See also:

• DEAN (Lat. decanus, derived from the Gr. 8eaa, ten)
• DEAN, FOREST OF

DEAN (See also:

• LAT

Lat. decanus, derived from the Gr. 8eaa, ten)  , the See also:

• STYLE
• STYLE (from Gr. a-6'1ms, a column; a different word from that used in literature, see below)

style of a certain functionary, primarily ecclesiastical . Whether the See also:

• TERM

term was first used among the See also:

• SECULAR (Lat. saecularis, of or belonging to an age or generation, saeculum)

secular See also:

• CLERGY (M.E. clergie, O. Fr. clergie, from Low Lat. form clericia [Skean, by assimilation with O. Fr. clergie, Fr. clerge,from Low Lat. clericatus)
• CLERGY, BENEFIT OF

clergy to signify the See also:

• PRIEST (Ger. Priester, Fr. pretre)

priest who had a See also:

• CHARGE
• CHARGE (through the Fr. from the Late Lat. carricare, to load in a carrus or wagon; cf. " cargo ")

charge of inspection and superintendence over two parishes, or among the See also:

• REGULAR

regular clergy to signify the See also:

• MONK (O.Eng. munuc; this with the Teutonic forms, e.g. Du. monnik, Ger. Witch, and the Romanic, e.g. Fr. moine, Ital. monacho and Span. monje, are from the Lat. monachus, adaptedfrom Gr. µovaXos, one living alone, a solitary; Own, alone)
• MONK (or MONCK), GEORGE
• MONK, JAMES HENRY (1784-1856)
• MONK, MARIA (c. 1817—1850)

monk who in a monastery had authority over ten other monks, appears doubtful . "Decurius" may be found in See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early writers used to signify the same thing as " decanus," which shows that the word and the See also:

• IDEA (Gr. Ibia, connected with i&eiv, to see; cf. Lat. species from specere, to look at)

idea signified by it were originally borrowed from the old See also:

• ROMAN

Roman military See also:

• SYSTEM

system . The earliest mention which occurs of an "archipresbyter " seems to be in the See also:

• FOURTH

fourth See also:

• EPISTLE

epistle of St See also:

• JEROME, JEROME KLAPKA (1859– )
• JEROME, ST (HIERONYMUS, in full EUSEBIUS SOPHRONIUS HIERONYMUS) (c. 340–420)

Jerome to Rusticus, in which he says that a See also:

• CATHEDRAL

cathedral See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

church should possess one See also:

• BISHOP (A.S. bisceop, from Lat. episcopus, Gr. irio-Korros, " overlooker " or " overseer ")
• BISHOP, ISABELLA (1832-1904)
• BISHOP, SIR HENRY ROWLEY (1786-1855)

bishop, one archipresbyter and one See also:

• ARCHDEACON (Lat. archidiaconus, Gr. &oxt3tauovor)

archdeacon . Liberatus also (Breviar. c. xiv.) speaks of the See also:

• OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")

office of archipresbyter in a manner which, as J . See also:

• BINGHAM, JOSEPH (1668-1723)

Bingham says, enables one to understand what the nature of his duties and position was . And he thinks that those are right who hold that the archipresbyters were the same as the deans of See also:

• ENGLISH

English cathedral churches . E . See also:

• STILLINGFLEET, EDWARD (1635—1699)

Stillingfleet (See also:

• IRENE

Irene. See also:

• PART

part ii. c . 7) says of the archipresbyters that " the memory of them is preserved still in cathedral churches, in the chapters there, where the See also:

• DEAN (Lat. decanus, derived from the Gr. 8eaa, ten)
• DEAN, FOREST OF

dean was nothing else but the archipresbyter; and both dean and prebendaries were to be assistant to the bishop in the regulating the church affairs belonging to the See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city, while the churches were contained therein." Bingham, however, following Liberatus, describes the office of the archipresbyter to have been next to that of the bishop, the See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head of the presbyteral See also:

• COLLEGE (Collegium)

college, and the functions to have consisted in administering all matters pertaining to the church in the See also:

• ABSENCE (Lat. absentia)

absence of the bishop . But this does not describe accurately the office of dean in an English cathedral church . The dean is indeed second to the bishop in See also:

• RANK (O.Fr. rant or rent, mod. rang, generally connected with the O.E. and O.H.G. bring, a ring)

rank and dignity, and he is the head of the presbyteral college or See also:

• CHAPTER (a shortened form of chapiter, a word still used in architecture for a capital; derived from O. Fr. chapitre, Lat. capitellum, diminutive of caput, head)

chapter; but his functions in no See also:

• WISE, HENRY ALEXANDER (1806-1876)
• WISE, ISAAC MAYER (1819-1900)

wise consist in administering any affairs in the absence of the bishop .

There may be some matters connected with the ordering of the See also:

• INTERNAL

internal arrangements of cathedral. churches, respecting which it may be considered a doubtful point whether the authority of the bishop or that of the dean is supreme . But the See also:

• CONSIDERATION (from Lat. considerare, to look at closely, examine, generally taken to be from con-, and the base seen in sidus, sideris, a star, the word being supposed to be originally an astrological or astronomical term)

consideration of any such question leads at once to the due theoretical distinction between the two . With regard to matters spiritual, properly and strictly so called, the bishop is supreme in the cathedral as far as —and no further, than—he is supreme in his See also:

• DIOCESE (formed on Fr. diocese, in place of the Eng. form diocess—current until the 19th century—from Lat. dioecesis, med. Lat. variant diocesis, from Gr. Swucio•tc, " house-keeping," " administration," &miceas, " to keep house," " to govern ")

diocese generally . With regard to matters material and temporal, as concerning the fabric of the cathedral, the arrangement and conduct of the services, and the management of the See also:

• PROPERTY

property of the chapter, &c., the dean (not excluding the due authority of the other members of the chapter, but speaking with reference to the bishop) is supreme . And the cases in which a doubt might arise are those in which the material arrangements of the fabric or of the services may be thought to involve doctrinal considerations . The Roman See also:

• CATHOLIC (Gr. KcaBoXuK6s, general, universal)

Catholic writers on the subject say that there are two sorts of deans in the church—the deans of cathedral churches, and the rural deans—as has continued to be the See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case in the English Church . And the See also:

• PROBABILITY (Lat. probabilis, probable or credible)

probability would seem to be that the former were the successors and representatives of the monastic decurions, the latter of the inspectors of " ten " parishes in the See also:

• PRIMITIVE

primitive secular church . It is thought by some. that the rural dean is the lineal successor of the chorepiscopus, who in the early church was the assistant of the bishop, discharging most, if not all, episcopal functions in the rural districts of the diocese . But upon the whole the probability is otherwise . W . Beveridge, W . See also:

• CAVE (Lat. cavea, from caves, hollow)
• CAVE, EDWARD (1691–1754)
• CAVE, WILLIAM (1637–1713)

Cave, Bingham and See also:

• BASNAGE, JACQUES (1653-1723)

Basnage all hold that the chorepiscopi were true bishops, though Romanist theologians for the most part have maintained that they were See also:

• SIMPLE

simple priests .

But if the chorepiscopus has any representative in the church of the See also:

• PRESENT

present See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day, it seems more likely that the archdeacon is such rather than the dean . The See also:

• ORDINARY (med. Lat. ordinarius, Fr. ordinaire)

ordinary use of the term dean, as regards secular bodies of persons, would See also:

• LEAD
• LEAD (pronounced iced)

lead to the belief that the See also:

• OLDEST

oldest member of a chapter had, as a See also:

• MATTER

matter of right, or at least of usage, become the dean thereof . But Bingham (See also:

• LIB

lib. ii. See also:

• CHAP

chap . 18) very conclusively shows that such was at no See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time the case; as is also further indicated by the See also:

• MAXIM, SIR HIRAM STEVENS (184o- )

maxim to the effect that the dean must be selected from the See also:

• BODY

body of the chapter—" Unus de gremio tantum potest eligi et promoveri ad decanatus dignitatem." The duties of the dean in a Roman Catholic cathedral are to preside over the chapter, to declare the decisions to which the chapter may have in its debates arrived by See also:

• PLURALITY (0. Fr. pluralitd, Late Lat. pluralitas, plural number)

plurality of voices, to exercise inspection over the See also:

• CHOIR (0. Fr. cuer from Lat. chorus; pronounced quire, and until the end of the 17th century so spelt, the spelling being altered to agree with the Fr. chceur)

choir, over the conduct of. the capitular body, and over the discipline and regulations of the church; and to celebrate divine service on occasion of the greater festivals of the church in the absence or inability of the bishop . With the exception of the last clause the same statement may be made as to the duties and functions of the deans of Church of See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England cathedral churches . Deans had also a See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place in the judicial system of the Lombard See also:

• KINGS, FIRST AND SECOND BOOKS OF

kings in the 8th, 9th and loth centuries . But the office indicated by that term, so used, seems to have been a very subordinate one; and the name was in all probability adopted with immediate reference to the etymological meaning of the word,—a See also:

• PERSON, OFFENCES AGAINST THE

person having authority over ten (in this case apparently) families . L . A . See also:

• MURATORI

Muratori, in his See also:

• ITALIAN

Italian Antiquities, speaks of the resemblance between the saltarii or sylvani and the decani, and shows that the former had authority in the rural districts, and the latter in towns, or at least in places where the See also:

• POPULATION (Lat. populus, people; populare, to populate)

population was sufficiently See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close for them to have authority over ten families . Nevertheless, a document cited by Muratori from the archives of the canons of See also:

• MODENA (ancient Mutina)

Modena, and dated in the See also:

• YEAR

year 813, recites the names of several " deaneries" (decania), and thus shows that the authority of the dean extended over a certain circumscription of territory . In the case of the " dean of the sacred college," the connexion between the application of the term and the See also:

• ETYMOLOGY (Gr. grvµos, true, and X6yos, "account)

etymology of it is not so evident as in the foregoing instances of its use; nor is it by any means clear how and when the idea of seniority was first attached to the word .

This office is held by the oldest See also:

• CARDINAL (Lat. cardinalis)

cardinal—i.e. he who has been longest in the enjoyment of the See also:

• PURPLE

purple, not he who is oldest in years,—who is usually, but not necessarily or always, the bishop of See also:

• OSTIA

Ostia and See also:

• VELLETRI (anc. Velitrae)

Velletri . Perhaps the use of the word " dean," as signifying simply the eldest member of any See also:

• CORPORATION (from Lat. corporare, to form into a body, corpus, corporis)

corporation or body of men, may have been first adopted from its application to that high dignitary . The dean of the sacred college is in the ecclesiastical See also:

• HIERARCHY (Gr. iepos, holy, and apxe.v, to rule)

hierarchy second to the See also:

• POPE (Gr. irarraas, post-classical Lat. papa, father)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1688–1744)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1763-1835)
• POPE, JANE (1742-1818)
• POPE, JOHN (1822-1892)
• POPE, SIR THOMAS (c. 1507-1559)

pope alone . His privileges and See also:

• SPECIAL

special functions are very many; a compendious See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account of the See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal of them may be found in the See also:

• WORK

work of G . See also:

• MORONI, C
• MORONI, GIAMBATTISTA (c. 1510-1578)

Moroni, vol. xix. p . 168 . There are four sorts of deans of whom the See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law of England takes See also:

• NOTICE

notice . (I) The dean and chapter are a See also:

• COUNCIL (Lat. concilium, from cum, together, and the root cal, to call)

council subordinate to the bishop, assistant to him in matters spiritual See also:

• RELATING

relating to See also:

• RELIGION
• RELIGION, FOLKLORE, CUSTOM

religion, In the colleges of the English See also:

• UNIVERSITIES

universities one of the See also:

• FELLOWS, SIR CHARLES (1799-1860)

fellows usually holds the office of " dean," and is specially charged with the discipline, as distinguished from the teaching functions of the tutors . In some universities the head of a See also:

• FACULTY (through the French, from the Lat. facultas, ability to do anything, from facilis, easy, facere, to do; another form of the word in Lat. facilitas, facility, ease, keeps the original meaning)

faculty is called " dean," and in each of these cases the word is used in a non-ecclesiastical and purely titular sense .