DEAF  . 6 se: as c'b o C Q b,o ^ One or both partners 3078 300 6782 588 9.7 8.6 deaf . Both partners deaf 2377 22o 5072 429 9.2 8.4 One partner deaf, the 599 75 1532 151 12.5 9.8 other See also:

• HEARING (formed from the verb " to hear," O. Eng. hyran, heron, &c., a common Teutonic verb; cf. Ger. Koren, Dutch hooren, &c.; the O. Tent. form is seen in Goth. hausjan; the initial h makes any connexion with " ear," Lat. audire, or Gr. &Kobew very doub

hearing . One or both partners 1477 194 3401 413 13.1 I2•I congenitally deaf . One or both partners 2212 124 4701 199 5.6 4.2 adventitiously deaf Both partners See also:

• CON

con- 335 83 779 202 24.7 25.9 genitally deaf One partner congenit- 814 66 182o 119 8.1 6.5 ally deaf, the other adventitiously deaf Both partners adven- 845 30 1720 40 3'5 2'3 titiously deaf One partner congenit- 191 28 528 63 14.6 II.9 ally deaf, the other hearing . . One partner adven- 310 10 713 16 3.2 2.2 titiously deaf, the other hearing Both partners had 437 103 1060 222 23.5 20.9 deaf relatives One partner had deaf 541 36 See also:

• I2I0

I2I0 78 6.6 6.4 relatives, the other had not Neither partner had 471 II 1044 13 2'3 1.2 deaf relatives . Both partners con- 172 49 429 130 28.4 30.3 genitally deaf ; both had deaf relatives Both partners con- 49 8 105 21 16.3 20.0 genitally deaf ; one had deaf relatives, the other had not . Both partners congen- 14 I 24 1 7.1 4.1 itally deaf; neither had deaf relatives Both partners ad- 57 10 See also:

• I14

I14 II 17.5 9.6 ventitiously deaf ; both had deaf re- latives . Both partners adven- 167 7 357 10 4.1 2.8 titiously deaf; one ad deaf relatives, the other had not . Both partners ad- 284 2 550 2 o•7 0.3 ventitiously deaf ; neither had deaf relatives . . Partners consanguine- 31 14 100 30 45.1 (30.0 ous . One point deserves See also:

• SPECIAL

special See also:

• ATTENTION (from Lat. ad-tendo, await, expect; the condition of being " stretched " or " tense ")

attention in the above See also:

• LIST (O.E. lisle, a Teutonic word, cf. Dut. lust, Ger. Leiste, adapted in Ital. lista and Fr. lisle)
• LIST, FRIEDRICH (1789-1846)

list .

It is that where there are no deaf relatives (i.e. where there has not been a See also:

• HISTORY

history of deafness in the See also:

• FAMILY

family) only one See also:

• CHILD
• CHILD, FRANCIS JAMES (1825-1896)
• CHILD, L
• CHILD, LYDIA MARIA (1802-1880)
• CHILD, SIR FRANCIS (1642-1713)
• CHILD, SIR JOHN (d. 1690)
• CHILD, SIR JOSIAH (163o - 1699)

child out of twenty-four is deaf, even when the parents were both See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born deaf themselves . Where there were deaf relatives already in the family on both sides, and the parents were born deaf, the percentage of deaf See also:

• CHILDREN, LAW RELATING TO

children is seven and a See also:

• HALF

half times as See also:

• GREAT

great . This seems to show that there are causes of congenital deafness which are, comparatively speaking, unlikely to be transmitted to future generations, while other causes of congenital deafness are so liable to be perpetuated that one child in every three is deaf . We conjecture that one See also:

• ORIGINAL

original cause of con-genital deafness which reappears in a family is See also:

• CONSANGUINITY, or KINDRED

consanguinity-for instance, the intermarriage of first or second See also:

• COUSINS, SAMUEL (18o1-1887)

cousins (hearing See also:

• PEOPLE

people) in some previous See also:

• GENERATION (from Lat. generare, to beget, procreate; genus, stock, race)

generation . Out of the 2245 deaf persons who were born deaf, 269 had parents who were See also:

• BLOOD

blood relations, according to See also:

• FAY, ANDRAS (1786–1864)

Fay . And perhaps many more refrained from acknowledging the fact . Eleven had grandparents who were cousins . This theory calls for investigation, and while the See also:

• MARRIAGE

marriage of deaf people is not encouraged, it is See also:

• FAIR

fair to ask those who so strenuously oppose such unions whether they may not be spending their energies on trying to check an effect instead of a cause, and if that cause may not really be consanguinity,-See also:

• WITNESS
• WITNESS (from O. Eng. witan, to know)

witness the percentage of deaf people among See also:

• ROMAN

Roman Catholics, Protestants and See also:

• JEWS
• JEWS (Heb. Y8hudi, man of Judah; Gr. 'Iovbaiot; Lat. Judaei)

Jews before noticed . On the principle that prevention is better than cure it is the intermarriage of cousins and other relations which should be discouraged . The marriage of deaf people is inadvisable where there has been deafness in the family in former generations, but the same warning applies to all the other members of that family, for the hearing members are as likely to transmit the defect of which deafness is a symptom as the deaf members are . We are more concerned to discover the See also:

• PRIMARY

primary cause of the defect,and take steps to prevent the latter from occurring at all . Those who have no dissuasions for hearing people, who might perhaps cause the misery, and only give counsel to those among the transmitters of it who happen to be deaf, are acting in a manner which is hardly logical .

2 . See also:

• POST

Post-See also:

• NATAL

Natal.-We have collected and grouped the stated causes of deafness in those partners of the marriages in See also:

• AMERICA

America noticed by Fay . About a See also:

• HUNDRED

hundred and See also:

• THIRTY

thirty did not mention how they lost hearing . Any errors in this calculation must be less than 1% at most, and can make no material difference . In some cases two or more diseases are given as the cause of deafness . In such cases where one is a very See also:

• COMMON

common cause of deafness, and the other is unusual, the former is credited with being the See also:

• REASON (Lat. ratio, through French raison)

reason for the defect . Where both are common, we have divided the cases between them in a rough See also:

• PRO

pro- portion . 978 See also:

• SCARLET

Scarlet See also:

• FEVER (Lat. febris, connected with fervere, to burn)

fever 973; scarlatina 3; scarlet rash 2 . Spotted fever 26o; See also:

• MENINGITIS (from Gr. z veyE, a membrane)

meningitis 92; See also:

• SPINAL

spinal meningitis 76; 536 cerebro-spinal meningitis 70; spinal fever 28; spinal disease 8; congestion of spine 2 . . See also:

• BRAIN (A.S. braegen)

Brain fever 309; inflammation of brain 62; congestion of brain 404 30; disease in brain 3 . Typhoid 127; " fever " (unspecified) 1 1 7 ; typhus 17; inter- 300 mittent fever 14; bilious fever I I ; other fevers 14 Gatherings, inflammations, in See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head; ulcers, disease, sores, 276 risings, &c., all but 22 being explicitly stated to be in head or ears " Sickness " 167; " illness " 49; " disease " 8; no definite 236 See also:

• SPECIFICATION (from Med. Lat. specificatio, specificare, to enumerate or mention in detail)

specification 12 . See also:

• MEASLES, (Morbilli, Rubeola; the M. E. word is maseles, properly a diminutive of a word meaning " spot," O.H.G. m¢sa, cf. " mazer "; the equivalent is Ger. Masern; Fr. Rougeole)

Measles 191 Colds See also:

• LOT
• LOT (Lat. Oltis)

lot; colds in head, &c .

35; See also:

• CATARRH (from the Gr. Karappeiv, to flow down)

catarrh 19; catarrhal fevers 182 lo; chills, &c . 17 . . . Whooping cough 77; See also:

• DIPHTHERIA (from 8c4BEpa, a skin or membrane)

diphtheria 34; See also:

• LUNG

lung fever, and various 171 diseases of lungs and See also:

• THROAT (O. Eng. protu, prote or }Prota, possibly from preotan, to press, whence threat, or, with loss of initial s, connected with strut, to swell)

throat 6o . . Falls • 143 Fits and See also:

• CONVULSIONS

convulsions 58 ; spasms 18 ; teething 16 92 See also:

• SCROFULA (Lat. for " little sow "), or STJTMA

Scrofula 35; See also:

• MUMPS (syn. Cynanche parotidaea, parotitis; also, " The Branks ")

mumps 25; swellings on See also:

• NECK (O. Eng. hnecca; the word appears in many Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch ride, Ger. Nacken; in O. E. the common word was heals; cf. Ger. Hals)

neck 2 62 Many various and unusual causes 6o Smallpox 8; chickenpox 64 See also:

• CHOLERA (from the Gr. Xo)du, tile, and Map, to flow)

cholera, &c . 7; canker, &c . II; 45 See also:

• ERYSIPELAS

erysipelas 13 See also:

• PARALYSIS, or PALSY (from Gr. aapal,6a , to relax; Wycliffe has palesy, and another old form of the word is parlesy)

Paralysis, &c . 12; See also:

• NERVE (Lat. nervus, Gr. vevpov, a bowstring)

nerve diseases 12; fright 8; palsy 3 . 35 Hydrocephalus 14; See also:

• DROPSY (contracted from the old word hydropisy, derived from the Gr. 154w¢; i Swp, water, and appearance)

dropsy on brain or in head 17; dropsy 2 33 Various accidents, blows, kicks, &c . . 31 See also:

• QUININE

Quinine 22; other medicines 7 . 29 See also:

• TOTAL

Total 3804 We have counted a hundred and thirty of those who were returned as having lost hearing who were also stated to be the offspring of consanguineous marriages . Dr Kerr Love (Deaf Mutism, p .

150) gives the following list compiled from the registers of See also:

• BRITISH

British institutions: Scarlet fever . 331 See also:

• MISCELLANEOUS

Miscellaneous causes . 175 Teething, convulsions, &c . . . 171 Meningitis, brain fever, &c . . 166 Measles . . 138 Falls and accidents . . 122 Enteric and other fevers . 119 Disease, illness, &c . . ^ 37 Whooping cough ^ 33 Suppurative See also:

• EAR (common Teut.; O.E. are, Ger. Ohr, Du. oor, akin to Lat. auris, Gr. ovs)

ear diseases • 18 Syphilis 2 1312 Unknown causes . 98 The same writer quotes See also:

• HARTMANN, KARL ROBERT EDUARD VON (1842–1906)
• HARTMANN, MORITZ (1821–1872)

Hartmann's table, compiled in 1880 from See also:

• CONTINENTAL

continental See also:

• STATISTICS

statistics, as follows: Cerebral affections, inflammations, convulsions . 644 Cerebro-spinal meningitis • 295 Typhus .

. 260 Scarlatina • 205 Measles . • 84 Ear disease, proper . 77 Lesions of the head . 70 Other diseases . • 354 1989 There appears to be no cure for deafness that is other than partial; but with the advance of See also:

• SCIENCE (Lat. scientia, from scire; to learn, know)

science preventive treatment is expected to be efficacious in scarlet fever, measles, &c . See also:

• CONDITION (Lat. condicio, from condicere, to agree upon, arrange; not connected with conditio, from condere, conditum, to put together)

Condition of the Deaf . 1 . In Childhood.—It is difficult to impress people with two facts in connexion with teaching See also:

• LANGUAGE (adapted from the Fr. langage, from langue, tongue, Lat. lingua)

language to the See also:

• AVERAGE

average child who was born deaf, or lost hearing in See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early See also:

• INFANCY

infancy . One is the See also:

• NECESSITY (Lat. necessitas)

necessity of the undertaking, and the other is that this necessity is not due to See also:

• MENTAL

mental deficiency in the See also:

• PUPIL (Lat. pupillus, orphan, minor, dim. of pupus, boy, allied to puer, from root pm- or peu-, to beget, cf. "pupa," Lat. for " doll," the name given to the stage intervening between the larval and imaginal stages in certain insects)

pupil . To the born deaf-See also:

• MUTE (Lat. tnutus, dumb)

mute in an See also:

• ENGLISH

English-speaking See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country English is a See also:

• FOREIGN

foreign language . His inability to speak is due to his never having heard that See also:

• TONGUE (O. Eng. lunge)

tongue which his See also:

• MOTHER

mother uses . The same reason holds See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good for his entire See also:

• IGNORANCE (Lat. ignorantia, from ignorare, not to know); want of knowledge, a state of mind which in law has important consequences. A well-known legal maxim runs: ignorantia juris non excusat ("ignorance of the law does not excuse")

ignorance of that language .

The hearing child does not know a word of English when he is born, and never would learn it if taken away from where it is spoken . He learns English unconsciously by imitating what he hears . The deaf child never hears English, and so he never learns it till he goes to school . Here he has to start learning English—or whatever is the language of his native See also:

• LAND

land—in the same way as a hearing boy learns a foreign Ianguage . But another reason exists which renders his task'much more difficult than that of a normal English schoolboy learning, say, See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German . The latter has two channels of See also:

• INFORMATION (from Lat. informare, to give shape or form to, to represent, describe)

information, the See also:

• EYE
• EYE (O. Eng. edge, Ger. Auge; derived from an Indo-European root also seen in Lat. oc-ulus, the organ of vision (q.v.)

eye and the ear; the deaf boy has only one, the eye . The hearing boy learns German by what he hears of it in class as well as by See also:

• READING

reading it; the deaf boy can only learn by what he See also:

• SEES

sees . It is as if you tried to fill two cisterns of the same capacity with two inlets to one and only one inlet to the other; supposing the inlets to be the same See also:

• SIZE

size, the former will fill twice as fast . So it is in the See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case of the hearing boy as compared with his deaf See also:

• BROTHER

brother . The cerebral capacity and quality are the same, but in one case one of the avenues to the brain is closed, and consequently the development is less rapid . Moreover, the thoughts are precisely those which would be expected in people who See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form them only from what they see . We were often asked by our deaf playmates in our childhood such questions (in signs) as " What does the See also:

• CAT
• CAT, CIVET
• CAT, HOUSE

cat say?"-" The See also:

• DOG

dog talks, does he not ?

"—"Is the See also:

• RAINBOW

rainbow very hot on the roof of that See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house ? " They have often told us such things as that they used to think someone went to the end of the See also:

• EARTH
• EARTH (a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Erde, Dutch aarde, Swed. and Dan. jord; outside Teutonic it appears only in the Gr. 'pq'e, on the ground; it has been connected by some etymologists with the Aryan root ar-, to plough, which is seen in
• EARTH, FIGURE OF
• EARTH, FIGURE OF THE

earth and climbed up the See also:

• SKY (M. Eng. skie, cloud; O. Eng. skua, shade; connected with an Indo-European root sku, cover, whence " scum," Lat. obscurus, dark, &c.)

sky to See also:

• LIGHT

light the stars, and to pour down See also:

• RAIN (O.E. regn; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Regen, Swed. and Dan. regn; it has been connected with Lat. rigare, to wet, Gr. 13pixeav)

rain through a See also:

• SIEVE (O.E. sife, older sibi, cf. Dutch zeef, Ger. Sieb; from the subst. comes O.E. siftan, to sift)

sieve . But there is yet a third disadvantage for the already handi- capped deaf boy . He has no other language to build upon, while the other has his mother tongue with which to compare the foreign language he is learning . The latter already has a See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general See also:

• IDEA (Gr. Ibia, connected with i&eiv, to see; cf. Lat. species from specere, to look at)

idea of sentences and clauses, of tense and See also:

• MOOD

mood, of gender, number and case, of substantives, verbs and prepositions; and he knows that one language must form some sort of parallel to another . He is already prepared to find a subject, predicate and See also:

• OBJECT

object, in the See also:

• SENTENCE (Lat. sententia, a way of thinking, opinion, judgment; vote, sentire, to feel, think)

sentence of a foreign language, even when he knows not a word of any but his own mother tongue . If he is told that a certain word in German is an See also:

• ADJECTIVE (from the Lat. adjectives, added)

adjective, he understands what its See also:

• FUNCTION

function is, even when he has yet to learn the meaning of the word . All this goes for nothing in the case of the deaf pupil . The very elementary fact that certain words denote certain See also:

• OBJECTS

objects—that there is such a class of word as substantives—comes as a See also:

• REVELATION, BOOK OF

revelation to most deaf children.' They have to begin at seven laboriously and artificially to learn what an See also:

• ORDINARY (med. Lat. ordinarius, Fr. ordinaire)

ordinary baby has unconsciously and naturally discovered at the See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age of two . English, spoken, written, printed or See also:

• FINGER

finger-spelled, is no more natural, comprehensible or easy of acquirement to the deaf than is See also:

• CHINESE, JAPANESE AND

Chinese . The See also:

• MANUAL

manual See also:

• ALPHABET (see also WRITING)

alphabet is simply one way of expressing the See also:

• VERNACULAR (Lat. verna, dim. vernaculus, a slave horn in his master's house)

vernacular on the fingers; it is no more the deaf-mute's " natural " language than speech or See also:

• WRITING
• WRITING (the verbal noun of " to write," O. Eng. writan, to inscribe)

writing, and if he cannot See also:

• EXPRESS (through the French from the past participle of the Lat. exprimere, to press out, by transference used of representing objects in painting or sculpture, or of thoughts, &c. in words)

express himself by the latter modes of communicating, he cannot by spelling on the fingers . The last is simply a case of, vicaria linguae manus .

None of these are See also:

• LANGUAGES

languages in them-selves; whether you use See also:

• PEN (Lat. penna, a feather, pen)

pen or type, See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand or See also:

• VOICE (Fr. voix, from Lat. vox)

voice, you are but adopting one or other method of expressing one and the same tongue—English or whatever it may be, that of a people of a See also:

• STRANGE, SIR ROBERT (1721-1792)

strange speech and of a hard language, whose words they cannot understand." The deaf child's natural mode of communication —more natural to him than any verbal language is to hearing people—is the See also:

• WORLD

world-wide, natural language of signs . 2 . Natural Language of the Deaf.—We have just called signs a natural language . While a purist might properly object to this adjective being applied to all signs, yet it is not an unfair See also:

• TERM

term to' use as regards this method of conversing as a whole, even in the See also:

• UNITED

United States, where signs, being to a great extent the See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French signs invented by de 1'See also:

• EPEE

Epee, are more artificial than in See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England . The old See also:

• STORY, JOHN (c. 1510-1571)
• STORY, JOSEPH (1779-1845)
• STORY, ROBERT HERBERT (1835-1907)
• STORY, WILLIAM WETMORE (1819—1895)

story, by the way, of the pupil of de 1'Epee failing to write more than " hand, See also:

• BREAST (a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. the Ger. Brust, possibly connected with an O. Sax. brustian, to bud)

breast," as describing what an incredulous investigator did when he laid his hand on his breast, proves nothing . In all See also:

• PROBABILITY (Lat. probabilis, probable or credible)

probability he had no idea that he was expected to describe an See also:

• ACTION

action, and thought that he was being asked the names of certain parts of the See also:

• BODY

body . The hand was held out to him and he wrote "hand." Then the breast was indicated by placing the hand on it, and he wrote " breast." Moreover, the artificial See also:

• ELEMENT (Lat. elementum)

element is much less pronounced than is supposed by most of those who are loudest in their condemnation of signs, there being almost invariably an obvious connexion between the sign and idea . These critics are generally people whose acquaintance with the subject is rather limited, and the thermometer of whose zeal in waging See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war against gestures generally falls in pro-portion as the photometer of their knowledge about them shows an increasing light . We may go still further and point out that to object to any sign on the ground of artificiality per se, is to See also:

• STRAIN (through O. Fr. straindre, estraindre, mod. i treindre, from Lat. stringere, to draw tight, related to stress, stretch, string, &c.)

strain at the See also:

• GNAT (0. Eng. gnat)

gnat and to See also:

• SWALLOW (A. S. swalewe, Icel. svala, Du. zwaluw, Ger. Schwalbe)

swallow the See also:

• CAMEL (from the Arabic Djemal or the Heb. Gamal)

camel, for English itself is one of the most artificial languages in existence, and certainly is more open to such an objection than signs . If we apply the same test to English that is applied to signs by those who would See also:

• RULE

rule out any which they suppose cannot come under the head of natural gesture or See also:

• PANTOMIME

pantomime, what fraction of our so-called natural language should we have See also:

• LEFT

left ? For a spoken word to be " natural " in this sense it must be onomatopoetic, and what infinitesimal percentage of English words are such ? A foreigner, unacquainted with the language, could not glean the See also:

• DRIFT (from "drive ")

drift of a conversation in English, except perhaps a trifle from the See also:

• TONE, THEOBALD WOLFE (1763-1798)

tone of the voices and more from the natural signs used—the See also:

• SMILES, SAMUEL (1812-1904)

smiles and frowns, the expressions of the faces, the See also:

• PLAY

play of eyes, lips, hands and whole body .

The only words he could possibly understand without such See also:

• AIDS

aids are some such onomatopoetic words as the cries of animals—" See also:

• MEW

mew," " chirrup," &c., and a few more like "See also:

• BANG, HERMANN JOACHIM (1858– )

bang" or "swish." The reason why we insist emphatically upon the importance of teaching English in See also:

• SCHOOLS

schools for the deaf in English-speaking countries, is, firstly, because that is the language which the pupil will be called upon to use in his intercourse with his See also:

• FELLOW

fellow-men after he leaves school,. and secondly„ because, ,if his grasp of that tongue only be sufficient and his See also:

• INTEREST

interest in books be properly aroused, he can go on educating himself in after-See also:

• LIFE

life by means of reading . See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

Time tables are overcrowded with See also:

• KINDERGARTEN

kindergarten, See also:

• CLAY (from O. Eng. claeg, a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Klei)
• CLAY, CASSIUS MARCELLUS (1810-1903)
• CLAY, CHARLES (1801–1893)
• CLAY, FREDERIC (1838–1889)
• CLAY, HENRY (1777–1852)

clay modelling, See also:

• WOOD, ANTHONY A2 (1632-1695)
• WOOD, JOHN GEORGE (1827—1889)
• WOOD, MRS HENRY [ELLEN] (1814—1887)
• WOOD, SEARLES VALENTINE (1798—188o)

wood-See also:

• CARVING

carving, See also:

• CARPENTRY

carpentry, and other things which are excellent in themselves . But there is not time for everything, and these are not as important in the case of the deaf pupil as language . Putting aside the question of See also:

• RELIGION
• RELIGION, FOLKLORE, CUSTOM

religion and moral training, we consider the flooding of their minds with general knowledge, and the teaching of English to enable them to express their thoughts to their neighbours, to be of See also:

• PARAMOUNT (Anglo-Fr. paramont, up above, par el mont, up or on top of the mountain)

paramount importance, so paramount that all other branches of See also:

• EDUCATION

education in their turn See also:

• PALE (through Fr. pal, from Lat. palms, a stake, for paglus, from the stem pag- of pangere, to fix; " pole " is from the same original source)

pale into insignificance by comparison with these, while the question of methods of instruction should be subservient to these See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

main ends . Too many make speech in itself an end . This is a See also:

• MISTAKE (i.e. take amiss)

mistake . Speech is not in itself English; it is only one way of expressing that language . And we are little concerned to inquire by what means the deaf pupil expresses himself in English so See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long 1 2 3 4 . 5 6 7 8 9 " Observations.—People speak of ' manual signs.' Of course there are signs which are made with the hands only, as there are others which are labial, &c . But the sign language is comprehensive, and at times the whole See also:

• FRAME

frame is engaged in its use . A See also:

• LATE

late See also:

• AMERICAN

American teacher could and did sign ' a story to his pupils with his hands behind him . Facial expression plays an important See also:

• PART

part in the language .

Sympathetic gestures are individualistic and spontaneous, and are some-times unconsciously made . The See also:

• SPEAKER

speaker, feeling that words are inadequate, reinforces them with gesture . Arbitrary signs are, e.g., drumming with three separated fingers on the See also:

• CHIN

chin for See also:

• UNCLE

uncle.' Grammatical signs are those which are used for inflections, parts of speech, or letters as in the manual alphabet, and some numerical signs, though other numerals may be classed as natural; also signs for sounds, and even labial signs . Signs, whether natural or arbitrary, which gain See also:

• ACCEPTANCE (Lat. acceptare, frequentative form of accipere, to receive)

acceptance, especially if they are shortened, are ' conventional.' ' Mimic action ' refers, e.g., to the sign for sawing, the See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side of one hand being passed to and fro over the side or back of the other . ' Pantomime ' means, e.g., when the signer pretends to hang up his See also:

• HAT

hat and coat, See also:

• ROLL (O. Fr. rolle, roulle, mod. role, Lat. rotulus, dim. of rota, wheel)
• ROLL, ALFRED PHILIPPE (1846– )

roll up his sleeves, kneel on his See also:

• BOARD (O. Eng. bord)

board, See also:

• GUIDE (in Mid. Eng. gyde, from the Fr. guide; the earlier French form was guie, English " guy," the d was due to the Italian form guida; the ultimate origin is probably Teutonic, the word being connected with the base seen in O. Eng. witan, to know)

guide the saw with his thumb, saw through, wipe his forehead, &c." Illustrations of one See also:

• STYLE
• STYLE (from Gr. a-6'1ms, a column; a different word from that used in literature, see below)

style of numerical signs are given below . 10.20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 4 4 as he does so express himself, whether by speech or writing,or See also:

• UNITS, DIMENSIONS OF
• UNITS, PHYSICAL

Units are signified with the See also:

• PALM (Lat. palma, Gr. iraX6.jn )
• PALM, JOHANN PHILIPP (1768-1806)

palm turned inwards; tens with the finger-spelling--for if he can finger-spell he can write . It is not palm turned outwards; hundreds with the fingers downwards; the See also:

• MERE
• MERE, ADALBERT (1838-1909)

mere fact that he can make certain sounds or write certain thousands with the left hand to the right See also:

• SHOULDER (in O.E. sculder, cognate with Ger. Schulter, Dutch schouder, Swed. skuldra, &c; the root is unknown)

shoulder; millions with letters or form the alphabet on his hands that should signify . It the hand near the forehead . For 12, sign so outwards and 2 is the actual language that he uses, whatever be the means, inwards, and so on up to 19 . 21= 2 outwards, r inwards, and so and the thoughts that are enshrined in the language, that should on up to 3o . 146= i downwards, 4 outwards, 6 inwards . be our criterion when judging of his education .

207,837 = 2 downwards, 7 inwards (both at shoulder), 8 down- The importance of English is insisted upon because to See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place the wards, 3 outwards, 7 inwards . 599,126,345 = 5 downwards, deaf child in See also:

• TOUCH (derived through Fr. toucher from a common Teutonic and Indo-Germanic root, cf. " tug," " tuck," O. H. Ger. zucchen, to twitch or draw)

touch with his English-speaking fellow-men we must 9 outwards, 9 inwards (all near forehead); r downwards, 2 See also:

• TEACH [THATCH OR THACH], EDWARD (d. 1718)

teach him their language, and also because he can thereby edu- outwards, 6 inwards (all at shoulder); 3 downwards, 4 outwards, cate himself by means of books if, and when, he has a sufficient 5 inwards (in front of See also:

• CHEST (Gr. Kiarl, Lat. cista, O. Eng. cist, test, &c.)

chest) . command of that language . The reason is not because the Only the third, and a few of the second, subdivision of the vernacular is actually See also:

• SUPERIOR

superior to signs as a means of conversation. second See also:

• SECTION
• SECTION (Lat. sectio, cutting, secare, to cut)

section of the above classes of signs can be excluded when The sign language is quite equal to the vernacular as a means of ex- talking of signs as being the deaf-mute's natural language . In pression . The former is as much our mother tongue, if we may say fact we hesitate to See also:

• CALL (from Anglo-Saxon ceallian, a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch kallen, to talk or chatter)

call representative gesture—e.g. the horns and so, as the latter; we used one language as soon as the other, in action of milking for " cow," the smelling at something grasped our earliest infancy; and, after a lifelong experience of both, we in the hand for " See also:

• FLOWER (Lat. flos, floris; Fr. fleur)
• FLOWER, SIB

flower," &c.—conventional at all, except when affirm that signs are a more beautiful language than English, and shortened as the usual sign for " cat " is, for instance, from the provide possibilities of a See also:

• WEALTH

wealth of expression which English does sign for whiskers plus stroking the See also:

• FUR (connected with O. Fr. forre, a sheath or case; so " an outer covering ")

fur on back and tail plus the not possess, and which probably no other language possesses. action of a cat licking its paw and washing its See also:

• FACE (from Lat. fades, derived either from facere, to make, or from a root fa-, meaning " appear "; cf. Gr. cbatvstv)

face, to the sign for That others whose knowledge of signs is lifelong hold similar whiskers only . opinions is shown by the following See also:

• EXTRACT (from Lat. extrahere, to draw out)

extract from The Deaf and The deaf child expresses himself in the sign language of his their Possibilities, by Dr See also:

• GALLAUDET, THOMAS HOPKINS (1787–1851)

Gallaudet:— own See also:

• ACCORD (from Fr. accorder, to agree)

accord . The supposition that in manual or combined schools " Thinking that the question may arise in the minds of some, generally they "teach them signs" is incorrect, except that ' Does the sign language give the deaf, when used in public ad- perhaps occasionally a few pupils may be drilled and their signs dresses, all that speech affords to the hearing ? ' I will say that my polished for a dramatic rendering of a poem at a See also:

• PRIZE, or PRIZE OF WAR (Fr. prise, from prendre, to take)

prize distribu- experience and observation See also:

• LEAD
• LEAD (pronounced iced)

lead me to See also:

• ANSWER (derived from and, against, and the same root as swear)

answer with a decided affirm- tion or public See also:

• MEETING (from " to meet," to come together, assemble, 0. Eng. metals ; cf. Du. moeten, Swed. mota, Goth. gamotjan, &c., derivatives of the Teut. word for a meeting, seen in O. Eng. Wit, moot, an assembly of the people; cf. witanagemot)

meeting, which is no more "teaching them signs " ative . On occasions almost without number it has been my See also:

• PRIVILEGE

privilege to interpret, through signs to the deaf, addresses given in speech; than training hearing children to recite the same poem orally and I have addressed hundreds of assemblages of deaf persons in the polishing their rendering of it is teaching them English . If the See also:

• COLLEGE (Collegium)

college, in schools I have visited, and elsewhere, using signs for the deaf boy meets with some one who will use gesture to him, a original expression of thought ; I have seen many more lectures and new sign will be invented as occasion requires by one or other to public debates given originally in signs; I have seen conventions of deaf-mutes in which no word was spoken, and yet all the forms of express a new idea, and if it be a good one is tacitly adopted See also:

• PARLIAMENTARY

parliamentary proceedings were observed, and the most See also:

• EARNEST (probably a corruption of the obsolete arles or erles, adapted from Lat. equivalent arrha, due to a confusion with the adjective " earnest," serious, O. Eng. eornust, cognate with Ger. ernst)

earnest, and to express that idea, and so an entire language is built up . It even excited, discussions were carried on .

I have seen the ordinances follows that in different localities signs will differ to a great of religion administered, and the full service of the See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

Church rendered extent, but one who is accustomed to See also:

• SIGNING

signing can readily see the in signs; and all this with the assurance growing out of my See also:

• COMPLETE

complete understanding of the language—a knowledge which See also:

• DATES

dates from my connexion and understand what is meant even when the signs earliest childhood—that for all the purposes enumerated gestural are partly novel to him . We are sometimes asked if we can expression is in no respect inferior, and is in many respects superior, make a deaf child understand abstract ideas by this language. to oral, verbal utterance as a means of communicating ideas." Our answer is that we can, if a hearing child of no greater age The following is an See also:

• ANALYSIS (Gr. avci and Meta, to break up into parts)

analysis of the sign language given by Mr and intelligence can understand the same ideas in English . Signs See also:

• PAYNE, PETER (c. 138o-1455)

Payne of the See also:

• SWANSEA

Swansea Institution, together with his explanatory are particularly the best means of conveying religious truths to notes . " Analysis of the Sign Language. the deaf . If you wish to See also:

• APPEAL

appeal to him, to impress him, to reach I . Facial expression. his See also:

• HEART
• HEART, LUNG

heart and his sympathies (and, incidentally, to offer the best 1 . Sympathetic 1 Conventional possible substitute for See also:

• MUSIC

music), use his own eloquent language of II . Gesture 2 . Representative (= Natural signs) especially in signs . We have conversed by signs with deaf people from all 3 . Systematic (a) Arbitrary signs shortened form. parts of the British Isles, from See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France, See also:

• NORWAY
• NORWAY (Norge)

Norway and See also:

• SWEDEN
• SWEDEN [Sverige]
• SWEDEN, NORWAY AND

Sweden, (b) Grammatical signs IV . Pantomime. found that they are indeed a world-wide means of communication, even when we wandered on to most unusual and abstract subjects .

Deaf people in America converse with Red See also:

• INDIANS, NORTH AMERICAN

Indians with ease thereby, which shows how natural the generality of even de l'Ep~e signs are . The sign language is everybody's natural language, not only the deaf-mute's . See also:

• ADDISON, JOSEPH (1672-1719)

Addison (Deaf Mutism, p . 283) quotes See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John Bulwer as follows:—" What though you (the deaf and dumb) cannot express your minds in those verbal contrivances of See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man's invention : yet you want not speech who have your whole body for a tongue, having a language which is more natural and significant, which is common to you with us, to wit, gesture, the general and universal language of human nature." The same writer says further on (p . 297) : " The same See also:

• PROCESS

process of growth goes on alike with the signs of the deaf and dumb as with the spoken words of the hearing . See also:

• ARNOLD
• ARNOLD, BENEDICT (1741-1801)
• ARNOLD, GOTTFRIED (1666-1714)
• ARNOLD, MATTHEW (1822-1888)
• ARNOLD, SAMUEL (1740--18o2)
• ARNOLD, SIR EDWIN (1832-1904)
• ARNOLD, THOMAS (1745-1842)

Arnold, than whom no stronger See also:

• ADVOCATE (Lat. advocatus, from advocare, to summon, especially in law to call in the aid of a counsel or witness, and so generally to summon to one's assistance)

advocate of the oral methoa exists, recognizes this in his comment on this principle of the German school, for he writes: 'It is much to be regretted that teachers should indulge in unqualified assertions of the impossibility of deaf-mutes attaining to clear conceptions and abstract thinking by signs or mimic gestures . Facts are against them.' Again, See also:

• GRAHAM, SIR GERALD (1831–1899)
• GRAHAM, SIR JAMES ROBERT GEORGE
• GRAHAM, SYLVESTER (1794-1851)
• GRAHAM, THOMAS (1805-1869)

Graham See also:

• BELL
• BELL, ALEXANDER MELVILLE (1819—1905)
• BELL, ANDREW (1753—1832)
• BELL, GEORGE JOSEPH (1770-1843)
• BELL, HENRY (1767-1830)
• BELL, HENRY GLASSFORD (1803-1874)
• BELL, JACOB (1810-1859)
• BELL, JOHN (1691-178o)
• BELL, JOHN (1763-1820)
• BELL, JOHN (1797-1869)
• BELL, ROBERT (1800-1867)
• BELL, SIR CHARLES (1774—1842)

Bell, who is generally considered an opponent of the sign See also:

• SYSTEM

system, says: ' I think that if we have the mental condition of the child alone in view without reference to language, no language will reach the mind like the language of signs; it is the method of reaching the mind of the deaf child.' " The opinions of the deaf themselves, from all parts of the world," are practically unanimous on this question . In the words of Dr See also:

• SMITH
• SMITH, ADAM (1723–1790)
• SMITH, ALEXANDER (183o-1867)
• SMITH, ANDREW JACKSON (1815-1897)
• SMITH, CHARLES EMORY (1842–1908)
• SMITH, CHARLES FERGUSON (1807–1862)
• SMITH, CHARLOTTE (1749-1806)
• SMITH, COLVIN (1795—1875)
• SMITH, EDMUND KIRBY (1824-1893)
• SMITH, G
• SMITH, GEORGE (1789-1846)
• SMITH, GEORGE (184o-1876)
• SMITH, GEORGE ADAM (1856- )
• SMITH, GERRIT (1797–1874)
• SMITH, GOLDWIN (1823-191o)
• SMITH, HENRY BOYNTON (1815-1877)
• SMITH, HENRY JOHN STEPHEN (1826-1883)
• SMITH, HENRY PRESERVED (1847– )
• SMITH, JAMES (1775–1839)
• SMITH, JOHN (1579-1631)
• SMITH, JOHN RAPHAEL (1752–1812)
• SMITH, JOSEPH, JR
• SMITH, MORGAN LEWIS (1822–1874)
• SMITH, RICHARD BAIRD (1818-1861)
• SMITH, ROBERT (1689-1768)
• SMITH, SIR HENRY GEORGE WAKELYN
• SMITH, SIR THOMAS (1513-1577)
• SMITH, SIR WILLIAM (1813-1893)
• SMITH, SIR WILLIAM SIDNEY (1764-1840)
• SMITH, SYDNEY (1771-1845)
• SMITH, THOMAS SOUTHWOOD (1788-1861)
• SMITH, WILLIAM (1769-1839)
• SMITH, WILLIAM (c. 1730-1819)
• SMITH, WILLIAM (fl. 1596)
• SMITH, WILLIAM FARRAR (1824—1903)
• SMITH, WILLIAM HENRY (1808—1872)
• SMITH, WILLIAM HENRY (1825—1891)
• SMITH, WILLIAM ROBERTSON (1846-'894)

Smith, See also:

• PRESIDENT (Fr. president, from Lat. praesidens, post-Augustan Lat. for praeses, director, ruler, from praesidere, to sit in front of, preside)

president of the World's See also:

• CONGRESS (Lat. congressus, coming together, from congredi; cum, with, and gradus, step)

Congress of the Deaf held at St See also:

• LOUIS
• LOUIS (804–876)
• LOUIS (893–911)
• LOUIS, JOSEPH DOMINIQUE, BARON (1755-1837)
• LOUIS, or LEWIS (from the Frankish Chlodowich, Chlodwig, Latinized as Chlodowius, Lodhuwicus, Lodhuvicus, whence-in the Strassburg oath of 842-0. Fr. Lodhuwigs, then Chlovis, Loys and later Louis, whence Span. Luiz and—through the Angevin kings—Hungarian

Louis, See also:

• MISSOURI

Missouri, in 1904, under the auspices of the See also:

• NATIONAL

National Association of the Deaf, U.S.A., " the educated deaf have a right to be heard in these matters, and they must and shall be heard." A portion may be quoted of the resolutions passed at that congress of 570 of the best-informed deaf the world has ever seen, at least scores, if not hundreds, of them holding degrees, and being as well educated as the vast See also:

• MAJORITY (Fr. majorite; Med. Lat. majoritas; Lat. major, greater)

majority of teachers of the deaf in England: " Resolved, that the oral method, which withholds from the congenitally and quasi-congenitally deaf the use of the language of signs outside the school-See also:

• ROOM

room, robs the children of their birthright; that those champions of the oral method, who have been carrying on a warfare, both overt and covert, against the use of the language of signs by the adult deaf, are not See also:

• FRIENDS, SOCIETY
• FRIENDS, SOCIETY OF

friends of the deaf ; and that, in our See also:

• OPINION (Lat. opinio, from opinari, to think)

opinion, it is the See also:

• DUTY (from " due," that which is owing, O. Fr. deu, dil, past participle of devoir; Lat. debere, debitum; cf. " debt ")

duty of every teacher of the deaf, no See also:

• MATTER

matter what method he or she uses, to have a working command of the sign language." It is often urged as an objection to the use of signs that those who use them think in them, and that their English (or other vernacular language) suffers in consequence . There is, however, no more objection to thinking in signs than to thinking in any other language, and as to the second objection, facts are against such a statement . The best-educated deaf in the world, as a class, are in America, and the American deaf sign almost to a man . It is true that at first a beginner in school may, when at a loss how to express himself in words, render his thoughts in sign-English, if we may use the expression, just as a schoolboy will sometimes put Latin words in the English See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order . That is, the deaf pupil puts the word in the natural order of the signs, which is really the Iogical order, and is much nearer the Latin sequence of words than the English .

But, firstly, if he had always been forbidden to use signs he would not express himself in English any better in that particular instance; he would simply not See also:

• ATTEMPT (Lat. adtemptare, attentare, to try)

attempt to express himself at all,—so he loses nothing, at least; and secondly, it is perfectly easy to teach him in a very See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short time that each language has its own See also:

• IDIOM (Gr. t&%wµa, something peculiar and personal; lbws, one's own, personal)

idiom and that the thought is expressed in a different order in each . Of the deaf child's moral condition nothing more need be said than that it is at first exactly that of his hearing brother, and his development therein depends entirely upon whether he is trained to the same degree . The need of this is great . He is quite as capable of religious and moral instruction, and benefits as much by what he receives of it . Happiness is a noticeable feature of the See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character of the deaf when they are allowed to mix with each other . The See also:

• CHARGE
• CHARGE (through the Fr. from the Late Lat. carricare, to load in a carrus or wagon; cf. " cargo ")

charge of See also:

• BAD, BCD

bad See also:

• TEMPER (from Lat. temperare, to mingle or compound in due proportion, to qualify, rule, regulate, to be moderate, formed from tempos, time, fit or due season)

temper can usually be sustained only when the See also:

• FAULT (Mid. Eng. faute, through the French, from the popular Latin use of fallere, to fail; the originallof the Latin being replaced in English in the 15th century)

fault is on the side of those with whom they live . For instance, the latter often talk in the presence of the deaf See also:

• PERSON, OFFENCES AGAINST THE

person without saying a word to him, and if he then shows irritation, which is not often in any case, it is no more to be wondered at than if a hearing person resents whispering or other See also:

• SECRET (Lat. secretum, hidden, concealed)

secret communication in his presence . 3 . Social Status, &'c.—From -the 'got See also:

• CENSUS (from Lat. censere, to estimate or assess; connected by some with centum, i.e. a count by hundreds)

census " See also:

• SUMMARY

Summary Tables " we gather the following facts concerning the occupations of the deaf, aged ten and upwards, in England and See also:

• WALES (Cymru, Gwalia, Cambria)

Wales . About half of the total number, taking See also:

• MALES

males and See also:

• FEMALES

females together (13,450), are engaged in occupations—6665 . The See also:

• REST (O. Eng. rest, reste, bed, cognate with other Teutonic forms, e.g. Ger. Rast, Riiste, rest, and probably Gothic Rasta, league, i.e. resting or stopping place)

rest -6785—are retired or unoccupied . Of the former, the following table given below shows the See also:

• DISTRIBUTION (Lat. distribuere, to deal out)

distribution: In general or See also:

• LOCAL

local See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government See also:

• WORK

work (clerks, messengers, &c.) • 11 In professional occupations and subordinate services • 87 In domestic offices or services .

788 In commercial occupations . 12 In work connected with See also:

• CONVEYANCE

conveyance of men, goods or messages . • 144 In See also:

• AGRICULTURE
• AGRICULTURE (from Lat. ages, field, and colere, to cultivate)
• AGRICULTURE, BOARD OF

agriculture 568 In fishing . 3 In and about mines and quarries, &c . . . 151 In work connected with metals, See also:

• MACHINES

machines, implements, &c . 503 In work connected with See also:

• PRECIOUS (O. Fr. precios, mod. precieux, Lat. pretiosus, of high value or price, pretium)

precious metals, jewels, See also:

• GAMES, CLASSICAL

games, &c . 46 In See also:

• BUILDING

building and See also:

• WORKS

works of construction . . 485 In work connected with wood, See also:

• FURNITURE (from " furnish," Fr. fournir)

furniture, fittings and decorations . 470 In work connected with See also:

• BRICK (derived according to some etymologists from the Teutonic bricke, a disk or plate; but more authoritatively, through the French brique, originally a " broken piece," applied especially to bread, and so to clay, from the Teutonic brikan, to break)

brick, • ceme• nt, pottery and See also:

• GLASS
• GLASS (O.E. glees, cf. Ger. Glas, perhaps derived from an old Teutonic root gla-, a variant of glo-, having the general sense of shining, cf. " glare," " glow ")
• GLASS, STAINED

glass . 153 In work connected with chemicals, oil, See also:

• SOAP

soap, &c . 46 In work connected with skins, See also:

• HAIR (a word common to Teutonic languages)

hair and feathers 137 In work connected with See also:

• PAPER
• PAPER (Fr. papier, from Lat. papyrus)

paper, prints, books, &c .

238 In work connected with textile fabrics . ^ 407 In work connected with See also:

• DRESS (from the Fr. dresser, to set out, arrange, formed from Lat. directus, arranged, dirigere, to direct, arrange)

dress . 1829 In work connected with See also:

• FOOD
• FOOD (like the verb " to feed," from a Teutonic root, whence O. Eng. foda; cf. " fodder "; connected with Gr. lrareicOae, to feed)

food, See also:

• TOBACCO

tobacco, drink and lodging . In work connected with See also:

• GAS

gas, See also:

• WATER

water and electric See also:

• SUPPLY (through Fr. from Lat. supplere, to fill up)

supply, and sanitary service 22 Other general and undefined wo^ rkers and ^ dealers . . 371 Total 6665 Among those in professional occupations are a clergyman, five See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law clerks, ten schoolmasters, teachers, &c., thirty-seven painters, engravers and sculptors, and seven photographers . Of those not engaged in occupations, 235 have retired from business, and 245 are living on their own means . Probably a very large number of the See also:

• REMAINDER, REVERSION

remainder were out of work or engaged in See also:

• ODD (in middle English odde, from old Norwegian oddi, an angle of a triangle; the old Norwegian oddamann is used of the third man who gives a casting vote in a dispute)

odd jobs at the time of the census; it would certainly be incorrect to take the words " Without specified occupations or unoccupied " to mean that those classified as such were permanently unable to support themselves . The commonest occupations of men are bootmaking (555), tailoring (429), See also:

• FARM

farm-labouring (287), general labouring (257), carpentry (195), See also:

• CABINET

cabinet-making (142), See also:

• PAINTING

painting, decorating and See also:

• GLAZING

glazing (95), French-polishing (88), See also:

• HARNESS (from O. Fr. harneis or harnois; the ultimate origin is obscure; the Celtic origin which connects it with the Welsh haiarn, iron, has phonetic and other difficulties; the French is the origin of the Span. arnes, and Ger. Harnisch)

harness-making, &c . (8o) . The commonest occupations of See also:

• WOMEN

women are dressmaking (484), domestic service (367), See also:

• LAUNDRY

laundry and washing service (230), tailoring (170), shirtmaking, &c . (81), charing (79) . In See also:

• MUNICH (Ger. Munchen)

Munich there are about sixty deaf artists, especially painters and sculptors .

In See also:

• GERMANY
• GERMANY (Ger. Deutschland)

Germany and See also:

• AUSTRIA
• AUSTRIA, LOWER (Ger. Niederosterreich or Osterreich unter der Enns, " Austria below the river Enns ")
• AUSTRIA, UPPER (Ger. Oberosterreich or Osterreich ob der Enns, " Austria above the river Enns ")

Austria generally, deaf lithographers, xylographers and photographers are well employed, as are See also:

• BOOK

book-binders in See also:

• LEIPZIG

Leipzig in particular, and labourers in the provinces . In France there are several deaf writers, journalists, &c., two principals of schools, an architect, a See also:

• SCORE (O.E. scor, from sceran, to cut, notch, cf. " shear ")

score or so of painters, several of whom are ladies, nine sculptors, and a few engravers, photographers, See also:

• PROOF (in M. Eng. preove, proeve, preve, &°c., from O. Fr . prueve, proeve, &c., mod. preuve, Late. Lat. proba, probate, to prove, to test the goodness of anything, probus, good)

proof-readers, &c . See also:

• ITALY
• ITALY (Italia)

Italy<