See also:

• DEBORAH (Heb. for " bee ")

DEBORAH (Heb. for " See also:

• BEE (Sanskrit blza, AS. ben, Lat. apis)

bee ")  , the Israelite heroine in the See also:

• BIBLE
• BIBLE, ENGLISH

Bible through whose encouragement the See also:

• HEBREWS, EPISTLE TO THE

Hebrews defeated the Canaanites under Sisera . The See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account is preserved in See also:

• JUDGES, THE BOOK OF

Judges iv.-v., and the See also:

• ODE (Gr. uiSri, from aei&ew, to sing)

ode of victory (See also:

• CHAP

chap. v.), known as the " See also:

• SONG

Song of See also:

• DEBORAH (Heb. for " bee ")

Deborah," is held to be one of the See also:

• OLDEST

oldest surviving specimens of See also:

• HEBREW

Hebrew literature . Although the See also:

• TEXT (Lat. textum, woven fabric, from texere, to weave)

text of this Te Deum has suffered (especially in vv . 8-15) its value is without an equal for its See also:

• HISTORICAL

historical contents . It is not certain that the poem was actually composed by Deborah (v . I); ver . 7,which can be rendered " until See also:

• THOU, JACQUES AUGUSTE DE [THUANUS] (1553-1617)
• THOU, NOM

thou didst arise, 0 Deborah," is indecisive . The poem consists of a See also:

• SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series of rapidly shifting scenes; the words are often obscure, but the See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general See also:

• DRIFT (from "drive ")

drift of the whole can be easily followed . After the exordium, the writer describes the approach of Yahweh from his seats in Seir and See also:

• EDOM

Edom in the See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south to the help of his See also:

• PEOPLE

people—the See also:

• LANGUAGE (adapted from the Fr. langage, from langue, tongue, Lat. lingua)

language is reminiscent of Ps. lxviii . 7 sqq., See also:

• HALE, EDWARD EVERETT (1822-1909)
• HALE, HORATIO (1817–1896)
• HALE, JOHN PARKER (1806–1873)
• HALE, NATHAN (1756-1776)
• HALE, SIR MATTHEW (1609-1676)
• HALE, WILLIAM GARDNER (1849- )

Hale. iii . 3 seq . 12 seq .

In the days of Shamgar the son of Anath the See also:

• LAND

land had been insecure, the people were disarmed, and neither See also:

• SHIELD (0. Eng. scild, cf. Du. and Ger. Schild, Dan. Skjold; the origin is doubtful, but may be referred to the root seen in " shell " or " scale "; another suggestion connects it with Icel. skjalla, to clash, rattle; it is not connected with the Indo-Ger
• SHIELD, WILLIAM (1748—1829)

shield nor See also:

• SPEAR (O. Eng. spere, O. H. Ger. sper, mod. Ger. speer, &c., cf. Lat. sparrs; probably related to " spar, " a beam)

spear was to be seen among their See also:

• FORTY

forty thousand (cf. r Sam. xiii . 19-22, and for the number Josh. iv . 13) . Then follows, apparently, a See also:

• SUMMONS (Fr. semonce, from semonner or semondre, Lat. summonere, summonitio)

summons to magnify Yahweh . After an See also:

• APOSTROPHE (Gr. aroarporbit, turning away; the final e being sounded)

apostrophe to Deborah and Barak, the son of Abinoam, the See also:

• MEETING (from " to meet," to come together, assemble, 0. Eng. metals ; cf. Du. moeten, Swed. mota, Goth. gamotjan, &c., derivatives of the Teut. word for a meeting, seen in O. Eng. Wit, moot, an assembly of the people; cf. witanagemot)

meeting of the clans is vividly portrayed . See also:

• EPHRAIM

Ephraim, with See also:

• BENJAMIN
• BENJAMIN, JUDAHPHILIP (1811-1884)

Benjamin behind him (for the wording, cf . Hos. v . 8), Machir (here the tribe of See also:

• MANASSEH (7th cent. B.C.)
• MANASSEH (apparently Hebrew for " he who causes to for-get," but see H. W. Hogg, Encyc. Bib., s.v.); in the Bible, a tribe of Israel, the elder but less important of the "sons" of Joseph. Its seat lay to the north of Ephraim, but its boundaries can scarce

Manasseh) and See also:

• ZEBULUN

Zebulun, See also:

• ISSACHAR (a Hebrew name meaning apparently " there is a hire," or " reward ")

Issachar and See also:

• NAPHTALI

Naphtali, pour down into the valley of the Kishon . Not all the tribes were represented . See also:

• REUBEN

Reuben was wavering, See also:

• GILEAD (i.e. " hard " or " rugged," a name sometimes used, both in earlier and in later writers, to denote the whole of the territory occupied by the Israelites eastward of Jordan, extending from the Arnon to the southern base of Hermon (Dent. xxxiv. 1; J

Gilead (i.e . See also:

• GAD

Gad) remained beyond the See also:

• JORDAN (the down-comer; Arab. esh-Sheri'a, the watering-place)
• JORDAN, CAMILLE (1771—1821)
• JORDAN, DOROTHEA (1762—1816)
• JORDAN, THOMAS (1612 ?–1685)
• JORDAN, WILHELM (1819–1904)

Jordan, and See also:

• DAN

Dan's interests were apparently with the See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

sea-going Phoenicians (see DAN); their conduct is contrasted with the reckless bravery of Zebulun and Naphtali . See also:

• JUDAH

Judah is nowhere mentioned; it See also:

• LAY

lay outside the See also:

• CONFEDERATION (Fr. confederation, Lat. confoederatio, from foedus, a league, foederare, to form a league)

confederation .

The Canaanite See also:

• KINGS, FIRST AND SECOND BOOKS OF

kings unite at Taanach by Megiddo, an See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient See also:

• BATTLE

battle-See also:

• FIELD (a word common to many West German languages, cf. Ger. Feld, Dutch veld, possibly cognate with O.E. f olde, the earth, and ultimately with root of the Gr. irAaror, broad)
• FIELD, CYRUS WEST (1819-1892)
• FIELD, DAVID DUDLEY (18o5-1894)
• FIELD, EUGENE (1850-1895)
• FIELD, FREDERICK (18o1—1885)
• FIELD, HENRY MARTYN (1822-1907)
• FIELD, JOHN (1782—1837)
• FIELD, MARSHALL (183 1906)
• FIELD, NATHAN (1587—1633)
• FIELD, STEPHEN JOHNSON (1816-1899)
• FIELD, WILLIAM VENTRIS FIELD, BARON (1813-1907)

field probably to be identifiediwith Lejjun . The heavens joined the fight against Sisera (cf. the See also:

• APPEAL

appeal in Josh. x . 12 seq.), a See also:

• STORM (in O. Eng..storm, and so in Du. and Low Ger.; in O. H. Ger. and mod. Ger. Sturm; the root is probably that seen in " stir," to rouse, move, disturb, cf. Ger. storen)
• STORM, THEODOR WOLDSEN (1817-1888)

storm rages, and the enemy are swept away in the See also:

• FLOOD (in O. Eng. flod, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Flut, Dutch vloed, from the same root as is seen in " flow," " float ")
• FLOOD, HENRY (1732-1791)

flood . Meroz, presumably on the See also:

• LINE

line of See also:

• FLIGHT

flight, is bitterly cursed for its inaction: " they came not to the help of Yahweh." In vivid contrast to this is the conduct of one of the See also:

• KENITES

Kenites: `.` blessed of all See also:

• WOMEN

women is See also:

• JOEL
• JOEL, MANUEL (1826–189o)

Joel, of all the See also:

• NOMAD (Gr. voµas, voµabes, wandering)

nomad women is she blessed." The poem recounts how the fleeing See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king craves See also:

• WATER

water, she gives him See also:

• MILK (0. Eng. meoluc; from a common Indo-European root, cf. Lat. mulgere, Gr. ?t dXyetv)

milk, and (as he drinks) she fells him (perhaps with a See also:

• TENT

tent-peg); " at her feet he sank down, he See also:

• FELL
• FELL, JOHN (1625-1686)

fell, he lay, where he sank he lay overcome." The last See also:

• SCENE (Fr. scene, Lat. scaena, Gr. oflvil, a tent or booth, a stage or scene)

scene paints the See also:

• MOTHER

mother of Sisera impatiently awaiting the king . Her attendants confidently picture him dividing the See also:

• BOOTY (apparently influenced by " boot," O. Eng. bot, ad-vantage or profit, through an adaptation from an earlier form cognate with Ger. Beute and Fr. butin)

booty—a See also:

• MAIDEN, or MAID

maiden or two for each See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man, and richly embroidered See also:

• CLOTH

cloth for himself . With inimitable strength the poet suddenly drops the See also:

• CURTAIN

curtain—" so perish thine enemies, all of them, Yahweh ! But let them that love him be as the See also:

• SUN
• SUN (0. Eng. sonne, Ger. sonne. Fr. soleil, Lat. sol, Gr. ijXior, from which comes helio- in various English compounds)

sun when it rises in its might." The historical background of this See also:

• GREAT

great event is unknown . The Israelite confederation consists of central See also:

• PALESTINE

Palestine with the (See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

east-Jordanic) Machir, and the See also:

• NORTHERN

northern tribes with the exception of Dan and See also:

• ASHER

Asher . This has suggested to some an invasion from the See also:

• COAST (from Lat. costa, a rib, side)

coast, or from the See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north by way of the coast, since had Dan and Asher fallen into the hands of the enemy, this would probably have been referred to in some way . Sisera is scarcely a Semitic name; a " Hittite" origin has been suggested.' Shamgar son of Anath seems equally See also:

• FOREIGN

foreign; the latter is the name of a Syrian goddess and the former recalls Sangara, a Hittite See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief of Carchemish in the 9th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century . The context suggests that ' The See also:

• TERM

term " Hittite" is here used as a loose but convenient designation for closely related See also:

• GROUPS
• GROUPS, THEORY

groups of N . See also:

• SYRIA

Syria; see See also:

• HITTITES

HITTITES .

Shamgar is a foreign oppressor (ver . 6), but he appears to have been converted subsequently into one of the " judges " of See also:

• ISRAEL (Hebrew for " God strives " or " rules "; see Gen. xxxii. 28; and the allusion in Hosea xii. 4)

Israel (iii . 31), perhaps with the See also:

• IDEA (Gr. Ibia, connected with i&eiv, to see; cf. Lat. species from specere, to look at)

idea of bringing their See also:

• TOTAL

total up to twelve . The See also:

• PROSE

prose version (iv.) contains new and conflicting details . Deborah, whose See also:

• HOME
• HOME, DANIEL DUNGLAS (1833-1886)
• HOME, EARLS OF

home is placed under " Deborah's See also:

• PALM (Lat. palma, Gr. iraX6.jn )
• PALM, JOHANN PHILIPP (1768-1806)

palm " between Ramah and See also:

• BETHEL (Heb. " House of God ")

Bethel, summons Barak from Kadesh-Naphtali to collect Naphtali and Zebulun, 1o,000 strong, and to .meet Sisera (who is here the general of a certain Jabin, king of Hazor) at Mt . See also:

• TABOR

Tabor . But Sisera See also:

• MARCHES, THE (It. Le Marche)

marches south to Kishou, and after his defeat flees north through Israelite territory; past Hazor to the neighbourhood of Kadesh . His See also:

• DEATH

death, moreover, is differently described (iv . 21, V . 25-27), and Jael " who with inhospitable guile smote Sisera sleeping" (See also:

• MILTON
• MILTON, JOHN (1608–1674)

Milton) is guilty of an See also:

• ACT (Lat. actus, actum)

act which has possibly originated from a misunderstanding of the poem . In the prose narrative Jabin has nothing to do with the fight, whereas in josh. xi. he is at the See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head of an See also:

• ALLIANCE

alliance of north Canaanite kings who were defeated by See also:

• JOSHUA, BOOK OF

Joshua at the See also:

• WATERS, TERRITORIAL

waters of Merom . It would seem that certain elements which are inconsistent with the See also:

• REPRESENTATION

representation in Judg. v. belonged originally to the other battle .

Kadesh, for example, might be a natural meeting-See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place for an attack upon Hazor, and the designation " Jabin's general," applied to Sisera, is probably due to the See also:

• ATTEMPT (Lat. adtemptare, attentare, to try)

attempt to harmonize the two distinct stories . Moreover, Deborah, who is associated with the tribe of Issachar (v . 15), appears to have been confused with Rebekah's See also:

• NURSE (a shortened form of the earlier " nourice," adapted through the French from Lat. nutrix, nu/rite, to nourish)

nurse, whose See also:

• TOMB (Gr. Tuµ/3a, Tuµ(3os, probably allied to Lat. tumulus, literally a swelling, tumere, to swell)

tomb lay near Bethel (Gen. See also:

• XXXV

xxxv . 5) . Some more northerly place seems to be required, and it has been pointed out that the name corresponds with Daberath (See also:

• MODERN

modern Daburiyeh) at the See also:

• FOOT

foot of Tabor, on the border of Zebulun and Issachar . At all events, to represent her as a prophetess, judging the people of Israel (iv . 4 seq.), See also:

• ILL

ill accords with both the older account (v.) and the general situation reflected in the earlier narratives in the See also:

• BOOK

book of Judges . For See also:

• FULLER, ANDREW (1954-1815)
• FULLER, GEORGE (1822—1884)
• FULLER, M
• FULLER, MARGARET, MARCHIONESS
• FULLER, MELVILLE WESTON (1833-1910)
• FULLER, THOMAS (16o8-1661)
• FULLER, WILLIAM (1670--c. 1717)

fuller details see G . A. t:ooke, See also:

• HISTORY

History and Song of Deborah (1892), the commentaries on Judges and the histories of Israel . See also:

• CHEYNE, THOMAS KELLY (1841— )

Cheyne, Critica Biblica, pp . 446-464, offers many new textual emendations . See also:

• PATON, JOHN BROWN (1830- )
• PATON, SIR JOSEPH NOEL (1821-1901)

Paton (Syria and Palestine, p.158 sgq.))suggests that the battle was against the Hittites (Sisera, a successor of Shamgar) .

See also L . W . See also:

• BATTEN
• BATTEN, SIR WILLIAM (floruit 1626-1667)

Batten, Journ . Bibl . Lit . (1905) pp . 31-40 (who regards Judg. v. and Josh. xi. as duplicates) ; Winckler, Gesch . Israels, ii . 125-135; Keilinschr. u. d . Alte Test . (3) p . 218; and Ed .

See also:

• MEYER, CHRISTIAN ERICH HERMANN VON (18or-1869)
• MEYER, HEINRICH AUGUST WILHELM (1800-1873)
• MEYER, JULIUS LOTHAR (183o-1895)
• MEYER, KONRAD FERDINAND (1825-1898)
• MEYER, VICTOR (1848-1897)
• MEYER, [MARIE] PAUL HYACINTHE (184o- )

Meyer, Israeliten, pp . 272 sqq., 487 sqq . (S . A .