

Par. xv . 87, foll.) . Of Cacciaguida's family nothing is known . The name, as he told Dante (Par. xv . 139, 5), was given him at his See also:

• BAPTISM

baptism; it has a See also:

• TEUTONIC
• TEUTONIC (GERMANIC) LANGUAGES

Teutonic See also:

• RING (O.E. hring; a word common to Teutonic languages; and probably cognate with the Lat. circus, Gr. KtpKOS or KpLKOS, Skt'. chakra, wheel, circle, cf. also " harangue "); in art, a band of circular shape of varying sizes, made of any material and used f

ring . The family may well have sprung from one of the barons who, as See also:

• VILLANI, GIOVANNI (c. 1245-1348)

Villani tells us, remained behind See also:

• OTTO

Otto I . It has been noted that the phrase " Tonde venner quivi " (xvi . 44) seems to imply that they were not Florentines .

He further tells his descendant that he was born in the See also:

• YEAR

year 11o6 (or, if another See also:

• READING

reading of xvi, 37, 38 be adopted, in 1091), and that he married an Aldighieri from the valley of the Po . Here the See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German See also:

• STRAIN (through O. Fr. straindre, estraindre, mod. i treindre, from Lat. stringere, to draw tight, related to stress, stretch, string, &c.)

strain appears unmistakably; the name Aldighiero (Aldiger) being purely Teutonic . He also mentions two See also:

• BROTHERS, RICHARD (1757-1824)

brothers, Moronte and Eliseo, and that he accompanied the See also:

• EMPEROR (Fr. empereur, from the Lat. imperator)

emperor See also:

• CONRAD (d. 955)
• CONRAD, JOSEPH (1856– )
• CONRAD, or KONRAD (M. H. Ger. Kuonrdl, i.e. " keen in counsel," Lat. Conradus, It. Corrado, cf. the A.S. Ccenred)

Conrad III. upon his crusade into the See also:

• HOLY

Holy See also:

• LAND

Land, where he died (1147) among the infidels . From Eliseo was probably descended the See also:

• BRANCH (from the Fr. branche, late Lat. branca, an animal's paw)

branch of the Elisei; from Aldighiero, son of Cacciaguida, the branch of the Alighieri . Bellincione, son of Aldighiero, was the grandfather of Dante . His See also:

• FATHER

father was a second Aldighiero, a lawyer of some reputation . By his first wife, Lapa di Chiarissimo Cialuffii, this Aldighiero had a son See also:

• FRANCESCO
• FRANCESCO, 210

Francesco; by his second, Donna Bella, whose family name is not known, Dante and a daughter . Thus the family of Dante held a most respectable position among the citizens of his beloved See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city; but had it been reckoned in the very first See also:

• RANK (O.Fr. rant or rent, mod. rang, generally connected with the O.E. and O.H.G. bring, a ring)

rank they could not have remained in Florence after the defeat of the Guelphs at Montaperti in 126o . It is clear, however, that Dante's See also:

• MOTHER

mother at least did so remain, for Dante was born in Florence in 1265 . The heads of the See also:

• GUELPH

Guelph party did not return till 1267 . Dante was born under the sign of the twins, " the glorious stars pregnant with virtue, to whom he owes his See also:

• GENIUS (from Lat. genere, gignere)

genius such as it is." Astrologers considered this See also:

• CONSTELLATION (from the Lat. constellatus, studded with stars; co'n, with, and Stella, a star)

constellation as favourable to literature and See also:

• SCIENCE (Lat. scientia, from scire; to learn, know)

science, and Brunetto See also:

• LATINI, BRUNETTO (c. 1210-C. 1294)

Latini, the philosopher and diplomatist, his instructor, tells him in the Inferno (xv . 25, foll.) that, if he follows its guidance, he cannot fail to reach the See also:

• HARBOUR (from M.E. hereberge, here, an army; cf. Ger. Heer and -beorg, protection or shelter. Other early forms in English were herberwe and haiborow, as seen in various place names, such as Market Harborough.. The French auberge, an inn, derived through

harbour of fame .

See also:

• BOCCACCIO, GIOVANNI (1313-1375)

Boccaccio relates that before his See also:

• BIRTH (a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages from the root of the verb " to bear ")

birth his mother dreamed that she See also:

• LAY

lay under a very lofty See also:

• LAUREL

laurel, growing in a See also:

• GREEN, A
• GREEN, ALEXANDER HENRY (1832—1896)
• GREEN, DUFF (1791—1875)
• GREEN, JOHN RICHARD (1837—1883)
• GREEN, MATTHEW (1696-1737)
• GREEN, THOMAS HILL (1836-1882)
• GREEN, VALENTINE (1739–1813)
• GREEN, WILLIAM HENRY (.1825–1900)

green meadow, by a very .clear See also:

• FOUNTAIN (Late Lat. fontana, from ions, a spring)

fountain, when she See also:

• FELT (cognate with Ger. Filz, Du. vilt, Swed. and Dan. fill; the root is unknown; the word has given Med. Lat. filtrum, " filter ")

felt the pangs of childbirth,—that her See also:

• CHILD
• CHILD, FRANCIS JAMES (1825-1896)
• CHILD, L
• CHILD, LYDIA MARIA (1802-1880)
• CHILD, SIR FRANCIS (1642-1713)
• CHILD, SIR JOHN (d. 1690)
• CHILD, SIR JOSIAH (163o - 1699)

child, feeding on the berries which See also:

• FELL
• FELL, JOHN (1625-1686)

fell from the laurel, and on the See also:

• WATERS, TERRITORIAL

waters of the fountain, in a very See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time became a shepherd, and attempted to reach the leaves of the laurel, the See also:

• FRUIT (through the French from the Lat. fructus; frui, to enjoy)

fruit of which had nurtured him,—that, trying to obtain them he fell, and See also:

• ROSE
• ROSE (Rosa)
• ROSE, GEORGE (1744-1818)
• ROSE, HUGH JAMES (1795—1838)
• ROSE, WILLIAM STEWART (1775-1843)

rose up, no longer a See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man, but in the See also:

• GUISE
• GUISE, HOUSE OF

guise of a See also:

• PEACOCK (Lat. Pavo, O. Eng. Pawe, Du. pauuw, Ger. Pfau, Fr. Paon)
• PEACOCK, GEORGE (1791–1858)
• PEACOCK, SIR BARNES (1810-189o)
• PEACOCK, THOMAS LOVE (1785-1866)

peacock . We know little of Dante's boyhood except that he was a hard student and was profoundly influenced by Brunetto Latini . Boccaccio tells us that he became very See also:

• FAMILIAR (through the Fr. familier, from Lat. familiaris, of or belonging to the familia, family)

familiar with See also:

• VIRGIL (PUBLIUS VERGILIUS MARC)
• VIRGIL, POLYDORE (c. 1470-1555)

Virgil, See also:

• HORACE [QuINTus HORATIUS FLACCUS] (65-8 B.C.)

Horace, See also:

• OVID [PUBLIUS OvID1us NASO] (43 B.C.–A.D. 17)

Ovid and See also:

• STATIUS, PUBLIUS PAPINIUS (c. A.D. 45-96)

Statius, and all other famous poets . From the See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age of eighteen he, like most cultivated See also:

• YOUNG
• YOUNG, A
• YOUNG, ARTHUR (1741-1820)
• YOUNG, BRIGHAM (1801-1877)
• YOUNG, CHARLES MAYNE (1777–1856)
• YOUNG, EDWARD (1683–1765)
• YOUNG, JAMES (1811-1883)
• YOUNG, THOMAS (1773-1829)

young men of that age, wrote See also:

• POETRY

poetry assiduously, in the philosophical amatory See also:

• STYLE
• STYLE (from Gr. a-6'1ms, a column; a different word from that used in literature, see below)

style of which his friend, older by many years than him-self, Guido See also:

• CAVALCANTI, GUIDO (c. 1250-1300)

Cavalcanti, was a great exponent, and of which Dante regarded Guido Guinicelli of See also:

• BOLOGNA
• BOLOGNA, GIOVANNI DA (1524–1608)

Bologna as the See also:

• MASTER (Lat. magister, related to tnagis, more, as the corresponding minister is to minus, less; the English form is due partly to the O. Eng. maegister, and partly to O. Fr. maistre, mod. maitre; cf. Du. meester, Ger. Meister, Ital. maestro)

master (Purg. See also:

• XXVI

xxvi . 97, 8) . Leonardo See also:

• BRUNI, LEONARDO (1369-1444)

Bruni of See also:

• AREZZO (anc. Arretium)

Arezzo, See also:

• WRITING
• WRITING (the verbal noun of " to write," O. Eng. writan, to inscribe)

writing a See also:

• HUNDRED

hundred years or more after his See also:

• DEATH

death, says that " by study of See also:

• PHILOSOPHY (Gr. gthos, fond of, and vo4 (a, wisdom)

philosophy, of See also:

• THEOLOGY

theology, See also:

• ASTROLOGY

astrology, See also:

• ARITHMETIC (Gr. apeOµ7run7, sc. TEXVn, the art of counting, from (ipLBµos, number)

arithmetic and See also:

• GEOMETRY

geometry, by reading of See also:

• HISTORY

history, by the turning over many curious books, watching and sweating in his studies, he acquired the science which he was to adorn and explain in his verses." Of Brunetto Latini Dante himself speaks with the most loving gratitude and See also:

• AFFECTION (Lat. ad, and facere, to do something to, sc. a person)

affection, though he does not hesitate to See also:

• BRAND, JOHN (1744-1806)
• BRAND, SIR JOHN HENRY (1823-1888)

brand his vices with See also:

• INFAMY (Lat. infamia)

infamy . Under such guidance Dante became master of all the science of his age at a time when it was not impossible to know all that could be known . He had some knowledge of See also:

• DRAWING

drawing; at any rate he tells us that on the anniversary of the death of See also:

• BEATRICE

Beatrice he See also:

• DREW
• DREW, SAMUEL (1765-1833)

drew an See also:

• ANGEL

angel on a tablet . He was an intimate friend of See also:

• GIOTTO

Giotto, who has immortalized his youthful lineaments in the See also:

• CHAPEL

chapel of the Bargello, and who is recorded to have See also:

• DRAWN

drawn from his friend's See also:

• INSPIRATION (Lat. inspirare, breathe upon or into)

inspiration the allegories of Virtue and See also:

• VICE

Vice which fringe the frescoes of the Scrovegni Chapel at See also:

• PADUA (Lat. Patavium ; Ital. Padova)

Padua . Nor was he less sensible to the delights of See also:

• MUSIC

music . See also:

• MILTON
• MILTON, JOHN (1608–1674)

Milton had not a keener See also:

• EAR (common Teut.; O.E. are, Ger. Ohr, Du. oor, akin to Lat. auris, Gr. ovs)

ear for the loud uplifted angel trumpets and the immortal harps of See also:

• GOLDEN

golden wires of the See also:

• CHERUBIM

cherubim and See also:

• SERAPHIM

seraphim; and the See also:

• ENGLISH

English poet was proud to compare his own friendship with See also:

• HENRY
• HENRY (1129-1195)
• HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
• HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
• HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
• HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
• HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
• HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
• HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
• HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
• HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
• HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
• HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
• HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)

Henry See also:

• LAWES, HENRY (1595-1662)
• LAWES, SIR JOHN BENNET, BART

Lawes with that between Dante and Casella, " met in the milder shades of See also:

• PURGATORY (Late Lat. purgatorium, from purgare, to purge)

purgatory." Of his companions the most intimate and sympathetic were the lawyer-poet Cino of See also:

• PISTOIA
• PISTOIA, SYNOD OF

Pistoia, Lapo Gianni, Guido Cavalcanti and others, similarly gifted and dowered with like tastes, who moved in the lively and acute society of Florence, and felt with him the first warm flush of the new spirit which was soon to pass over See also:

• EUROPE

Europe . He has written no sweeter or more melodious lines than those in which he expresses the wish that he, with Guido and Lapo, might be wafted by enchantment over the See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

sea wheresoever they might See also:

• LIST (O.E. lisle, a Teutonic word, cf. Dut. lust, Ger. Leiste, adapted in Ital. lista and Fr. lisle)
• LIST, FRIEDRICH (1789-1846)

list, shielded from See also:

• TEMPEST, MARIE (1866– )

tempest and foul See also:

• WEATHER (O. Eng. weder; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Du. weder, Dan. veir, Icel. ve8r, and Ger. Wetter and Gewitter, storm; the root is wa- to blow, from which is derived " wind ")

weather, in such contentment that they should wish to live always in one mind, and that the See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good enchanter should bring Monna Vanna and Monna See also:

• BICE (from Fr. bis, a word of doubtful origin, meaning dark-coloured)

Bice and that other See also:

• LADY (0. Eng. hlaefdige, Mid. Eng. ldfdi, lavedi; the first part of the word is hldf, loaf, bread, as in the corresponding hldford, lord; the second part is usually taken to be from the root dig-, to knead, seen also in " dough "; the sense development fr

lady into their barque, where they should for ever discourse of love and be for ever happy .

It is a wonderful thing (says Leonardo Bruni) that, though he studied without intermission, it would not have appeared to anyone that he studied, from his joyous mien and youthful conversation . Like Milton he was trained in the strictest academical See also:

• EDUCATION

education which the age afforded; but Dante lived under a warmer See also:

• SUN
• SUN (0. Eng. sonne, Ger. sonne. Fr. soleil, Lat. sol, Gr. ijXior, from which comes helio- in various English compounds)

sun and brighter skies, and found in the See also:

• RICH, BARNABE (c. 1540-1617)
• RICH, CLAUDIUS JAMES (1787-1821)
• RICH, JOHN (1692-1761)
• RICH, PENELOPE, LADY (c. 1562–1607)
• RICH, RICHARD, 1ST BARON RICH (1490?-1567)

rich variety and gaiety of his See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early See also:

• LIFE

life a See also:

• DEFENCE
• DEFENCE (Lat. defendere, to defend)

defence against the withering misfortunes of his later years . Milton felt too early the chill breath of See also:

• PURITANISM (Lat. puritas, purity)

Puritanism, and the serious musing on the experience of life, which saddened the See also:

• VERSE (from Lat. versus, literally a line or furrow drawn by turning the plough, from vertere, and afterwards signifying an arrangement of syllables into feet)

verse of both poets, deepened in his See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case rather into See also:

• GRAVE

grave and desponding See also:

• MELANCHOLY (Gr. µe)tayXotia, from µEtas, black, and Xotii, bile)

melancholy, than into the fierce scorn and invective which disillusion wrung from Dante . We must now consider the See also:

• POLITICAL

political circumstances in which lay the activity of Dante's manhood . From 1115, the year of the death of See also:

• MATILDA (1046-1115)
• MATILDA (1102-1164)

Matilda countess of See also:

• TUSCANY
• TUSCANY (Toscana)

Tuscany, to 1215, life . Florence enjoyed a nearly uninterrupted See also:

• PEACE
• PEACE, BREACH OF THE

peace . Attached to the Guelph party, it remained undivided against itself . But in 1215 a private See also:

• FEUD

feud between the families of Buondelmonte and Uberti introduced into the city the horrors of See also:

• CIVIL

civil See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war . Villani (See also:

• LIB

lib. v. cap . 38) relates how Buondelmonte de' Buondelmonti, a See also:

• NOBLE, SIR ANDREW (1832- )

noble youth of Florence, being engaged to marry a lady of the See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house of Amidei, allied himself instead to a See also:

• DONATI, GIOVANNI BATTISTA (1826-1873 )

Donati, and how Buondelmonte was attacked and killed by the Amidei and Uberti at the See also:

• FOOT

foot of the See also:

• PONTE (Ital. for " bridge ")

Ponte Vecchio, See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close by the See also:

• PILASTER (Fr. pilastre, med. Lat. pilastrum, from pila, a pillar)

pilaster which bears the See also:

• IMAGE (Lat. imago, perhaps from the same root as imitari, copy, imitate)

image of Mars . " The death of Messer Buondelmonte was the occasion and beginning of the accursed parties of Guelphs and Ghibellines in Florence." Of the seventy-two families then in Florence See also:

• THIRTY

thirty-nine became Guelph under the leadership of the Buondelmonte and the See also:

• REST (O. Eng. rest, reste, bed, cognate with other Teutonic forms, e.g. Ger. Rast, Riiste, rest, and probably Gothic Rasta, league, i.e. resting or stopping place)

rest Ghibelline under the Uberti . The strife of parties was for a while allayedby the war against See also:

• PISA
• PISA, COUNCIL OF (1409)

Pisa in 1222, and the See also:

• CONSTANT, BENJAMIN (1845-1902)

constant struggles against See also:

• SIENA

Siena; but in 1248 See also:

• FREDERICK
• FREDERICK (Mod. Ger. Friedrich; Ital. Federigo; Fr. Frederic and Federic; M.H.G. Friderich; O.H.G. Fridurih, " king or lord of peace," from O.H.G. fridu, A.S. frith, " peace," and rfh " rich," " a ruler," for derivation of which see HENRY)

Frederick II. sent into the city his natural son Frederick " of See also:

• ANTIOCH

Antioch," with 1600 German knights .

The Guelphs were driven away from the See also:

• TOWN

town, and took See also:

• REFUGE

refuge, part in Montevarchi, part in See also:

• CAPRAIA (anc. Capraria, from Lat. capra, wild-goat)

Capraia . The Ghibellines, masters of Florence, behaved with great severity, and destroyed the towers and palaces of the Guelph nobles . At last the See also:

• PEOPLE

people became impatient . They rose in See also:

• REBELLION

rebellion, reduced the See also:

• POWERS, HIRAM (1805-1873)

powers of the See also:

• PODESTA (Lat. potestas, power)

podesta, elected a See also:

• CAPTAIN (derived from Lat. ca put, head, through the Low Lat. capitanus)

captain of the people to See also:

• MANAGE

manage the See also:

• INTERNAL

internal affairs of the city, with a See also:

• COUNCIL (Lat. concilium, from cum, together, and the root cal, to call)

council of twelve, established a more democratic constitution, and, encouraged by the death of Frederick II. in See also:

• DECEMBER (Lat. decent, ten)

December 1250, recalled the exiled Guelphs . See also:

• MANFRED (c. 1232–1266)

Manfred, the See also:

• BASTARD (O. Fr. bastard, mod. bdtard = fits de bast, "pack-saddle child," from bast, saddle)

bastard son of Frederick, pursued the policy of his father . He stimulated the Ghibelline Uberti to See also:

• REBEL, JOHANN PETER (176o-1826)

rebel against their position of subjection . A rising of the vanquished party was put down by the people, in See also:

• JULY

July 1258 the Ghibellines were expelled from the town, and the towers of the Uberti razed to the ground . The exiles betook themselves to the friendly city of Siena . Manfred sent them a reinforcement of German See also:

• HORSE (a word common to Teutonic languages in such forms as hors, hros, ros; cf. the Ger. ross)

horse, under his kinsman See also:

• COUNT (Lat. comes, gen. comitis, Fr. comte, Ital. conte, Span. conde)

Count See also:

• GIORDANO, LUCA (1632–1705)

Giordano Lancia . The Florentines, after vainly demanding their surrender, despatched an See also:

• ARMY
• ARMY (from Fr. armee, Lat. armata)

army against them . On the 4th of See also:

• SEPTEMBER (Lat. septem, seven)

September 126o was fought the great See also:

• BATTLE

battle of Montaperti, which dyed the Arbia red, and in which the Guelphs were entirely defeated . The See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand which held the banner of the See also:

• REPUBLIC (Lat. respublica, a commonweal or common-wealth)

republic was sundered by the See also:

• SWORD (0. Eng. sweord; ultimately from an Indo-European root meaning to wound)

sword of a traitor (Inf. xxxii .

106) . For the first time in the history of Florence the Carroccio was taken . Florence lay at the See also:

• MERCY (adapted from Fr. merci, Lat. merces, reward)
• MERCY (or MERCI), FRANZ, FREIHERR VON

mercy of her enemies . A See also:

• PARLIAMENT (Anglo-Lat. parliamentum, Fr. parlement, from parler, to speak)

parliament was held at See also:

• EMPOLI

Empoli, in which the deputies of Siena, Pisa, Arezzo and other Tuscan towns consulted on the best means of securing their new war See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power . They voted that the accursed Guelph city should be blotted out . But Farinata degli Uberti stood up in their midst, bold and defiant as when he stood erect among the sepulchres of See also:

• HELL (0. Eng. hel, a Teutonic word from a root meaning " to cover," cf. Ger. Holle, Dutch hel)

hell, and said that if, from the whole number of the Florentines, he alone should remain, he would not suffer, whilst he could wield a sword, that his See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country should be destroyed, and that, if it were necessary to See also:

• DIE
• DIE (Fr. de, from Lat. datum, given)

die a thousand times for her, a thousand times would he be ready to encounter death . Help came to the Guelphs from an unexpected See also:

• QUARTER (through Fr. from Lat. quartarius, fourth part)

quarter . See also:

• CLEMENT (Lat. Clemens, i.e. merciful; Gr. K)4gs)
• CLEMENT, FRANCOIS (1714-1793)
• CLEMENT, JACQUES (1567-1589)

Clement IV., elected See also:

• POPE (Gr. irarraas, post-classical Lat. papa, father)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1688–1744)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1763-1835)
• POPE, JANE (1742-1818)
• POPE, JOHN (1822-1892)
• POPE, SIR THOMAS (c. 1507-1559)

pope in 1265, offered the See also:

• CROWN

crown of See also:

• APULIA (sometimes APPULIa in manuscripts but never in inscriptions)

Apulia and See also:

• SICILY (Ital. Sicilia)

Sicily to Charles of See also:

• ANJOU

Anjou . The See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French See also:

• PRINCE
• PRINCE (Lat. princeps, from primus capio, " I am the first to take "; Ital. principe, Fr. prince)

prince, passing rapidly through See also:

• LOMBARDY

Lombardy, Romagna and the See also:

• MARCHES, THE (It. Le Marche)

Marches, reached Rome by way of See also:

• SPOLETO (anc. Spoletium)

Spoleto, was crowned on the 6th of See also:

• JANUARY

January 1266, and on the 23rd of See also:

• FEBRUARY

February defeated and killed Manfred at See also:

• BENEVENTO

Benevento . In such a See also:

• STORM (in O. Eng..storm, and so in Du. and Low Ger.; in O. H. Ger. and mod. Ger. Sturm; the root is probably that seen in " stir," to rouse, move, disturb, cf. Ger. storen)
• STORM, THEODOR WOLDSEN (1817-1888)

storm of conflict did Dante first see the See also:

• LIGHT

light . In 1267 the Guelphs were recalled, but instead of settling down in peace with their opponents they summoned Charles of Anjou to vengeance, and the Ghibellines were driven out . The See also:

• METEOR (Gr. µerEwpa, literally " things in the air,” from µera, beyond, and aeip6Lv, to lift up)

meteor passage of See also:

• CONRADIN, or CONRAD THE YOUNGER (1252–1268)

Conradin gave See also:

• HOPE, ANTHONY
• HOPE, THOMAS (c. 1770-1831)

hope to the imperial party, which was quenched when the See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head of the See also:

• FAIR

fair-haired boy fell on the See also:

• SCAFFOLD
• SCAFFOLD, SCAFFOLDING (from the O. Fr. escafaut, originally escafalt, modern echafaud, a corruption of the Italian or Spanish calafalco, a platform, especially a canopy over a bier, a catafalque; this word is composed of O. Span. altar, O. Ital. catare, t

scaffold at See also:

• NAPLES
• NAPLES (Ital. Napoli, and Lat. Neapolis)
• NAPLES, KINGDOM OF

Naples .

Pope after pope tried in vain to make peace . See also:

• GREGORY
• GREGORY (Gregorius)
• GREGORY (Grigorii) GRIGORIEVICH ORLOV, COUNT (1734-1783)
• GREGORY, EDWARD JOHN (1850-19o9)
• GREGORY, OLINTHUS GILBERT (1774—1841)
• GREGORY, ST (c. 213-C. 270)
• GREGORY, ST, OF NAZIANZUS (329–389)
• GREGORY, ST, OF NYSSA (c.331—c. 396)
• GREGORY, ST, OF TOURS (538-594)

Gregory X. placed the rebelliou< city under an See also:

• INTERDICT (Lat. interdictum, from interdicere, to forbid by decree, lit., interpose by speech)

interdict; in 1278 See also:

• CARDINAL (Lat. cardinalis)

Cardinal Latini by See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order of See also:

• NICHOLAS
• NICHOLAS (1841– )
• NICHOLAS (or NICLAES), HENRY (or HENDRIK) (c. 1501-C. 158o)
• NICHOLAS, SIR EDWARD (1593-1669)
• NICHOLAS, ST

Nicholas III. effected a truce, which lasted for four years . The city was to be governed by a See also:

• COMMITTEE (from commute, an Anglo-Fr. past participle of commettre, Lat. committere, to entrust; the modern Fr. equivalent comite is derived from the Eng.)

committee of fourteen buonomini, on which the Guelphs were to have a small See also:

• MAJORITY (Fr. majorite; Med. Lat. majoritas; Lat. major, greater)

majority . In 1282 the constitution of Florence received the final See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form which it retained till the collapse of freedom . From the three arti maggiori were chosen six priors, in whose hands was placed the See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government of the republic . Before the end of the See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century, seven greater arts were recognized, including the speziali,—druggists and dealers in all manner of See also:

• ORIENTAL

oriental goods, and in books—among whom Dante afterwards enrolled himself . They remained in See also:

• OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")

office for two months, and during that time lived and shared a See also:

• COMMON

common table in the public See also:

• PALACE (Lat. Palatium, the name given by Augustus to his residence on the Palatine Hill)

palace . We shall see what See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence this office had upon the See also:

• FATE

fate of Dante . The success of the " Sicilian See also:

• VESPERS (officium vespertinum)
• VESPERS, SICILIAN

Vespers " (See also:

• MARCH
• MARCH (1) (from Fr. marcher, to walk; the earliest sense in French appears to be " to trample," and the origin has usually been found in the Lat. marcus, hammer; Low Lat. marcare, to hammer; hence to beat the road with the regular tread of a soldier: cf.
• MARCH, AUZIAS (c. "1395-1458)
• MARCH, EARLS OF
• MARCH, FRANCIS ANDREW (1825– )

March 1282), the death of Charles of Anjou (January 1285), and of See also:

• MARTIN (Martinus)
• MARTIN, BON LOUIS HENRI (1810-1883)
• MARTIN, CLAUD (1735-1800)
• MARTIN, FRANCOIS XAVIER (1762-1846)
• MARTIN, HOMER DODGE (1836-1897)
• MARTIN, JOHN (1789-1854)
• MARTIN, LUTHER (1748-1826)
• MARTIN, SIR THEODORE (1816-1909)
• MARTIN, SIR WILLIAM FANSHAWE (1801–1895)
• MARTIN, ST (c. 316-400)
• MARTIN, WILLIAM (1767-1810)

Martin IV. in the following March, roused again the courage of the Ghibellines . They entered Arezzo, where the Ghibellines at See also:

• PRESENT

present had the upper hand, and threatened to drive out the Guelphs from Tuscany . Skirmishes and raids, of which Villani and Bruni have See also:

• LEFT

left accounts, went on through the See also:

• WINTER, JOHN STRANGE
• WINTER, PETER (c. 1755-1825)

winter of 1288-1289, forming a prelude to the great battle of Campaldino in the following summer . Then it was that Dante saw " horsemen moving See also:

• CAMP (from Lat. campus, field)

camp and commencing the See also:

• ASSAULT (from Lat. ad, to or on, and saltare, to leap)

assault, and holding See also:

• MUSTER (Mid. Eng. mostre, moustre, adapted from the similar O. Fr. forms; Lat. monstrare)

muster, and the march of foragers, the See also:

• SHOCK, or COLLAPSE

shock of tournaments, and See also:

• RACE

race of jousts, now with trumpets and now with bells, with drums and See also:

• CASTLE
• CASTLE (Lat. castellum, a fort, diminutive of castra, a camp; Fr. chateau and chdtel)

castle signals, with native things and See also:

• FOREIGN

foreign " (Inf. xxii .

1, See also:

• FOIL

foil.) . On the 1 ith of See also:

• JUNE

June 1289, at Campaldino near Poppi, in the Casentino, the Ghibellines were utterly defeated . They never again recovered their hold on Florence, but the violence of See also:

• FACTION (through the French, from Lat. factio, a company of persons combined for action, facere, to do; from the other French derivative facon comes " fashion ")

faction survived under other names . In a See also:

• LETTER (through Fr. lettre from Lat. littera or litera, letter of the alphabet; the origin of the Latin word is obscure; it has probably no connexion with the root of linere, to smear, i.e. with wax, for an inscription with a stilus)

letter quoted, though not at first hand, by Leonardo Bruni, which is not now extant, Dante is said to mention that he himself fought with distinction at Campaldino . He was present shortly after-wards at the battle of Caprona (Inf. xxi . 95, foil.), and returned in September 1289 to his studies and his love . His peace was of short duration . On the 9th of June 1290 died Beatrice, whose mortal love had guided him for thirteen years, and whose immortal spirit purified his later life, and revealed to himthemysteriesof See also:

• PARADISE (Gr. lrap6BEwos)

Paradise . Dante had first met Beatrice Portinari at the house of her father Folco on May-See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day 1274 . In his own words, " already nine times after my birth the See also:

• HEAVEN (0. Eng. hefen, heofon, heofone; this word appears in O.S. hevan; the High. Ger. word appears in Ger. Himmel, Dutch hemel; there does not seem to be any connexion between the two words, and the ultimate derivation of the word is unknown; the sugges

heaven of light had returned as it were to the same point, when there appeared to my eyes the glorious lady of mymind, who was by many called Beatrice who knew not what to See also:

• CALL (from Anglo-Saxon ceallian, a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch kallen, to talk or chatter)

call her . She had already been so See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long in this life that already in its time the starry heaven had moved towards the See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

east the twelfth part of a degree, so that she appeared to me about the beginning of her ninth year, and I saw her about the end of my ninth year . Her See also:

• DRESS (from the Fr. dresser, to set out, arrange, formed from Lat. directus, arranged, dirigere, to direct, arrange)

dress on that day was of a most noble See also:

• COLOUR (Lat. color, connected with celare, to hide, the root meaning, therefore, being that of a covering)

colour, a subdued and goodly See also:

• CRIMSON

crimson, girdled and adorned in such sort as best suited with her See also:

• TENDER

tender age .

At that moment I saw most truly that the spirit of life which hath its dwelling in the secretest chamber of the See also:

• HEART
• HEART, LUNG

heart began to tremble so violently that the least pulses of my See also:

• BODY

body shook therewith; and in trembing it said these words, `Ecce See also:

• DEUS
• DEUS, JOAO DE (1830-1896)

deus fortior me qui veniens dominabitur mihi.' " In the Vita Nuova is written the See also:

• STORY, JOHN (c. 1510-1571)
• STORY, JOSEPH (1779-1845)
• STORY, ROBERT HERBERT (1835-1907)
• STORY, WILLIAM WETMORE (1819—1895)

story of his See also:

• PASSION (post-classical Lat. passio, formed from pati, passus, to suffer, endure)

passion from its commencement to within a year after the lady's death (June 9th, 1290) . He saw Beatrice only once or twice, and she probably knew little of him . She married See also:

• SIMONE (1457—1508)

Simone de' Bardi . But the See also:

• WORSHIP (i.e. " worth-ship," O. Eng. weor8scipe)

worship of her See also:

• LOVER, SAMUEL (1797-1868)

lover was stronger for the remoteness of its subject . The last See also:

• CHAPTER (a shortened form of chapiter, a word still used in architecture for a capital; derived from O. Fr. chapitre, Lat. capitellum, diminutive of caput, head)

chapter of the Vita Nuova relates how, after the See also:

• LAPSE (Lat. lapses, a slip or departure)

lapse of a year, " it was given me to behold a wonderful See also:

• VISION (from Lat. videre, to see), or SIGHT

vision, wherein I saw things which determined me to say nothing further of this blessed one until such time as I could discourse more worthily concerning her . And to this end I labour all I can, as she in truth knoweth . Therefore if it be His See also:

• PLEASURE (through Fr. plaisir from Lat. placere, to please; Gr. rlbovii)

pleasure through whom is the life of all things that my life continue with me a few years, it is my hope that I shall yet write concerning her what See also:

• BATH
• BATH, THOMAS THYNNE
• BATH, WILLIAM

bath not before been written of any woman . After the which may it seem good unto Him who is the master of See also:

• GRACE (Fr. grace, Lat. gratia, from grates, beloved, pleasing; formed from the root cra-, Gr. xav-, cf. xaipw, x6p,ua, Xapts)
• GRACE, WILLIAM GILBERT (1848– )

grace that my spirit should go hence to behold the See also:

• GLORY (through the O. Fr. glorie, modern gloire, from Lat. gloria, cognate with Gr. KXebs, abets)

glory of its lady, to wit, of that blessed Beatrice who now gloriously gazes on the countenance of Him qui est per omnia saecula See also:

• BENEDICTUS

benedictus." In the Convito he resumes the story of his life . " When I had lost the first delight of my soul (that is, Beatrice) I remained so pierced with sadness that no comforts availed me anything, yet after some time my mind, desirous of See also:

• HEALTH

health, sought to return to the method by which other disconsolate ones had found See also:

• CONSOLATION (Fr. consolation, Lat. consolatio, from consolari, to assuage, comfort, console)

consolation, and I set myself to read that little-known See also:

• BOOK

book of See also:

• BOETIUS (or BoETxlus), ANICIUS MANLIUS SEVERINUS (c. A.D. 480–524)

Boetius in which he consoled himself when a prisoner and an See also:

• EXILE (Lat. exsilium or exilium, from exsul or exul, which is derived from ex, out of, and the root sal, to go, seen in salire, to leap, consul, &c.; the connexion with solum, soil, country is now generally considered wrong)

exile . And See also:

• HEARING (formed from the verb " to hear," O. Eng. hyran, heron, &c., a common Teutonic verb; cf. Ger. Koren, Dutch hooren, &c.; the O. Tent. form is seen in Goth. hausjan; the initial h makes any connexion with " ear," Lat. audire, or Gr. &Kobew very doub

hearing that Tully had written another See also:

• WORK

work, in which, treating of friendship, he had given words of consolation to See also:

• LAELIUS

Laelius, I set myself to read that also." He so far recovered from the shock of his loss that in 1292 he married Gemma, daughter of Manetto Donati, a connexion of the celebrated Corso Donati, afterwards Dante's See also:

• BITTER, KARL THEODORE FRANCIS (1867– )

bitter foe . It is possible that she is the lady mentioned in the Vita Nuova as sitting full of pity at her window and comforting Dante for his sorrow . By this wife he had two sons and two daughters, and although he never mentions her in the Divina Commedia, and although she did not accompany him into exile, there is no See also:

• REASON (Lat. ratio, through French raison)

reason to suppose that she was other than a good wife, or that the See also:

• UNION
• UNION (known locally as Union Hill and officially as Town of Union)

union was otherwise than happy .

Certain it is that he spares the memory of Corso iii his great poem, and speaks kindly of his kinsmen Piccarda and Forese . In 1293 Giano della Bella, a man of old family who had thrown in his See also:

• LOT
• LOT (Lat. Oltis)

lot with the people, induced the See also:

• COMMONWEALTH

commonwealth to adopt the so-called " Ordinances of See also:

• JUSTICE (Lat. justitia)

Justice," a severely democratic constitution, by which among other things it was enacted that no man of noble family, even though engaged in See also:

• TRADE (O. Eng. trod, footstep, from tredan, to tread; in M. Eng. the forms teed, trod and trade appear, the last in the sense of a beaten track)
• TRADE, BOARD OF

trade, could hold office as See also:

• PRIOR (from Lat. prior—former, and hence superior, through O. Fr. priour)
• PRIOR, MATTHEW (1664-1721)

prior . Two years later Giano was banished, but the ordinances remained in force, though the grandi recovered much of their power . Dante now began to take an active part in politics . He was inscribed in the arte of the See also:

• MEDICI
• MEDICI, GIACOMO (1817-1882)

Medici and Speziali, which made him eligible as one of the six priori to whom the government of the city was entrusted in 1282 . Documents still existing in the archives of Florence show that he took part in the deliberations of the several See also:

• COUNCILS

councils of the city in 1295, 1296, 1300 and 1301 . The See also:

• NOTICE

notice in the last year is of some importance . The pope had demanded a contingent of too Florentine knights to serve against his enemies, the See also:

• COLONNA
• COLONNA, GIOVANNI PAOLO (circa 1637—1695)
• COLONNA, VITTORIA (1490-1547)

Colonna family . On the 19th of June we read in the contemporary See also:

• REPORT (O.Fr. report or raport, modern rapport, from O.Fr. reporter, mod. rap porter, Lat. reportare, to bring back, in poetical use only, of bringing back an account, news, &c.)

report of the debate on this question in the Council of a Hundred : " Dantes Alagherius consuluit quod de servitio faciendo Domino Papae nihil fieret." Other instances of his invariable opposition to See also:

• BONIFACE (Bonifacius)
• BONIFACE, SAINT (680-754)

Boniface occur . See also:

• FILELFO, FRANCESCO (1398-1481)

Filelfo says that he served on fourteen embassies, a statement not only unsupported by See also:

• EVIDENCE (Lat. evidentia, evideri, to appear clearly)

evidence, but impossible in itself . Filelfo does not mention the only See also:

• EMBASSY

embassy in which we know for certain that Dante was engaged, that to the town of See also:

• SAN

San Gemignano in May 1300 . From the 15th of June to the 15th of See also:

• AUGUST (originally Sextilis)

August 1300 he held the office of prior, which was the source of all the miseries of his life .

The spirit of faction had again broken out in Florence . The two See also:

• RIVAL

rival families were the Cerchi and the Donati,—the first of great See also:

• WEALTH

wealth but See also:

• RECENT

recent origin, the last of ancient ancestry but poor . A See also:

• QUARREL

quarrel had arisen in Pistoia between the two branches of the Cancellieri,—the Bianchi and See also:

• NERI, PHILIP (FILIppo DE) (1515-1595)

Neri, the Whites and the Blacks . The quarrel spread to Florence, the Donati took the See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side of the Blacks, the Cerchi of the Whites . Pope Boniface was asked to mediate, and sent Cardinal Matteo d'Acquasparta to maintain peace . He arrived just as Dante entered upon his office as prior . The cardinal effected nothing, but Dante and his colleagues banished the heads of the rival parties in different directions to a distance from the See also:

• CAPITAL (i.e. capital stock or fund)
• CAPITAL (Lat. caput, head)

capital . The Blacks were sent to Citta della Pieve in the Tuscan mountains; the Whites, among whom was Dante's dearest friend Guido Cavalcanti, to Serrezzano in the unhealthy See also:

• MAREMMA (a corruption of Marittima, " situated on the sea ")

Maremma . After the expiration of Dante's office both parties returned, Guido Cavalcanti so See also:

• ILL

ill with See also:

• FEVER (Lat. febris, connected with fervere, to burn)

fever that he shortly afterwards died . At a See also:

• MEETING (from " to meet," to come together, assemble, 0. Eng. metals ; cf. Du. moeten, Swed. mota, Goth. gamotjan, &c., derivatives of the Teut. word for a meeting, seen in O. Eng. Wit, moot, an assembly of the people; cf. witanagemot)

meeting held in the See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

church of the Holy Trinity the Whites were denounced as Ghibellines, enemies of the pope . The Blacks sought for vengeance . Their See also:

• LEADER, BENJAMIN WILLIAMS (1831– )

leader, Corso Donati, hastened to Rome, and persuaded Boniface VIII. to send for Charles of See also:

• VALOIS, COUNTS AND DUKES OF
• VALOIS, HENRI DE [VALESIUS] (1603-1676)

Valois, See also:

• BROTHER

brother of the French See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king, See also:

• PHILIP
• PHILIP (Gr.'FiXtrsro , fond of horses, from dn)^eiv, to love, and limos, horse; Lat. Philip pus, whence e.g. M. H. Ger. Philippes, Dutch Filips, and, with dropping of the final s, It. Filippo, Fr. Philippe, Ger. Philipp, Sp. Felipe)
• PHILIP, JOHN (1775-1851)
• PHILIP, KING (c. 1639-1676)
• PHILIP, LANOGRAVE OF HESSE (1504-1567)

Philip the Fair, to See also:

• ACT (Lat. actus, actum)

act as " peacemaker." The priors sent at the end of September four ambassadors to the pope, one of whom, according to the chronicler Dino, was Dante .

There are, how-ever, improbabilities in the story, and the passage quoted in support of it bears marks of later See also:

• INTERPOLATION (from Lat. interpolare, to alter, or insert something fresh, connected with pollee, a polish)

interpolation . He never again saw the towers of his native city . Charles of Valois, after visiting the pope at Anagni, retraced his steps to Florence, entering the city on All See also:

• SAINTS, BATTLE OF THE

Saints' Day and taking up his See also:

• ABODE (from " abide," to dwell, properly " to wait for ," to bide)

abode in the Oltr' See also:

• ARNO (anc. Arnus)
• ARNO, ARN

Arno . Corso Donati, who had been banished a second time, returned in force and summoned the Blacks to arms . The prisons were broken open, the podesta driven from the town, the Cerchi confined within their houses, a third of the city was destroyed with See also:

• FIRE (in O. Eng. f j'r; the word is common to West German languages, cf. Dutch vuur, Ger. Feuer; the pre-Teutonic form is seen in Sanskrit pu, pavaka, and Gr. irup; the ultimate origin is usually taken to be a root meaning to purify, cf. Lat. purus)

fire and sword . By the help of Charles the Blacks were victorious . They appointed Cante de' Gabrielli of See also:

• GUBBIO (anc. Iguvium, q.v.; med. Eugubium)

Gubbio as podesta, a man devoted to their interests . More than 600 Whites were condemned to exile and See also:

• CAST (from the verb meaning " to throw "; the word is Scand. in origin, cf. Dan. kaste, and Swed. kasta; " cast " in Middle Eng. took the place of the A.S. weor pan, cf. Ger. werf en)

cast as beggars upon the See also:

• WORLD

world . On the 27th of January 1302, Dante, with four others of the See also:

• WHITE
• WHITE, ANDREW DICKSON (1832– )
• WHITE, GILBERT (1720–1793)
• WHITE, HENRY KIRKE (1785-1806)
• WHITE, HUGH LAWSON (1773-1840)
• WHITE, JOSEPH BLANCO (1775-1841)
• WHITE, RICHARD GRANT (1822-1885)
• WHITE, ROBERT (16