See also:

• DAVID
• DAVID (a Hebrew name meaning probably beloved 1)
• DAVID, FELICIEN (1810—1876)
• DAVID, GERARD [GHEERAERT DAVIT], (?=1523)
• DAVID, PIERRE JEAN (1789–1856)
• DAVID, ST (Dewi, Sant)

DAVID (a See also:

• HEBREW

Hebrew name meaning probably beloved 1)  , in the See also:

• BIBLE
• BIBLE, ENGLISH

Bible, the son of See also:

• JESSE
• JESSE, EDWARD (178o–1868)
• JESSE, JOHN HENEAGE (1815-1874)

Jesse, See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king of See also:

• JUDAH

Judah and See also:

• ISRAEL (Hebrew for " God strives " or " rules "; see Gen. xxxii. 28; and the allusion in Hosea xii. 4)

Israel, and founder of the royal Judaean See also:

• DYNASTY (Gr. &vvaareta, sovereignty, the position of a hevnori7r, lord, ruler, from SuvaaBay to be able, Suvaµas, power)

dynasty at See also:

• JERUSALEM (Heb. ^S0-r, Yerushalaim, pronounced as a dual)
• JERUSALEM, SYNOD OF (1672)

Jerusalem . The See also:

• CHRONOLOGY (Gr. xpovo?oyfa, computation of time, xp6vos)

chronology of his See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period is uncertain: the usual date, 1055—1015 B.C., is probably 1 See further the third edition of See also:

• SCHRADER, EBERHARD (1836-1908)

Schrader's Keilinschr. u. das Alte Test. pp . 225, 483 . See also:

• THIRTY

thirty years to See also:

• HALF

half a See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century too See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early . The books of See also:

• SAMUEL

Samuel (strictly, i Sam. xvi.–I See also:

• KINGS, FIRST AND SECOND BOOKS OF

Kings ii.), which are our See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal source for the See also:

• HISTORY

history of See also:

• DAVID
• DAVID (a Hebrew name meaning probably beloved 1)
• DAVID, FELICIEN (1810—1876)
• DAVID, GERARD [GHEERAERT DAVIT], (?=1523)
• DAVID, PIERRE JEAN (1789–1856)
• DAVID, ST (Dewi, Sant)

David, show how deep an impres- Source . See also:

• SION [Ger. Sitten]

sion the See also:

• PERSONALITY (from Lat. persona, originally an actor's mask, from personare,1 to sound through)

personality of the king, his See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character, his See also:

• GENIUS (from Lat. genere, gignere)

genius and the romantic See also:

• STORY, JOHN (c. 1510-1571)
• STORY, JOSEPH (1779-1845)
• STORY, ROBERT HERBERT (1835-1907)
• STORY, WILLIAM WETMORE (1819—1895)

story of his early years had See also:

• LEFT

left on the mind of the nation . Of no See also:

• HERO (Gr. open)
• HERO, THE YOUNGER

hero of antiquity do we possess so See also:

• LIFE

life-like a portrait . See also:

• MINUTE
• MINUTE (Lat. minutes, small; minuere, to make less)

Minute details and traits of character are portrayed with a vividness which bears all the marks of contemporary narrative . But the See also:

• RECORD (Lat. recordari, to recall to mind, from cor, heart or mind)

record is by no means all of one piece or of one date . This history, as we now have it, is extracted from various See also:

• SOURCES

sources of unequal value, which are fitted together in a way which offers considerable difficulties to the critic . In the history of David's early adventures, for example, the narrative is not seldom disordered, and sometimes seems to repeat itself with puzzling See also:

• VARIATIONS
• VARIATIONS, CALCULUS
• VARIATIONS, CALCULUS OF

variations of detail, which have led critics to the unanimous conclusion that the First See also:

• BOOK

Book of Samuel is See also:

• DRAWN

drawn from at least two sources . It is indeed easy to understand that the romantic incidents of this period were much in the mouths of the See also:

• PEOPLE

people—to whom David was a popular hero—and in course of See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time were written down in various forms which were not combined into perfect See also:

• HARMONY (Gr. dpµovia, a concord of musical sounds, dpA'ew to join; &plan midi (sc. TeXvil)

harmony by later editors, who gave excerpts from several sources rather than a new and See also:

• INDEPENDENT

independent history .

These excerpts, however, have been so pieced together, that it is often impossible to See also:

• SEPARATE

separate them with precision, and to distinguish accurately between earlier and later elements . It even appears from a study of the See also:

• GREEK
• GREEK, ETRUSCAN AND

Greek See also:

• TEXT (Lat. textum, woven fabric, from texere, to weave)

text that some copies of the books of Samuel incorporated narratives which other copies did not acknowledge . For the See also:

• LITERARY

literary problems of these books, see also SAMUEL (Boors) . The parallel history of David in r Chron. xi.–See also:

• XXIX

xxix. contains a See also:

• GREAT

great See also:

• DEAL

deal of additional See also:

• MATTER

matter, which can rarely be treated as of equal See also:

• HISTORICAL

historical value with the preceding . Where it follows the chapters in Samuel it is important for textual and other See also:

• CRITICAL (in alphabetical order of authors)

critical problems, but it omits narratives in which it is not interested (David's youth, persecution by See also:

• SAUL (Heb. shd'ul, " asked ")

Saul, See also:

• ABSALOM (Hebrew for " father of [or is] peace ")

Absalom's revolt, &c.), and adds See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long passages (David's arrangements for the See also:

• TEMPLE
• TEMPLE, FREDERICK (1821-1902)
• TEMPLE, RICHARD
• TEMPLE, SIR RICHARD, BART
• TEMPLE, SIR WILLIAM, BART

temple, &c.) which reflect the views of a much later See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age than David's . The lists of See also:

• OFFICERS

officers, &c., are See also:

• FULLER, ANDREW (1954-1815)
• FULLER, GEORGE (1822—1884)
• FULLER, M
• FULLER, MARGARET, MARCHIONESS
• FULLER, MELVILLE WESTON (1833-1910)
• FULLER, THOMAS (16o8-1661)
• FULLER, WILLIAM (1670--c. 1717)

fuller than those in Samuel, and here and there contain notices of value . A comparison of the two records, however, is especially important for its See also:

• ILLUSTRATION

illustration of the later tendency to idealize the figure of David, and the historical critic has to See also:

• BEAR
• BEAR, BLACK
• BEAR, BROWN
• BEAR, GRIZZLY
• BEAR, ISABELLINE
• BEAR, WHITE

bear in mind the possibility that this tendency had begun long before the Chronicler's time, and that it may be found in the relatively older records pre-served in Samuel . David's See also:

• FATHER

father, Jesse, was a See also:

• CITIZEN (a form corrupted in Eng., apparently by analogy with " denizen," from O. Fr. citeain, mod. Fr. citoyen)

citizen of See also:

• BETHLEHEM
• BETHLEHEM (Heb. " House of Bread," or, according to a more questionable etymology, " of [the god] Lakhmu ")

Bethlehem in Judah, 5 m. See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south of Jerusalem; the polite deprecation in I Sam . xviii . 18 means little (cf . Saul in ix . 21) .

Tradition tntroduc- made him a descendant of the See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient nobles of taut to Saul . Judah through Boaz and the Moabitess See also:

• RUTH, BOOK OF

Ruth, but the tendency to furnish a See also:

• NOBLE, SIR ANDREW (1832- )

noble ancestry for a noble figure—especially one of obscure See also:

• BIRTH (a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages from the root of the verb " to bear ")

birth—is widespread (cf . See also:

• GENEALOGY (from the Gr. yivos, family, and Vryos, theory)

GENEALOGY) . He was the youngest of eight sons,l and spent his youth in an occupation which the See also:

• HEBREWS, EPISTLE TO THE

Hebrews as well as the See also:

• ARABS

Arabs seem to have held in See also:

• LOW, SETH (1850- )
• LOW, WILL HICOK (1853- )

low esteem . He kept his father's See also:

• SHEEP
• SHEEP (from the Anglo-Saxon sceap, a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages; e.g. the German Schaf)

sheep in the See also:

• DESERT

desert See also:

• STEPPES

steppes of Judah, and there See also:

• DEVELOPED

developed the strength, agility, endurance and courage which distinguished him throughout life (cf . I Sam. xvii . 34, See also:

• XXIV

xxiv . 2; 2 Sam. xvii . 9) . There, too, he acquired that skill in See also:

• MUSIC

music which led to his first introduction to Saul (I Sam. xvi . 14-23, and the apocryphal See also:

• PSALM (from the Gr. word * hXAew, to play the harp)

Psalm of David, Ps. cli. in the See also:

• SEPTUAGINT, THE (Gr. of 0', Lat. LXX.)

Septuagint) . He found favour in the king's See also:

• EYE
• EYE (O. Eng. edge, Ger. Auge; derived from an Indo-European root also seen in Lat. oc-ulus, the organ of vision (q.v.)

eye, and became his See also:

• ARMOUR, PHILIP DANFORTH (1832-1901)

armour-See also:

• BEARER

bearer ?

But traditions varied . In I Sam. xvii. he does not follow his See also:

• MASTER (Lat. magister, related to tnagis, more, as the corresponding minister is to minus, less; the English form is due partly to the O. Eng. maegister, and partly to O. Fr. maistre, mod. maitre; cf. Du. meester, Ger. Meister, Ital. maestro)

master to the See also:

• FIELD (a word common to many West German languages, cf. Ger. Feld, Dutch veld, possibly cognate with O.E. f olde, the earth, and ultimately with root of the Gr. irAaror, broad)
• FIELD, CYRUS WEST (1819-1892)
• FIELD, DAVID DUDLEY (18o5-1894)
• FIELD, EUGENE (1850-1895)
• FIELD, FREDERICK (18o1—1885)
• FIELD, HENRY MARTYN (1822-1907)
• FIELD, JOHN (1782—1837)
• FIELD, MARSHALL (183 1906)
• FIELD, NATHAN (1587—1633)
• FIELD, STEPHEN JOHNSON (1816-1899)
• FIELD, WILLIAM VENTRIS FIELD, BARON (1813-1907)

field against the See also:

• PHILISTINES

Philistines; he is an obscure untried shepherd lad sent by his father with supplies for his See also:

• BROTHERS, RICHARD (1757-1824)

brothers in the Israelite See also:

• CAMP (from Lat. campus, field)

camp . He does not even See also:

• PRESENT

present himself before the king, and his brothers treat him with a petulance hardly conceivable if he stood well at See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

court, and it" 1 But four in xvii . 13 sqq., and seven in I Chron. ii . 13-15 . 2 An armour-bearer was not a full See also:

• WARRIOR

warrior but a sort of See also:

• PAGE
• PAGE, THOMAS NELSON (1853- )
• PAGE, WILLIAM (1811-1885)

page or apprentice-in-arms, whose most warlike See also:

• FUNCTION

function is to kill outright those whom his master has struck down—an See also:

• OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")

office which among the Arabs was often performed by See also:

• WOMEN

women.appears from the See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close that neither Saul nor his See also:

• CAPTAIN (derived from Lat. ca put, head, through the Low Lat. capitanus)

captain See also:

• ABNER (Hebrew for "father of [or is a] light ")

Abner had heard of him before (vv . 55-58)• There is, indeed, a See also:

• FLAT (a modification of O. Eng. flet, an obsolete word of Teutonic origin, meaning the ground beneath the feet)

flat See also:

• CONTRADICTION, PRINCIPLE OF (principium contradictionis)

contradiction between the two accounts, but a See also:

• FAMILY

family of Greek See also:

• MSS

MSS. represented by the Vatican text omit xvii . 12-31, xvii . 55–xviii . 5, and thus the difficulty is greatly lessened . Characteristic of the omitted portions are the friendship which sprang up between See also:

• JONATHAN
• JONATHAN (Heb. " Yah [weh] gives ")

Jonathan and David and the latter's See also:

• APPOINTMENT, POWER OF

appointment to a command in the See also:

• ARMY
• ARMY (from Fr. armee, Lat. armata)

army . A further difficulty is caused by 2 Sam. xxi .

19, which makes Elhanan the slayer of See also:

• GOLIATH

Goliath . David's exploit is not referred to in I Sam. xxi. io-i5, xxix., and on this and other grounds the simpler tradition in 2 Sam. is usually preferred . (See GOLIATH.) But it must have been by some valiant See also:

• DEED (in O. Eng. dead, from the stem of the verb " to do ")

deed that Saul was led to See also:

• NOTICE

notice him (cf. xiv . 52), and David soon became both a popular hero and an See also:

• OBJECT

object of See also:

• JEALOUSY (adapted from Fr. jalousie, formed from jaloux, jealous, Low Lat. zelosus, Gr. j'i os, ardour, zeal, from the root seen in '&u', to boil, ferment; cf. " yeast ")

jealousy to Saul . According to the See also:

• HEBREW

Hebrew text of I Sam. xviii., Saul's jealousy leaped at once to the conclusion that David's ambition would not stop See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short of the kingship . Such a suspicion would be intelligible if we could suppose that the king had heard something of the significant See also:

• ACT (Lat. actus, actum)

act of Samuel, which now stands at the See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head of the history of David in See also:

• WITNESS
• WITNESS (from O. Eng. witan, to know)

witness of that divine See also:

• ELECTION
• ELECTION (from Lat. eligere, to pick out)

election and See also:

• UNCTION (Lat. unctio, anointing, ungere, unguere, to smear with ointment, to anoint; cf. " ointment," O.Fr. oignement, from oigner, mod. oindre, to anoint)

unction with the spirit of Yahweh on which his whole career hung (xvi . 1-13) . But this passage is the sequel to the rejection of Saul in xv., and Samuel's position agrees with that of the See also:

• LATE

late writer in vii., viii. and xii.3 The shorter text, represented by the Septuagint, gives an See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account of Saul's jealousy which is psychologically more intelligible.4 According to this text Saul was simply possessed with such a See also:

• PERSONAL

personal dislike and dread of conflicts with David as might easily occupy his disordered See also:

• BRAIN (A.S. braegen)

brain. said . To be quit of his hateful presence he gave him a mili- tary command . In this See also:

• CHARGE
• CHARGE (through the Fr. from the Late Lat. carricare, to load in a carrus or wagon; cf. " cargo ")

charge David increased his reputation as a soldier and became a See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general favourite . Saul's daughter Michal loved him; and her father, whose jealousy continued to increase, resolved to put the See also:

• YOUNG
• YOUNG, A
• YOUNG, ARTHUR (1741-1820)
• YOUNG, BRIGHAM (1801-1877)
• YOUNG, CHARLES MAYNE (1777–1856)
• YOUNG, EDWARD (1683–1765)
• YOUNG, JAMES (1811-1883)
• YOUNG, THOMAS (1773-1829)

young captain on a perilous enter-prise, promising him the See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand of Michal as a See also:

• REWARD

reward of success, but secretly hoping that he would perish in the See also:

• ATTEMPT (Lat. adtemptare, attentare, to try)

attempt . David's See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good See also:

• FORTUNE, ROBERT (1813-188o)

fortune did not desert him; he won his wife, and in this new See also:

• ADVANCEMENT

advancement continued to grow in the popular favour, and to gain fresh laurels in the field .

At this point it is necessary to look back on the proposed See also:

• MARRIAGE

marriage of David with Saul's eldest daughter Merab (xviii . 17-19; cf. xvii . 2.5) . When the time came for Saul to fulfil his promise, Merab was given to Adriel of See also:

• ABEL (better ABELL), THOMAS (d. 1540)
• ABEL (Hebrew for breath)
• ABEL, KARL FRIEDRICH (1725-1787)
• ABEL, NIELS HENRIK (1802-1829)
• ABEL, SIR FREDERICK AUGUSTUS, BART

Abel-Meholah (perhaps an Aramaean) . What is said of this affair interrupts the See also:

• ORIGINAL

original context of See also:

• CHAP

chap. xviii., to which the insertion has been clumsily fitted by an See also:

• INTERPOLATION (from Lat. interpolare, to alter, or insert something fresh, connected with pollee, a polish)

interpolation in the second half of ver . 21 (LXX omits) . We have here, therefore, a notice drawn from a distinct source which connects itself with the other omitted passage, xvii . 12-31, where Saul had promised his daughter to the one who should overthrow Goliath (ver . 25) . Since Merab and Michal are confounded in 2 Sam. xxi . 8, the whole See also:

• EPISODE

episode of Merab and David perhaps rests on a similar confusion of names . As the king's son-in-See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law, David was necessarily again at court .

He became See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief of the bodyguard, as See also:

• EWALD, GEORG HEINRICH AUGUST VON (1803-1875)
• EWALD, JOHANNES (1743-1781)

Ewald rightly interprets 1 Sam. xxii . 14, and ranked next to Abner (xx . 25), so that Saul's insane fears were constantly exasperated by personal contact with him . On at least one occasion the king's frenzy See also:

• BROKE, or BROOKE, ARTHUR (d. 1563)
• BROKE, SIR PHILIP BOWES VERE, BART

broke out in an attempt to See also:

• MURDER

murder David with his own hand.5 At another time Saul actually gave commands to assassinate his son-in-law, but the See also:

• BREACH (Mid. Eng. breche, derived from the common Teutonic root brec, which appears in " break," Ger. brechen, &c.)

breach was made up by Jonathan, whose chivalrous spirit had See also:

• UNITED

united him to David in a See also:

• COVENANT
• COVENANT (an O. Fr. form, later convenant, from convenir, to agree, Lat. convenire)

covenant of closest friendship (xix . 1-7) . The circumstances of the final outburst of Saul's hatred, which drove David into See also:

• EXILE (Lat. exsilium or exilium, from exsul or exul, which is derived from ex, out of, and the root sal, to go, seen in salire, to leap, consul, &c.; the connexion with solum, soil, country is now generally considered wrong)

exile, are not easily disentangled . a See SAMUEL . The older history repeatedly indicates that David's kingship was predicted by a divine See also:

• ORACLE (Lat. oraculum, from ora' to pray; the corresponding Greek word is uavreiov or Xpnuri7pwov)

oracle, but would hardly See also:

• LEAD
• LEAD (pronounced iced)

lead us to See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place the prediction so early (I Sam. See also:

• XXV

xxv . 30; 2 Sam. iii . 9, v . 2) . 4 The LXX omits xviii .

I-6 (to " See also:

• PHILISTINE

Philistine "), the first and last clauses of 8, io-ii, the See also:

• REASON (Lat. ratio, through French raison)

reason given for Saul's fear in 12, 17-19, the second half of 21 . It also modifies 28, and omits the second half of 29 and the whole of 30 . I Sam. xix . 9 . The parallel narrative, xviii. to sqq., is wanting in the Greek, and in the See also:

• LIGHT

light of subsequent events is improbable . Its aim is to paint Saul's character as See also:

• BLACK
• BLACK, ADAM (1784-1874)
• BLACK, JEREMIAH SULLIVAN (1810–1883)
• BLACK, WILLIAM (1841-1898)

black as possible . The narrative of x Sam. xx., which is the principal account of the matter, cannot originally have been preceded by xix . 11-24; in chap. xx . David appears to be still at court, and Jonathan is even unaware that he is in any danger, whereas the preceding verses represent him as already a fugitive . It may also be doubted whether the narrative of David's See also:

• ESCAPE (in mid. Eng. eschape or escape, from the O. Fr. eschapper, modern echapper, and escaper, low Lat. escapium, from ex, out of, and cappa, cape, cloak; cf. for the sense development the Gr. iichueoOat, literally to put off one's clothes, hence to sli

escape from his own See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house by the aid of his wife Michal (xix . 11-17) has any close connexion with ver. to, and does not rather belong to a later period.' David's daring spirit might very well lead him to visit his wife even after his first See also:

• FLIGHT

flight . The danger of such an enter-prise was diminished by the reluctance to violate the apartments of women and attack a sleeping foe, which appears also in See also:

• JUDGES, THE BOOK OF

Judges xvi .

2, and among the Arabs ? According to chap. xx . David was still at court in his usual position when he became certain that the king was aiming at his life . He betook himself to Jonathan, who thought his suspicions groundless, but undertook to test them . A See also:

• PLAN
• PLAN (from Lat. planes, flat)

plan was arranged by which Jonathan should draw from the king an expression of his feelings, and a tremendous See also:

• EXPLOSION

explosion revealed that Saul regarded David as the See also:

• RIVAL

rival of his dynasty, and Jonathan as little better than a See also:

• FELLOW

fellow-conspirator . After a final interview (xx . 40-42), which must be regarded as a later expansion, they parted and David fled . He sought the See also:

• SANCTUARY (from the late Lat. sanctuarium, a sacred place)

sanctuary at See also:

• NOB

Nob, where he had been wont to consult the priestly oracle (xxii . 15), and here, concealing his disgrace by a fictitious story, he also obtained See also:

• BREAD

bread from the consecrated table and the See also:

• SWORD (0. Eng. sweord; ultimately from an Indo-European root meaning to wound)

sword of Goliath (chap. xxi . 1-9).3 His hasty flight—without See also:

• FOOD
• FOOD (like the verb " to feed," from a Teutonic root, whence O. Eng. foda; cf. " fodder "; connected with Gr. lrareicOae, to feed)

food and weapon—suggests that the narrative should follow upon xix . 17 . It was perhaps after this that David made a last attempt to find a place of See also:

• REFUGE

refuge in the prophetic circle of Samuel at Ramah (xix .

18-24) . The episode now stands in another outlaw connexion, where it is certainly out of place . It might, life . however, See also:

• FIT

fit into the break that plainly exists in the history at xxi. so after the affair at Nob . Deprived of the See also:

• PROTECTION

protection of See also:

• RELIGION
• RELIGION, FOLKLORE, CUSTOM

religion as well as of See also:

• JUSTICE (Lat. justitia)

justice, David tried his fortune among the Philistines at See also:

• GATH

Gath . Recognized and suspected as a redoubtable foe, he made his escape by feigning madness, which in the See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

East has inviolable privileges (xxi . 11-16).' The passage anticipates chap. See also:

• XXVII

xxvii., and it is hardly probable that the slayer of Goliath or of any other Philistine See also:

• GIANT (O.E. geant, through Fr. giant, O.Fr. gaiant, jaiant, jeant, med. pop. Lat. gagante—cf. Ital. gigante—by assimilation from gigantem, ace. of Lat. gigas, Gr. yiyas)

giant fled to the Philistines with their dead hero's sword . He returned to the wilds of Judah, and was joined at See also:

• ADULLAM

Adullam 5 by his father's house and by a small See also:

• BAND

band of outlaws, of which he became the head . Placing his parents under the charge of the king of See also:

• MOAB

Moab, he took up the life of a guerilla captain, cultivating friendly relations with the townships of Judah (See also:

• XXX

xxx . 26), which were glad to have on their frontiers a See also:

• PROTECTOR

protector so valiant as David, even at the expense of the See also:

• BLACKMAIL

blackmail which he levied in return . A clear conception of his life at this time, and of the respect which he inspired by the discipline in which he held his men, and of the generosity which tempered his fiery nature, is given in chap. xxv . His force gradually swelled, and he was joined by the See also:

• PROPHET (Irpo4i ri7s)

prophet See also:

• GAD

Gad (See also:

• NOTE
• NOTE (Lat. nota, mark, sign, from noscere, to know)

note his See also:

• MESSAGE (a word occurring in slightly different forms in several languages, e.g. Fr. message, Span. mensaje, Ital. messagio; adapted from the Low Lat. missaticum, from mittere)

message xxii .

5) and by the See also:

• PRIEST (Ger. Priester, Fr. pretre)

priest See also:

• ABIATHAR (Heb. Ebyathar, "the [divine] father is pre-eminent")

Abiathar, the only survivor of a terrible See also:

• MASSACRE

massacre by which Saul took revenge for the favours which David had received at the sanctuary of Nob . He was even able to strike at the Philistines, and to See also:

• RESCUE (in Middle Eng. rescous, from O. Fr. recousse, Low Lat. rescussa, from reexcussa,reexcutere, to shake off again, re, again, ex, off, quatere, to shake)

rescue Keilah (south of Adullam and to the east of See also:

• BEIT, ALFRED (1853-1906)

Beit Jibrin) from their attack ' The close of ver. to in the Hebrew is corrupt, and the words " (and it came to pass) that See also:

• NIGHT

night " seem to belong to the next See also:

• VERSE (from Lat. versus, literally a line or furrow drawn by turning the plough, from vertere, and afterwards signifying an arrangement of syllables into feet)

verse (so the Greek) . H . P . See also:

• SMITH
• SMITH, ADAM (1723–1790)
• SMITH, ALEXANDER (183o-1867)
• SMITH, ANDREW JACKSON (1815-1897)
• SMITH, CHARLES EMORY (1842–1908)
• SMITH, CHARLES FERGUSON (1807–1862)
• SMITH, CHARLOTTE (1749-1806)
• SMITH, COLVIN (1795—1875)
• SMITH, EDMUND KIRBY (1824-1893)
• SMITH, G
• SMITH, GEORGE (1789-1846)
• SMITH, GEORGE (184o-1876)
• SMITH, GEORGE ADAM (1856- )
• SMITH, GERRIT (1797–1874)
• SMITH, GOLDWIN (1823-191o)
• SMITH, HENRY BOYNTON (1815-1877)
• SMITH, HENRY JOHN STEPHEN (1826-1883)
• SMITH, HENRY PRESERVED (1847– )
• SMITH, JAMES (1775–1839)
• SMITH, JOHN (1579-1631)
• SMITH, JOHN RAPHAEL (1752–1812)
• SMITH, JOSEPH, JR
• SMITH, MORGAN LEWIS (1822–1874)
• SMITH, RICHARD BAIRD (1818-1861)
• SMITH, ROBERT (1689-1768)
• SMITH, SIR HENRY GEORGE WAKELYN
• SMITH, SIR THOMAS (1513-1577)
• SMITH, SIR WILLIAM (1813-1893)
• SMITH, SIR WILLIAM SIDNEY (1764-1840)
• SMITH, SYDNEY (1771-1845)
• SMITH, THOMAS SOUTHWOOD (1788-1861)
• SMITH, WILLIAM (1769-1839)
• SMITH, WILLIAM (c. 1730-1819)
• SMITH, WILLIAM (fl. 1596)
• SMITH, WILLIAM FARRAR (1824—1903)
• SMITH, WILLIAM HENRY (1808—1872)
• SMITH, WILLIAM HENRY (1825—1891)
• SMITH, WILLIAM ROBERTSON (1846-'894)

Smith suggests that the passage origin-ally followed upon xviii . 27 . 2 See also:

• WELLHAUSEN, JULIUS (1844— )

Wellhausen cites a closely parallel See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case from See also:

• SPRENGER, JAKOB (fl. 1500)

Sprenger's Leben Muhammad, vol. ii. p . 543 . 3 On the meaning of this difficult passage, see the discussions by W . R . Smith, Religion of the Semites("), p . 455 sqq., and Schwally Semit .

Kriegsalterthiimer, p . 6o sqq . ' Interesting See also:

• PARALLELS

parallels in Barhebraeus Chron., ed . Brun and See also:

• KIRSCH (or KIRSCHENWASSER)

Kirsch, p . 222, and Ewald, Hist . Israel, iii. p . 84 . ' The See also:

• CAVE (Lat. cavea, from caves, hollow)
• CAVE, EDWARD (1691–1754)
• CAVE, WILLIAM (1637–1713)

cave of Adullam has been traditionally placed (since the 12th century) at Khareitun, two See also:

• HOURS, CANONICAL

hours' See also:

• JOURNEY (through O. Fr. jornee or journee, mod. Fr. journee, from med. Lat. diurnata, Lat. diurnus, of or belonging to dies, day)

journey south of Bethlehem . But the See also:

• TOWN

town of Adullam, which has not been identified with any certainty, See also:

• LAY

lay in the low See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country of Judah (Josh. xv . 35) . The " cave " is also spoken of as a " hold " or fortress, and this is every-where the true See also:

• READING

reading . The name has been identified with 'Id-el-ma (or -miye) about 12 m .

S.W. of Bethlehem.(See also:

• XXIII

xxiii . 1-13) . Forced to flee by the treachery of the very men whom he had succoured, he lived for a time in See also:

• CONSTANT, BENJAMIN (1845-1902)

constant fear of being captured by Saul, and at length took refuge with Achish king of Gath and established himself in Ziklag . Popular tradition, as though unwilling to let David escape from Saul, told of that king's continual pursuit of the outlaw, of the attempt of the men of Ziph (S.E. of See also:

• HEBRON (mod. Khulzl er-Rahman, i.e. " the friend of the Merciful One "—an allusion to Abraham)

Hebron) to betray him, of David's magnanimity displayed on two occasions, and of Jonathan's visit to See also:

• CONSOLE (a French form, supposed to be an abbreviation of consolide, from Lat. consolidare, to strengthen)

console his bosom friend (xxiv.–See also:

• XXVI

xxvi.) s The situation was one which See also:

• LENT (0. Eng. lenclen, " spring," M. Eng. lenten, lente, lent; cf. Dut. lente, Ger. Lenz, " spring," 0. H. Ger. lenzin, lengizin, lenzo, probably from the same root as " long " and referring to " the lengthening days ")

lent itself to the See also:

• IMAGINATION

imagination . The site of Ziklag is unknown . It hardly lay near Gath (probably Tell es-Safi, 12 m . E. of Ashdod), but rather to the south of Judah (Josh. xix . 5) . Here he occupied himself in chastening the See also:

• AMALEKITES

Amalekites and other robber tribes who made raids on Judah and the Philistines without distinction (xxvii.) . The details of the text are obscure, and seem to imply that David systematically attacked populations friendly to Achish whilst pretending that he had been making forays against Judah . If this were an attempt to See also:

• STEER, PAUL WILSON (186o– )

steer a See also:

• MIDDLE

middle course his true actions could not have been kept See also:

• SECRET (Lat. secretum, hidden, concealed)

secret long, and as it is implied that the Philistines subsequently acquiesced in David's See also:

• SOVEREIGNTY

sovereignty in Hebron, it is not easy to see what See also:

• INTEREST

interest they had in embroiling him with the men of Judah . At length, in the second See also:

• YEAR

year, he was called to join his master in a great See also:

• CAMPAIGN

campaign against Saul .

The Philistines for once directed their forces towards the See also:

• PLAIN (O. Fr. plain, from Lat. plenum)

plain of See also:

• JEZREEL (Heb. " God sows ")

Jezreel (Esdraelon) in the See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north; and Saul, forsaken by Yahweh, already gave himself up for lost . David accompanied the army as a matter of course . But his presence was not observed until they reached their destination, when the jealousy of the Philistines overrode his protestations of fidelity and he was ordered to return . He reached Ziklag only to find the town pillaged by the Amalekites . Pursuing the foes, he inflicted upon them a See also:

• SIGNAL

signal chastisement and took a great See also:

• BOOTY (apparently influenced by " boot," O. Eng. bot, ad-vantage or profit, through an adaptation from an earlier form cognate with Ger. Beute and Fr. butin)

booty, See also:

• PART

part of which he spent in politic gifts to the leading men of the towns in the south country .? Meantime Saul had fallen in See also:

• BATTLE

battle, and See also:

• NORTHERN

northern Israel was in a See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state of See also:

• CHAOS

chaos . The Philistines took See also:

• POSSESSION
• POSSESSION (Lat. possessio, possidere, to possess)

possession of the fertile lowlands of Jezreel and the See also:

• JORDAN (the down-comer; Arab. esh-Sheri'a, the watering-place)
• JORDAN, CAMILLE (1771—1821)
• JORDAN, DOROTHEA (1762—1816)
• JORDAN, THOMAS (1612 ?–1685)
• JORDAN, WILHELM (1819–1904)

Jordan, and the shattered forces of Israel were slowly rallied by Abner in the remote See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city of Mahanaim in See also:

• GILEAD (i.e. " hard " or " rugged," a name sometimes used, both in earlier and in later writers, to denote the whole of the territory occupied by the Israelites eastward of Jordan, extending from the Arnon to the southern base of Hermon (Dent. xxxiv. 1; J

Gilead, under the nominal sovereignty of Saul's son Ishbaal . David now took the first great step to the See also:

• THRONE

throne . He was no longer an outlaw with a band of wandering companions, but a See also:

• PETTY, SIR WILLIAM (1623-1687)

petty chieftain, head of a small See also:

• COLONY (Lat. colonia, from colonus, a cultivator)

colony of men, allied with families of See also:

• CALEB (Heb. keleb, " dog ")

Caleb and Jezreel (in Judah), and on friendly footing with the sheikhs south of Hebron . In response to an oracle he was bidden to move northwards to Judah xinget Hebron . and successfully occupied it with Hebron as his See also:

• CAPITAL (i.e. capital stock or fund)
• CAPITAL (Lat. caput, head)

capital . Here he was anointed king, the first ruler of the See also:

• SOUTHERN

southern See also:

• KINGDOM

kingdom .

If the See also:

• CHRONOLOGICAL

chronological notice may be trusted, he was then thirty years of age, and he reigned there for seven and a half years (2 . Sam. ii . 1-4a, 1x, v . 4 sq.) . The noble See also:

• ELEGY

elegy on the See also:

• DEATH

death of Saul and Jonathan, quoted from the Book of See also:

• JASHAR, BOOK OF

Jashar (2 Sam. i.), is marked by the See also:

• ABSENCE (Lat. absentia)

absence both of religious feeling and of allusions to his earlier experiences with Saul which David might have been expected to make . It was deemed only natural that he should sympathize deeply with the disasters of the northern kingdom . His vengeance on the Amalekite who slew Saul—the account is a doublet of 1 Sam. xxxi.—is consistent with his generous treatment of his late adversary in his outlaw life, and with this agrees his See also:

• EMBASSY

embassy of thanks to the men of Jabesh-Gilead for their chivalrous rescue of the bodies of the fallen heroes (2 Sam. ii . 4b-7) . The embassy threw out a hint,—their See also:

• LORD
• LORD (O. Eng. hldford, i.e. hldfweard, the warder or keeper of bread, hlIf, loaf; the word is not represented in any other Teutonic language)
• LORD, JOHN (1810-1894)

lord was dead and David himself had been anointed king over Judah; but the relation between Jabesh-Gilead and Saul had been a close one, and it was not to be expected that its eyes would be turned upon the king of Judah when Saul's son was installed at the not distant Mahanaim . 6 According to a late Rabbinical story, David, like See also:

• BRUCE
• BRUCE, ALEXANDER BALMAIN (1831-1899)
• BRUCE, JAMES (1930-1794)
• BRUCE, MICHAEL (1746-1767)

Bruce of See also:

• SCOTLAND
• SCOTLAND, CHURCH OF
• SCOTLAND, EPISCOPAL CHURCH OF

Scotland, was once saved by a spider which spun its See also:

• WEB (a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Du. webbe, Dan. vaev, Ger. Gewebe, all from the Teutonic wabh—to weave)

web over the cave wherein he was concealed . ' The law of the See also:

• DISTRIBUTION (Lat. distribuere, to deal out)

distribution of booty after See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war enacted by David (xxx . 24 sqq.) is given as a See also:

• MOSAIC (corresponding to Lat. opus musivum, from Gr. µovoeiov, an artificial grotto often decorated with mosaics; the word is only found in the sense of mosaic in late Greek, which generally uses k oXI yrlµa)

Mosaic precedent in the See also:

• POST

post-exilic priestly legislation (Num. xxxi .

27) . On the importance of this explicit statement, see W . R . Smith, Old Test. in Jewish See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

Church(2), 386 sq . The interest of the narratives is now directed away from the Philistines to the decaying fortunes of Saul's house . (See ABNER and SAUL.) Abner had taken Saul's son Ishbaal and his authority was gradually consolidated in the north . War broke out between the two parties at See also:

• GIBEON

Gibeon a few See also:

• MILES, NELSON APPLETON (1839— )

miles north of Jerusalem . A sham contest was changed into a fatal fray by the treachery of Ishbaal's men; and in the battle which ensued Abner was not only defeated, but, by slaying Asahel, See also:

• DREW
• DREW, SAMUEL (1765-1833)

drew upon himself a See also:

• BLOOD

blood-See also:

• FEUD

feud with See also:

• JOAB (Heb. " Yah [well] is a father ")

Joab . The war continued . Ishbaal's party became weaker and weaker; and at length Abner quarrelled with his nominal master and offered the kingdom to David . The king seized the opportunity to demand the return of Michal, his wife . The passage (iii .

12-16) is not See also:

• FREE

free from difficulties, but it is intelligible that David should See also:

• DESIRE

desire to ally himself as closely as possible with Saul's family (cf. xii . 8) . The See also:

• BASE

base murder of Abner by Joab did not long defer the inevitable issue of events . Ishbaal lost See also:

• HOPE, ANTHONY
• HOPE, THOMAS (c. 1770-1831)

hope, and after he had been foully assassinated by two of his own followers, all Israel sought David as king . The biblical narrative is admittedly not so constructed as to enable us to describe in chronological See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order the thirty-three years of David's reign over all Israel . It is possible that some of the incidents ascribed to this period properly belong to an earlier part of his life, and that tradition has idealized the life of David the king even as it has not failed to See also:

• COLOUR (Lat. color, connected with celare, to hide, the root meaning, therefore, being that of a covering)

colour the history of David the outlaw and king of Hebron . In the preceding account the biblical narratives have been followed as closely as possible in the light of the critical results Critical generally accepted . That they have been affected by the considers- growth of popular tradition is patent from the traces bons. of duplicate narratives, from the difficulty caused, for example, by the story of Goliath (q.v.),and from a closer study of the chapters . The later views of the history of this period are represented in the book of See also:

• CHRONICLES, BOOKS OF

Chronicles, where immediately after Saul's death David is anointed at Hebron king over all Israel (I Chron. xi.) . It is quite in harmony with this that the same source speaks of the Israelites who joined David at Ziklag (I Chron. xii . 1-22), and of the See also:

• HOST

host which came to him at Hebron to turn over to him Saul's kingdom (xii . 23-40) .

This treatment of history can be at once corrected by the books of Samuel, but it is only from a deeper study of the See also:

• INTERNAL

internal See also:

• EVIDENCE (Lat. evidentia, evideri, to appear clearly)

evidence that these, too, appear to give expression to doubtful and conflicting views . It is questionable whether David could have become king over all Israel immediately after the death of Ishbaal . The chronological notices in ii. to sqq. allow an See also:

• INTERVAL

interval of no less than five and a half years, and nowhere do the events of these years appear to be recorded . But David's position in the south of Judah is clear . He is related by marriage with south Judaean clans of Caleb, Jezreel,and probably Geshur . (SeeABSALOM.) He was at the head of a small colony (I Sam. xxvii . 3), and on friendly terms with the sheikhs south of Hebron (xxx . 26-31).' His step forward to Hebron is in every way intelligible and is the natural outcome of his policy . It is less easy to trace his previous moves . There are gaps in the narratives, and the further back we proceed the more serious do their difficulties become . These chapters bring him farther north, and they commence by depicting David as a See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man of Bethlehem, high in the court of Saul, the king's son-in-law, and a popular favourite with the people . But notwithstanding this, the relation is broken off, and years elapse before David gains hold upon the Hebrews of north Israel, the weakness of the See also:

• UNION
• UNION (known locally as Union Hill and officially as Town of Union)

union being proved by the ease with which it was subsequently broken after See also:

• SOLOMON, ODES OF
• SOLOMON, PSALMS OF

Solomon's death .

Much of the life of Saul is obscure, and this too, it would seem, because tradition loved rather to speak of the founder of the ideal See also:

• MONARCHY (Fr. monarchic, from Lat. monarchia, Gr. uovapXia, rule of one, µbvos, alone, apXi7, rule)

monarchy than of his less successful rival . (See SAUL.) It is not impossible that some traditions did not bring them together If Jerusalem and its immediate neighbourhood were first conquered by David (2 Sam. v.), it is probable that Beeroth and Gibeon (2 Sam. iv . 2, xxi . 2), Shaalbim, Har-heres and Aijalon (Judg. i . 35), See also:

• GEZER

Gezer (ib. i . 29), Chephirah and Kirjath-jearim (Josh. ix . 17) had remained Canaanite . The evidence has obviously some bearing upon the history of Saul, as also upon the intercourse between Judah and See also:

• BENJAMIN
• BENJAMIN, JUDAHPHILIP (1811-1884)

Benjamin which David's early history implies . It has been conjectured, therefore, that David's original See also:

• HOME
• HOME, DANIEL DUNGLAS (1833-1886)
• HOME, EARLS OF

home lay in the south . Since the early historical narrative (i Sam. xxv . 2) finds him in Maon, Winckler has suggested that he was a Calebite chief, while a See also:

• CRITICISM
• CRITICISM (from the Gr. KpiTrlS, a judge, Kpivew, to decide, to give an authoritative opinion)

criticism of the details See also:

• RELATING

relating to David's family has induced Marquart2 to conjecture that he was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born at See also:

• ARAD

Arad (Tell `Arad) See also:

• BETHEL (Heb. " House of God ")

Bethel (ver . 27) is probably the Bethuel near Ziklag (1 Chron. iv .

30) . David's friendly relations with the Philistines find a parallel in See also:

• ISAAC (Hebrew for " he laughs," on explanatory references to the name, see ABRAHAM)

Isaac's covenant with See also:

• ABIMELECH (Hebrew for "father of [or is] the king ")

Abimelech (q.v.) . In Ps. xxxiv. the latter name actually appears in place of Aclilsh . 2 Fundamente israel. u . Gesch . (1896), pp . 23 sqq.; see also Winckler, Gesch . Isr. i . 24; Keilinschr. u. d . Alte Test.('), p . 228 sqq.about 17 M . S.E. of Hebron .

Once indeed we find him in the See also:

• WILDERNESS

wilderness of Paran I (Sam. xxv. i, LXX reads Maon), and a more southerly origin has been thought of (Winckler) . This is involved with other views of the early history of the Israelites; see further below . David owed his success to his See also:

• TROOP (an adaptation of Fr. troupe, O. Fr. trope; cf. Ital. troppa, troppa; Med. Lat. truppus; the origin is doubtful; suggestions have been made that it represents a German conception of Latin turba, crowd, or is an adaptation of Norw. tarp, flock)

troop of freebooters (I Sam. xxii . 2), now an organized force, and absolutely attached to his See also:

• PERSON, OFFENCES AGAINST THE

person . The valour of these " mighty men" (gibborim) was topical . The names of the most honoured are See also:

• CAPTURE (from Lat. capere, to take; Fr. prise maritime; Ger. Wegnahme)

capture preserved, and we have some interesting accounts of sae n,. their exploits in the days of the giants (2 Sam. xxi., xxiii.) . We hear of two great battles with the " Philistines " in the valley of Rephaim, near Jerusalem, at a time when David's base was Adullam (v . 17-25) . In one conflict a giant thought to slay him, but he was saved by Abishai, the See also:

• BROTHER

brother of Joab, and the men took an See also:

• OATH (0. Eng. ddh)

oath that David should no more go to battle lest he " quench the light of Israel." On another occasion, Elhanan of Bethlehem slew the giant Goliath of Gath, and David's own brother Shimei (or Shammah) overthrew a See also:

• MONSTER (Lat. monstrum, from root of monere, to warn; i.e. something terrible or portentous)
• MONSTER, GEORG, COUNT ZU (1776-1844)

monster who could boast of twenty-four fingers and toes . In yet another incident the Philistines maintained a See also:

• GARRISON
• GARRISON, WILLIAM LLOYD (1805-1879)

garrison in Bethlehem, and David expressed a wish for a drink from its well . The wish was gratified at the See also:

• RISK

risk of the lives of three brave men, and he recognized the solemnity of the occasion by pouring out the See also:

• WATER

water as an offering unto Yahweh . From a later See also:

• SUMMARY

summary (viii .

I) it seems that the Philistines were at length vanquished, and the unknown Metheg-Ammah taken out of their hands.3 Not until the See also:

• DISTRICT

district was cleared could Jerusalem be taken, and the capture of the almost impregnable Jebusite fortress furnished a centre for future See also:

• ACTION

action . Here, in the midst of a region which had been held by aliens, he fortified the " city of David " and garrisoned it with his men . Meanwhile the See also:

• ARK (a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Arche, adapted from the Lat. area, chest, cf. arcere, to shut up, enclose)„ a chest, basket or box. The Hebrew word tebah, translated in the' A.V. by " ark," is used in the Old Testament (1)

ark of Yahweh, the only sanctuary of See also:

• NATIONAL

national significance, had remained in obscurity since its return from the Philistines in the early youth of Samuel . (See ARK.) David brought it up from Baalah of Judah with great pomp, and pitched a See also:

• TENT

tent for it in See also:

• ZION, or SION (Heb. iiag, perhaps from runs " to be dry," nqs " to set up," or is " to protect "; Arabic analogies favour the meaning " hump," " summit of a ridge," and so " citadel ")

Zion, amidst national rejoicings . The narrative (2 Sam. vi.) represents the act as that of a loyal and See also:

• GOD

God-fearing See also:

• HEART
• HEART, LUNG

heart which knew that the true principle of Israel's unity and strength lay in national adherence to Yahweh; but the event was far from having the significance which later times ascribed to it (1 Chron. xiii., xv. sqq.); even Solomon visited the sanctuary at Gibeon, and Absalom vowed his See also:

• VOW (Lat. votum, vow, promise: cf. VOTE)

vow unto Yahweh at Hebron . It was not unnatural that the king who had his See also:

• PALACE (Lat. Palatium, the name given by Augustus to his residence on the Palatine Hill)

palace built by Tyrian artists should have proposed to erect a permanent temple to Yahweh . Such, at least, was the thought of later writers, who have given effect to the belief in chap. viii . It was said that the prophet Nathan commanded the See also:

• EXECUTION (from Lat. ex-sequor, exsecutus, follow or carry out)

execution of this plan to be delayed for a See also:

• GENERATION (from Lat. generare, to beget, procreate; genus, stock, race)

generation; but David received at the same time a prophetic assurance that his house and kingdom should be established for ever before Yahweh . What remains to be said of his internal policy may be briefly detailed . In See also:

• CIVIL

civil matters the king looked heedfully to the execution of justice (viii . 15), and was always accessible to the people (xiv . 4) .

But he does not appear to have policyal policy . made any See also:

• CHANGE (derived through the Fr. from the Late Lat. cambium, cambiare, to barter; the ultimate derivation is probably from the root which appears in the Gr. «a urmu', to bend)

change in the old See also:

• LOCAL

local See also:

• ADMINISTRATION (Lat. administrare, to serve)

administration of justice, or to have appointed a central tribunal (xv . 2, where, however, Absalom's complaint that the king was inaccessible is merely factious) . A few great officers of state were appointed at the court of Jerusalem (viii . 16-18, xx . 23-26), which was not without a splendour hitherto unknown in Israel . Royal pensioners, of whom Jonathan's son Mephibosheth was one, were gathered See also:

• ROUND (O. Fr. rond, Lat. rotundus, the Fr. is the source also of Du. rond; Ger., Swed., Dan. and Nor. rond)

round a princely table . The See also:

• ART

art of music was not neglected (xix . 35) . A more dangerous piece of magnificence was the See also:

• HAREM

harem . Another innovation was the See also:

• CENSUS (from Lat. censere, to estimate or assess; connected by some with centum, i.e. a count by hundreds)

census; it was under-taken despite the protests of Joab, and was checked by the rebukes of the prophet Gad and the visitation of a pestilence (xxiv.) . Striking, too, is the conception of the national God who incites the king to do an act for which he was to be punished.° To us, the proposal to number the people seems See also:

• INNOCENT (INNOCENTIUS)
• INNOCENT (POPES)

innocent and 3 1 Chron. xviii. i reads " Gath and her dependent villages"; the original reading is a matter for conjecture .

Cf. the See also:

• IDEA (Gr. Ibia, connected with i&eiv, to see; cf. Lat. species from specere, to look at)

idea in I Kings xxii . 19-23; Ezek. xiv . 9; contrast I Chron. xxi . 1 . laudable, and the latest sources of the See also:

• PENTATEUCH

Pentateuch contain several such lists . This new See also:

• PROCEDURE (Fr. procedure, from Lat. procedere, to go for-ward)

procedure, we may imagine, was resented by the northern Hebrews as an encroachment upon their liberties . We learn that the destroying See also:

• ANGEL

angel was stayed at the threshing-See also:

• FLOOR (from O. Eng. flor, a word common to many Teutonic languages, cf. Dutch vloer, and Ger. Flur, a field, in the feminine, and a floor, masculine)

floor of Araunah the Jebusite,' and the spot thus sanctified was made a sanctuary, and commemorated by an See also:

• ALTAR (Lat. altare, from alias, high; some ancient etymological guesses are recorded by St Isidore of Seville in Etymologiae xv. 4)

altar . It was the very place upon which Solomon's temple was supposed to be founded . The census-taking may have been a preliminary to the great See also:

• WARS

wars, but the latter, on the other hand, are obviously presupposed by the extent of his kingdom . For his wars a larger force than his.early bodyguard was required, and the Chronicler gives an account of the way in which an army of nearly 300,000 was raised and held by David's thirty heroes (r Chron. xxvii.) . It is certain at all events that no small See also:

• BODY

body of soldiers would be needed, and this alone would imply that all Israel was by this time under his entire See also:

• CONTROL (Fr. contrdle, older form contre rolle, from Med. Lat. contra-rotulus, a counter roll or copy of a document used to check the original; there is no instance in English of the use of " control " in this, its literal, meaning)

control . Apart from the Ammonite war, our sources are confined to a See also:

• MERE
• MERE, ADALBERT (1838-1909)

mere summary (viii.), which includes even the Amalekites (viii .

12, cf . I Sam. xxx.) . After the defeat of the Philistines came the turn of Moab . It was under the care of the king of Moab that David placed his parents when he fled from Saul (I Sam. xxii . 3 sqq.), and what led to the war is unknown . The severity with which the See also:

• LAND

land was treated may pass for a See also:

• GENTLE (through the Fr. gentil, from Lat. gentilis, belonging to the same gens, or family)

gentle reprisal if the Moabites of that See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day were not more humane than their descendants in the days of King Mesha.2 A deadly conflict with the See also:

• AMMONITES

Ammonites was provoked by a See also:

• GROSS

gross insult to friendly ambassadors of Israel; 3 and this war, of which we have See also:

• PRETTY

pretty full details in 2 Sam. x . 1–xi . I, xii . 26-31, assumed unexpected dimensions when the Ammonites procured the aid of their Aramean neighbours . The defeat of Hadadezer brought about the submission of other lesser kings . The See also:

• GLORY (through the O. Fr. glorie, modern gloire, from Lat. gloria, cognate with Gr. KXebs, abets)

glory of this victory was increased by the See also:

• COMPLETE

complete subjugation of See also:

• EDOM

Edom in a war conducted by Joab with characteristic severity (2 Sam . viii .

13; r Kings xi . 15-17; Ps . Ix., See also:

• TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title) . The fall of Rabbah concludes David's war-like exploits; he carried off the jewelled See also:

• CROWN

crown of their god (Milcom), and subjected the people, not to See also:

• TORTURE (from Lat. torquere, to twist)

torture (1 Chron. xx . 3), but to severe See also:

• MENIAL

menial labour (xii . 26-31) . The Aramean states, Beth-rehob, Maacah, Tob, &c., lay partly to the north of Gilead and partly in the region which was the See also:

• SCENE (Fr. scene, Lat. scaena, Gr. oflvil, a tent or booth, a stage or scene)

scene of the fight with Jabin (Josh. xi . 1-9, Judg. iv.; see See also:

• DEBORAH (Heb. for " bee ")

DEBORAH) . Apparently it was here, too, that the Danites found a See also:

• SETTLEMENT
• SETTLEMENT, ACT OF

settlement (Judg. xviii . 28); the See also:

• MIGRATION

migration has perhaps been ante-dated . (See See also:

• DAN

DAN, tribe.) The account of David's wars is remarkable for the inclusion of the Syrians of See also:

• DAMASCUS

Damascus and beyond the See also:

• EUPHRATES (Babylon. Purattu, Heb. Perath, Arab. Frdt or Furst, Old Pers. Ufratu, Gr. Eb4 parrls)

Euphrates; some exaggeration has been suspected (cf . 2 Sam. viii .

5 with x . 16) . Some misunderstanding has been caused by the confusion of Edom (Ina) and See also:

• ARAM, EUGENE (17o4-17J9)

Aram Ora) in viii . 13 . A more moderate idea of David's See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power has been found in Ps . Ix . 6-12, or, preferably, in the description of the boundaries (2 Sam. xxiv . 5 sqq.) . To the east of the Jordan he held See also:

• RULE

rule from Aroer to Gad and Gilead; on its See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

west his power extended from See also:

• BEERSHEBA

Beersheba in the south to Dan and Ijon at the See also:

• FOOT

foot of See also:

• HERMON

Hermon . Moab, See also:

• AMMON
• AMMON, CHRISTOPH FRIEDRICH VON (1766—185o)

Ammon and Edom would appear to have been merely tributary, whilst in the north among his See also:

• ALLIES, THOMAS WILLIAM (1813-1903)

allies David could number the king of Hamath . To the north-west Israel bordered upon See also:

• TYRE (Phoen. and Hebr. =" rock," Assyr. S'urru, Egypt. Dara, Early Lat. Sarra)

Tyre, with whom its relations were friendly . The king of Tyre, who recognized David's newly won position (v. i1 seq.),. is called Hiram; possibly—unless the notice is an anticipation of 1 Kings v.—his father Abibaal is meant.' As the birth of Solomon is placed before the capture of Rabbah of Ammon (xii.), it would appear that David's wars were ended Interne/ within the first half of his reign at Jerusalem, and the troub/e& tributary nations thus do not seem to have attempted any revolt during his lifetime (see 1 Kings xi .

14 sqq . and 25) . It was_ only when the nation was no longer knit 1 This un-Hebraic name, which is not unlike aron, " ark," should possibly be corrected to See also:

• ADONIJAH (Heb. Adoniyyah or Adoniyyahu, " Yah is Lord ")

Adonijah (See also:

• CHEYNE, THOMAS KELLY (1841— )

Cheyne, Ency . Bib. s.v.) . 2 David destroyed two-thirds of the Moabites—presumably of their fighting men (2 Sam. viii . 2) ; Mesha destroys the inhabitants of the captured cities in See also:

• HONOUR (Lat. honos or lwnor, honoris; in English the word was spelled with or without the u indifferently until the 17th century, but during the 18th century it became fashion-able to spell the word " honor "; Johnson's and Webster's Dictionaries stereoty

honour of his god Chemosh . 3 It finds a parallel in the See also:

• FATE

fate of the heralds of See also:

• ORCHOMENUS (local form on coins and inscriptions, Erchomenos)

Orchomenus (Frazer, Pausan. v . 135) and in an Arabian story (See also:

• IBN

Ibn Athir, viii . 36o; See also:

• NOLDEKE
• NOLDEKE, THEODOR (1836— )

Noldeke in Budde, Hand-Commentar, ad loc.) ; cf. also Ewald, iii . 152 . On the questions raised see the commentaries upon 2 Sam. viii. and x. and the Ency . Biblica, s.vv .

" David," " Merom," " Zobah." The See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

main problem is whether the account of David's rule has been exaggerated, or whether the attempt has been made to throw back to the time of the first king of all Israel later See also:

• POLITICAL

political conditions.together by the fear of danger from without that the internal difficulties of the new kingdom became more See also:

• MANIFEST (Lat. manifestus, clear, open to view)

manifest . Such at least is the impression which the narratives convey.' So, after David had completed a See also:

• SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series of conquests which made See also:

• PALESTINE

Palestine the greatest of the petty states of the age, troubles arose with the Israelites, who in times past had sought for him to be king (iii . 17, v . 1-3), with his old subjects the men of Judah, and with the members of his own See also:

• HOUSEHOLD, ROYAL

household . The northern tribes, who appear to have submitted willingly to his rule, were not all of one mind . There were men of stronger build than the weak Ishbaal and the crippled son of Jonathan, the survivors of Saul's house, and it is only to be expected that David's first care must have been to See also:

• CEMENT (from Lat. caementum, rough pieces of stone, a shortened form of caedimentum, from caedere, to cut)

cement the union of the north and south . The choice of Jerusalem, See also:

• STANDING

standing on neutral ground, may be regarded as a stroke of genius, and there is nothing to show that the king exercised that rigour which was to be the cause of his See also:

• GRANDSON (Ger. Grandsee)

grandson's undoing . (See See also:

• REHOBOAM (Heb. re)zab`am, probably " the clan is en-'arged," see Ecclus. xlvii. 23, although on the analogy of Rehabiah and Bab. ra'bi-ilu, `Am may represent some god; Septuagint reads po(3oa,u)

REHOBOAM.) On the other hand, when Sheba, probably one of Saul's See also:

• CLAN (Gaelic clann, O. Ir. cland, connected with Lat. planta, shoot or scion, the ancient Gaelic or Goidelic substituting k for p)

clan, headed a rising and was promptly pursued by Joab to Abel-beth-maacah on the west of Dan, honour was satisfied by the death of the See also:

• REBEL, JOHANN PETER (176o-1826)

rebel, and no further steps were taken (xx.).s This policy of leniency towards Israel is characteristic of David, and may well have become a popular theme in the tales of succeeding generations . This same magnanimity towards the survivors of Saul's house has left its See also:

• MARK
• MARK, CARL (1858– )
• MARK, GOSPEL OF ST
• MARK, ST

mark upon many of the narratives, and See also:

• HELPS, SIR ARTHUR (1813-1875)

helps to a truer understanding of the stories of his early life . Thus it was quite in keeping with the romantic See also:

• ATTACHMENT

attachment between David and Saul's son Jonathan that when he became king of Israel he took Jonathan's son Meribbaal under his care (ix.).7 The deed was not merely generous, it was politic to have Saul's grandson under his eyes . The hope of restoring the lost kingdom had not died out (cf. xvi . 3) .

But from another source we gain quite a different idea of the relations . A disastrous See also:

• FAMINE (Lat. fames, hunger)

famine ravaged the land for three long years, and when Yahweh was consulted the reply came that there was " blood upon Saul and upon his house because he put the See also:

• GIBEONITES

Gibeonites to death." The unavenged blood was the cause of divine anger, and retribution must be made . This David recognized, and, summoning the injured clan, inquired what expiation could be made . Bloodshed could only be atoned by blood-See also:

• MONEY

money or by shedding the blood of the offender or of his family . The .Gibeonites demanded the latter, and five sons of Merab (the text by a See also:

• MISTAKE (i.e. take amiss)

mistake reads Michal) and two sons of Saul's concubine were sacrificed . The awful deed took place at the beginning of See also:

• HARVEST (A.S. hcerfest " autumn," O.H. Ger. herbist, possibly through an old Teutonic root representing Lat. car pere, " to pluck ")

harvest (See also:

• APRIL

April–May), and the bodies remained suspended until, with the See also:

• ADVENT (Lat. Adventus, sc. Redemptoris, " the coming of the Saviour ")

advent of the autumn rains, Yahweh was once more. reconciled to his land (xxi . 1-14) . The incident is a valuable picture of crude ideas of Yahweh, and, if nothing else were needed, it was sufficient to involve David in a feud with the Benjamites.$ Here, too, we learn of the tardy See also:

• BURIAL

burial of the bones of Saul and Jonathan which had remained in Jabesh-Gilead since the battle of Gilboa;—the history of David's dealings with the family of Saul has been obscured . That he took over his harem is only in accordance with the Eastern policy (cf. xii . 8) . The harem, an indispensable part of Eastern state, was respons-, ible for many fatal disorders, although it is clear from 2 Sam. xvi . 21 that the nation at large was not very sensitive Absalom's to the enormities which flow from this See also:

• SYSTEM

system .

David's revolt . deep fall in the matter of Bathsheba (xi.) was too great an iniquity to be passed over lightly, and the base murder of her ' Viz. the present position of 2 Sam. ix.–xx. after the See also:

• MISCELLANEOUS

miscellaneous collection ofPdetails in v.–viii . See, on the other hand, the view of 1 Kings v . 3, 4 . c The present position of this incident, immediately after Absalom's See also:

• REBELLION

rebellion was quelled, is almost inconceivable (Winckler, H . P . Smith, B . See also:

• LUTHER, MARTIN (1483-1546)

Luther, Ed . See also:

• MEYER, CHRISTIAN ERICH HERMANN VON (18or-1869)
• MEYER, HEINRICH AUGUST WILHELM (1800-1873)
• MEYER, JULIUS LOTHAR (183o-1895)
• MEYER, KONRAD FERDINAND (1825-1898)
• MEYER, VICTOR (1848-1897)
• MEYER, [MARIE] PAUL HYACINTHE (184o- )

Meyer) . See next page . 7 He was five years of age at the battle of Gilboa (iv . 4), and is now grown up and with a young See also:

• CHILD
• CHILD, FRANCIS JAMES (1825-1896)
• CHILD, L
• CHILD, LYDIA MARIA (1802-1880)
• CHILD, SIR FRANCIS (1642-1713)
• CHILD, SIR JOHN (d. 1690)
• CHILD, SIR JOSIAH (163o - 1699)

child (ix .

12) . But the narrative loses its point unless David's kindness " for Jonathan's See also:

• SAKE

sake " comes at an early date soon after he became king, and although the youth is found at Lo-debar (east of the Jordan) under the protection of IYlachir, the independent fragment in ii . 8 sqq. implies that the Israelites had recovered the position they had lost at the battle of Gilboa . 8 There is an unmistakable reference to the occurrence in the episode of Shimei, who hovers in the background of Absalom's revolt with a large body of men at his command (xvi . 7 sqq.) . Wars and conquests . See also:

• HUSBAND

husband Uriah the Hittite could not go unavenged . Bathsheba's See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence added a new See also:

• ELEMENT (Lat. elementum)

element of danger to the usual jealousies of the harem, and two of David's sons perished in vain attempts to claim the throne, which she appears to have viewed as the rightful See also:

• INHERITANCE

inheritance of her own child . This, at least, is certain in the revolt of Adonijah (see SOLOMON), and it was probably believed that the action of the impulsive Absalom arose from the suspicion that the birth of Solomon was the death-See also:

• BLOW, JOHN (1648-1708)

blow to his See also:

• SUCCESSION (Lat. successio, from succedere, to follow after)

succession . As a piece of See also:

• WRITING
• WRITING (the verbal noun of " to write," O. Eng. writan, to inscribe)

writing the vivid narratives are without an equal . David's sons were estranged from one another, and acquired all the vices of See also:

• ORIENTAL

Oriental princes . The severe impartiality of the sacred historian has concealed no feature in this dark picture,—the brutal See also:

• PASSION (post-classical Lat. passio, formed from pati, passus, to suffer, endure)

passion of Amnon, the shameless counsel of the wily Jonadab, the " black scowl " 1 that rested on the See also:

• FACE (from Lat. fades, derived either from facere, to make, or from a root fa-, meaning " appear "; cf. Gr. cbatvstv)

face of Absalom through two long years of meditated revenge, the panic of the court when the blow was struck and Amnon was assassinated in the midst of his brethren .

Not until five years had elapsed was Absalom fully reconciled with his father . Then he meditated revolt . As See also:

• HEIR (Lat. heres, from a root meaning to grasp, seen in heres or erus, master of a house, Gr. xeip, hand, Sans. hat ana, hand)

heir-apparent he collected a bodyguard, and studiously courting personal popularity by a pretended interest in the administration of kingly justice, ingratiated himself with the See also:

• MASS (O.E. maesse; Fr. messe; Ger. Messe; Ital. messa; from eccl. Lat. missa)
• MASS, IN

mass . Four years later (so read in xv . 7) he ventured to raise the See also:

• STANDARD
• STANDARD, BATTLE OF THE

standard of revolt in Hebron, with the malcontent Judaeans as his first supporters, and the crafty See also:

• AHITHOPHEL (Heb. for " brother of foolishness, " i.e. foolish!)

Ahithophel as his chief adviser . Arrangements had been made for the simultaneous See also:

• PROCLAMATION (Lat. proclamare, to make public by announcement)

proclamation of Absalom in all parts of the land . The surprise was complete, and David was compelled to evacuate Jerusalem, where he might have been crushed before he had time to rally his faithful subjects . He was warmly received by the Gileadites, and the first battle destroyed the party of Absalom, who was himself captured and slain by Joab . Then all the people repented except the men of Judah, who were not to be conciliated without a virtual See also:

• ADMISSION

admission of See also:

• PREROGATIVE

prerogative of kinship to the king . This concession involved important consequences . The See also:

• PRECEDENCE (from Lat. praecedere, to go before, precede)

precedence claimed by Judah was challenged by the northern tribes even on the day of David's victorious return to his capital, and a rupture ensued, headed by Sheba, which but for the See also:

• ENERGY (from the Gr. ivipyela; iv, in, ipyov, work)

energy of Joab might have led to a second and more dangerous rebellion . Several indications suggest that the revolt was one in which the men of Judah originally took the leading if not the only part .

The unruly clans which David knew how to control when he was at Ziklag or Hebron were doubtless ready to support the rebellious son . The removal of the court to Jerusalem provided a suitable opportunity, and an element of jealousy even may not have been wanting . If Geshur be the district in Josh. xiii . 2, I Sam. xxvii . 8, it is significant that the scene of Absalom's exile lay to the south, that Ahithophel was a south Judaean, and that Amasa probably belonged to the Jeztee12 with which David was connected through his wife Ahinoam . The eleven years which elapsed between the murder of Amnon and the revolt would seem to disprove any connexion between the two; the chronology may See also:

• REST (O. Eng. rest, reste, bed, cognate with other Teutonic forms, e.g. Ger. Rast, Riiste, rest, and probably Gothic Rasta, league, i.e. resting or stopping place)

rest upon the tradition that Solomon was twelve years old when he came to the throne . David's hurried flight, attended only by his bodyguard, indicates that his position was not a very strong one, and it is difficult to connect this with the fact that he had already waged the wars mentioned in 2 Sam. viii. and x . If his reason for taking refuge in lshbaal's capital Mahanaim is not obvious, it is even more remarkable that he should have been received ,kindly by the Ammonites whom he had previously decimated . On the theory that the revolt of Absalom chronologically should precede the great wars, a slight correction of the already corrupt text in xvii . 27 makes Nahash himself David's ally, and accounts for David's eagerness to repay to Hanun, the son of Nahash, the kindness which he had received from the father (x . 2) . That the revolt of Sheba is in an impossible position is obvious .

Tradition has probably confused Benjamite risings with Absalom's misguided enterprise; the parts played by Shimei and Meribbaal, at all events, are extremely suggestive . See ABSALOM, AHITHOPHEL . The Appendix ascribes to David a See also:

• SONG

song of See also:

• TRIUMPH (triumphus)

triumph and some exceedingly obscure " last words " (xxii.–xxiii . 7) which cannot be used as historical material . The history of his life David's is immediately continued in 1 Kings i., where his old See also:

• FIFE
• FIFE (Fr. fifre; Med. Ger. Schweizerpfeiff, Feldpfeiff; Ital. ottavino)

fife-See also:

• WORK

work . age and weakness are for the first time vividly empha- sized . The events of the remaining years after 2 Sam. xx. are left untold, but the Chronicler omits the revolt of Absalom and 4 If Ewald's brilliant See also:

• INTERPRETATION (from Lat. interpretari, to expound, explain, inter pres, an agent, go-between, interpreter; inter, between, and the root pret-, possibly connected with that seen either in Greek 4 p4'ew, to speak, or irpa-rrecv, to do)

interpretation of an obscure word in 2 Sam. xiii . 32 be correct . 2 " Israelite " (2 Sam. xvii . 25) is a very unnecessary designation; I Chron. ii . 17 would make him an Ishmaelite.represents the king as busily occupied with schemes concerning the future temple . The last spark of his old energy was called forth to secure the succession of Solomon against the ambition of Adonijah .

It is noteworthy that, as in the case of Absalom, the pretender, though supported by Joab and Abiathar, found his chief stay among the men of Judah (I Kings i . 9) . (See SOLOMON.) To estimate the work of David it is necessary to take into account the situation before and after his period . According to the prevailing traditions, Saul at his death had left North Israel disunited and humiliated . From this See also:

• CONDITION (Lat. condicio, from condicere, to agree upon, arrange; not connected with conditio, from condere, conditum, to put together)

condition David raised the land to the highest state of prosperity and glory, and by his conquests made the united kingdom the most powerful state of the age . To do this other qualities than mere military capacity were required . David was not only a great captain, he was a national hero in whom all the noblest elements of the Hebrew genius were combined . His See also:

• TALENT (Lat. talentum, adaptation of Gr. TaXavrov, balance, ! Recollections of a First Visit to the Alps (1841); Vacation Rambles weight, from root raX-, to lift, as in rXi vac, to bear, 1-aXas, and Thoughts, comprising recollections of three Continental

talent enabled him to weld together the mixed southern clans which became incorporated under Judah, and to build up a monarchy which represented the highest conception of national life possible under the circumstances . The structure, it is true, was not permanent . Under his successor it began to decay, and in the next generation it See also:

• FELL
• FELL, JOHN (1625-1686)

fell asunder and lived only in the See also:

• HEARTS

hearts of the people as the proudest memory of past history and the prophetic ideal of future glory . 3 See also:

• OPINION (Lat. opinio, from opinari, to think)

Opinion will differ, however, as to the extent to which later ideals have influenced the narratives upon which the student of Hebrew history and religion is dependent, and how far the reigns of David and Solomon altered the face of Hebrew history . The See also:

• FOUNDATION (Lat. fundatio, from fundare, to found)

foundation of the united monarchy was the greatest advance in the whole course of the history of the Israelites, and around it have been collected the hopes and fears which a varied experience of monarchical See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government aroused .

Many of the narratives furnish a vivid picture of the life of David with a minuteness of personal detail which has suggested to some that their author was intimately acquainted with the events, and, if not a contemporary, belonged to the succeeding generation, while to others it has seemed more probable that these reflect rather " the plastic See also:

• MOULD

mould of popular tradition." It cannot be doubted that the three types of David, represented by the books of Samuel, of Chronicles, and the superscriptions of the See also:

• PSALMS, BOOK
• PSALMS, BOOK OF, or PSALTER

Psalms, are irreconcilable, and that they represent successive developments of the original traditions . That the See also:

• OLDEST

oldest of these three does not contain earlier attempts to idealize him is unlikely . " Political circumstances naturally led to an ever-increasing appreciation of his person and his work as the unifier of Israel . In the eyes of posterity he became more and more completely the See also:

• MODEL (0. Fr. modelle, mod. modele; It. modello, pattern, mould; from Lat. modus, measure, standard)

model of an Israelitish king and the natural consequence was that he was idealized . The hope of the regeneration of his dynasty, and, at a later period, of its restoration to the throne—the Messianic expectation—must have worked powerfully in the same direction . And meanwhile the religious convictions of the highest minds in Israel were undergoing a marked change . The conceptions of Yahweh and of the religion which was acceptable to him were constantly being elevated and purified . This could not but have an influence on the current ideas concerning David . He, too, must be remodelled as the conceptions of God were changed." 4 But what is lost as regards historical material is a distinct gain to the study of the development of Hebrew thought and See also:

• PHILOSOPHY (Gr. gthos, fond of, and vo4 (a, wisdom)

philosophy of history . David's character must be judged partly in the light of the times in which he lived and partly in connexion with the great truths which he represents, truths whose value is not impaired should they prove to be the convictions of later ages . Accordingly, David is not to be condemned for failing to subdue the sensuality which is the chief stain on his character, but should rather be judged by his habitual recognition of a generous standard of conduct, by the undoubted purity and lofty justice of an administration which was never stained by selfish considerations or motives of personal rancour,' and finally by the See also:

• CALM

calm 3 See HEBREW RELIGION, See also:

• MESSIAH (Dan. x. 25, 26)

MESSIAH, PROPHET . 4 See also:

• KUENEN, ABRAHAM (1828-1891)

Kuenen, " The Critical Method," See also:

• MODERN

Modern See also:

• REVIEW (Fr. revue, from revoir, to see again, Lat. re and videre)

Review, 188o, p .

701 (Gesammelte Abhandlungen, Germ. ed. by Budde, p . 33) . 6 His charges to Solomon in I Kings ii . 5-9 do not arise necessarily from motives of revenge; a young and untried See also:

• SOVEREIGN

sovereign could not courage which enabled him to hold an even and noble course in the face of dangers and treachery . His great See also:

• SIN
• SIN (O. Eng. syn: a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch zonde, Ger. Siinde)

sin in the matter of Uriah would have been forgotten but for his repentance: the things at which modern ideas are most offended are not always those that would have given umbrage to early writers . That he did not reform at a stroke all ancient abuses appears particularly in relation to the practice of blood revenge; to put an end to this deep-rooted See also:

• CUSTOM (from O. Fr. costume, costume or coustume; Low Lat. costuma, a shortened form of consuetudo)

custom would have been an impossibility . But it is clear from 2 Sam. iii . 28 sqq., xiv . 1-1o, that his sympathies were against the barbarous usage . Nor is it just to accuse him of See also:

• CRUELTY (through the O. Fr. crualte, mod. cruaute, from the Lat. crudelitas)

cruelty in his treatment of enemies . As it was impossible to establish a military See also:

• CORDON (a French derivative of corde, cord)

cordon along the See also:

• BORDERS, THE

borders of See also:

• CANAAN, CANAANITES

Canaan, it was necessary absolutely to cripple the adjoining tribes . From the lust of See also:

• CONQUEST

conquest for its own sake David appears to have been wholly free .

The generous See also:

• ELEVATION

elevation of David's character is seen most clearly in those parts of his life where an inferior nature would have been most at See also:

• FAULT (Mid. Eng. faute, through the French, from the popular Latin use of fallere, to fail; the originallof the Latin being replaced in English in the 15th century)

fault, in his conduct towards Saul, in the blameless reputation of himself and his band of outlaws in the wilderness of Judah, in his repentance under the rebuke of Nathan and in his noble bearing on the revolt of Absalom . His touching love for his worthless son is one of the most beautiful descriptions of paternal See also:

• AFFECTION (Lat. ad, and facere, to do something to, sc. a person)

affection . His unfailing insight into character, and his power of winning men's hearts and touching their better impulses, appear in innumerable traits (e.g . 2 Sam. xiv . 18-2o, iii . 31-37, xxiii . 15-17), and here, as elsewhere, the See also:

• CHARM (through the Fr. from the Lat. carmen, a song)

charm which the life of David has upon its readers is entirely unaffected by technical questions of literary and historical criticism . To the later generations David was pre-eminently the Psalmist and the founder of the Temple service . The Hebrew titles ascribe to him seventy-three psalms; the Septuagint adds Growth of tradition . ~ some fifteen more; and later opinion, both Jewish and See also:

• CHRISTIAN
• CHRISTIAN, WILLIAM (1608-1663)

Christian, claimed for him the authorship of the whole Psalter (so the See also:

• TALMUD

Talmud, See also:

• AUGUSTINE, SAINT (354-430)
• AUGUSTINE, SAINT (d. c.613)

Augustine and others) . That the tradition of the titles requires careful sifting is 1fo longer doubted, and the results of See also:

• RECENT

recent criticism have been to confirm the view that " it is no longer possible to treat the psalms as a record of David's spiritual life through all the steps of his chequered career " (W . R .

Smith, Old Test. in See also:

• JEW, THE WANDERING

Jew . Church 2, p . 224) . Nor can it be maintained that the elaborate See also:

• RITUAL (from Lat. ritus, a custom, especially a religious rite or custom)

ritual ascribed to David - by the chronicler has any historical value . See further CHRONICLES, PSALMS . On the other hand, these traditions, however unhistorical in their present See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form, cannot be pure imagination . The male and See also:

• FEMALE

female singers (if the reading be correct) whom See also:

• SENNACHERIB (Ass. Sin-akhi-erba, " the Moon-god has increased the brethren ")

Sennacherib carried off from Jerusalem in See also:

• HEZEKIAH (Heb. for " [my] strength is [of] Yah ")

Hezekiah's time, may well have belonged to an old foundation (A, Jeremias, Alte Test. See also:

• IM(K2+a2+h2—2 ah cos 0)

im Lichte d . See also:

• ALLEN, BOG OF
• ALLEN, ETHAN (1739–1789)
• ALLEN, GRANT CHARLES GRANT BLAIRFINDIEI, (1848–1899)
• ALLEN, JAMES LANE (1850– )
• ALLEN, JOHN (1476–1534)
• ALLEN, or ALLEYN, THOMAS (1542-1632)
• ALLEN, WILLIAM (1532-1594)
• ALLEN, WILLIAM FRANCIS (183o-1889)

Allen Orients 2, p . 527), and though David's skill referred to in See also:

• AMOS
• AMOS, SHELDON (1835–1886)

Amos vi . 5 may be due to a See also:

• GLOSS, GLOSSARY

gloss, it is a Judaean narrative which tells of the invention of music, ascribing it possibly to a Judaean legendary hero (Gen. iv . 21) . And although the Levitical organization, as ascribed to David, is manifestly post-exilic, it is at least certain that many of the Levitical families were of southern origin .

It is in David's history that the clans of the south first attained prominence, and some of them are known to have been staunch upholders of a purer See also:

• WORSHIP (i.e. " worth-ship," O. Eng. weor8scipe)

worship of Yahweh, or to have been associated with the introduction of religious institutions among the Israelites . (See See also:

• LEVITES

LEVITES.) The difficulty of the historical problems increases when the narratives of David are more closely studied: (a) 2 Sam. iii . 18, xix . 9 show that according to one view David delivered Israel (not Judah) from the Philistines . This is in contradiction to ii . 8 sqq . (from another source), where Saul's son recovers Israelite territory, but is supported by ix., where Mephibosheth is found at Lo-debar . This historical view has probably left its trace upon the present traditions of Saul, whose defeat by-the " Philistines " (here found in the north and not as usual in the south) left Israel in much the same position as when he was anointed king (cf . I Sam. xxxi . 7 with xiii . 7) . Again (b) the See also:

• PRIMITIVE

primitive stories of conflicts with " Philistine " giants between Hebron and Jerusalem (2 Sam. v .

17 sqq., xxi . 15 sqq. and xxiii.) find their See also:

• ANALOGY (Gr. avaXo-yLa, proportion)

analogy in Caleb's overthrow of the sons of Anak (Judg. i. to; Josh. xv . 14), and in the allusion to the same prehistoric folk in the account of the spies (Num. xiii . 28) . From a number of points of evidence there appears to have been a See also:

• GROUP

group of traditions of a See also:

• MOVEMENT

movement from the south (probably Kadesh, Num. xiii . 26) associ- afford to continue the clemency which his father was strong enough to extend to dangerous enemies . Apart from this, it is possible that the words have been written to shift from Solomon's shoulders the blood-See also:

• SHED

shed incurred in establishing his throne .