See also:

• DECALOGUE (in patristic Gr. 7] SercaXoyos, sc. (3i(3)tos or vopoGevia)

DECALOGUE (in patristic Gr. 7] SercaXoyos, sc. (3i(3)tos or vopoGevia)  , another name for the biblical Ten Commandments, in See also:

• HEBREW

Hebrew the Ten Words (Deut. iv . 13, X . 4; Ex. xxxiv . 28), written by See also:

• GOD

God on the two tables of See also:

• STONE
• STONE (0. Eng. shin; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Stein, Du. steen, Dan. and Swed. sten; the root is also seen in Gr. aria, pebble)
• STONE, CHARLES POMEROY (1824-1887)
• STONE, EDWARD JAMES (1831-1897)
• STONE, FRANK (1800-1859)
• STONE, GEORGE (1708—1764)
• STONE, LUCY [BLACKWELL] (1818-1893)
• STONE, MARCUS (184o— )
• STONE, NICHOLAS (1586-1647)

stone (Ex. See also:

• XXIV

xxiv . 12, xxxii . 16), the so-called Tables of the See also:

• REVELATION, BOOK OF

Revelation (E.V . " tables of testimony," Ex. xxxiv . 29), or Tables of the See also:

• COVENANT
• COVENANT (an O. Fr. form, later convenant, from convenir, to agree, Lat. convenire)

Covenant (Dent. ix . 9, 11, 15) . These tables were broken by See also:

• MOSES (Gr. Mwvo c, Mcoo-i3s)
• MOSES, ASSUMPTION OF

Moses (Ex. xxxii . 19), and two new ones were hewn (xxxiv . 1), and upon them were written the words of the covenant by Moses (xxxiv .

27 sqq.) or, according to another view, by God himself (Dent. iv . 13, ix . 10) . They were deposited in the See also:

• ARK (a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Arche, adapted from the Lat. area, chest, cf. arcere, to shut up, enclose)„ a chest, basket or box. The Hebrew word tebah, translated in the' A.V. by " ark," is used in the Old Testament (1)

Ark (Ex. See also:

• XXV

xxv . 21; 1 See also:

• KINGS, FIRST AND SECOND BOOKS OF

Kings viii . 9) . In See also:

• DEUTERONOMY

Deuteronomy the inscription on these tables, which is briefly called the covenant (iv . 13), is expressly identified with the words spoken by See also:

• JEHOVAH (YAHWEH2)

Jehovah (Yahweh) out of the midst of the See also:

• FIRE (in O. Eng. f j'r; the word is common to West German languages, cf. Dutch vuur, Ger. Feuer; the pre-Teutonic form is seen in Sanskrit pu, pavaka, and Gr. irup; the ultimate origin is usually taken to be a root meaning to purify, cf. Lat. purus)

fire at Mt . See also:

• SINAI

Sinai or See also:

• HOREB

Horeb (according to the Deuteronomic tradition), in the ears of the whole See also:

• PEOPLE

people on the " See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day of the See also:

• ASSEMBLY, UNLAWFUL

assembly," and rehearsedin v . 6-21 . In the narrative of See also:

• EXODUS, BOOK OF
• EXODUS, THE

Exodus the relation of the "ten words " of xxxiv, to the words spoken from Sinai, xx . 2-17, is not so clearly indicated, and it is generally agreed that the See also:

• PENTATEUCH

Pentateuch presents divergent and irreconcilable views of the Sinaitic covenant .

As regards the See also:

• DECALOGUE (in patristic Gr. 7] SercaXoyos, sc. (3i(3)tos or vopoGevia)

Decalogue, as usually understood, and embodied in the parallel passages in Ex. xx. and Deut. v., certain preliminary points of detail have to be noticed . The See also:

• VARIATIONS
• VARIATIONS, CALCULUS
• VARIATIONS, CALCULUS OF

variations in the parallel texts are partly verbal, partly stylistic (e.g . " Remember the See also:

• SABBATH

Sabbath day," Ex.; but " observe," &c., Deut.), and partly consist of amplifications or divergent explanations . Thus the See also:

• REASON (Lat. ratio, through French raison)

reason assigned for the institution of the Sabbath in Exodus is See also:

• DRAWN

drawn from the creation, and agrees with Gen. ii . 3 . In Deuteronomy the command is based on the See also:

• DUTY (from " due," that which is owing, O. Fr. deu, dil, past participle of devoir; Lat. debere, debitum; cf. " debt ")

duty of humanity to servants and the memory of See also:

• EGYPTIAN

Egyptian bondage . Again, in the tenth commandment, as given in Exodus, " See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house " means house and See also:

• HOUSEHOLD, ROYAL

household, including the wife and all the particulars which are enumerated in ver . 17 . In Deuteronomy, " See also:

• THOU, JACQUES AUGUSTE DE [THUANUS] (1553-1617)
• THOU, NOM

Thou shalt not covet thy See also:

• NEIGHBOUR (O. Eng. neahgebiir, from Walt, " nigh," " near ")

neighbour's wife," comes first, and " house " following in association with See also:

• FIELD (a word common to many West German languages, cf. Ger. Feld, Dutch veld, possibly cognate with O.E. f olde, the earth, and ultimately with root of the Gr. irAaror, broad)
• FIELD, CYRUS WEST (1819-1892)
• FIELD, DAVID DUDLEY (18o5-1894)
• FIELD, EUGENE (1850-1895)
• FIELD, FREDERICK (18o1—1885)
• FIELD, HENRY MARTYN (1822-1907)
• FIELD, JOHN (1782—1837)
• FIELD, MARSHALL (183 1906)
• FIELD, NATHAN (1587—1633)
• FIELD, STEPHEN JOHNSON (1816-1899)
• FIELD, WILLIAM VENTRIS FIELD, BARON (1813-1907)

field is to be taken in the literal restricted sense, and another verb (" thou shalt not See also:

• DESIRE

desire ") is used . The construction of the second commandment in the Hebrew See also:

• TEXT (Lat. textum, woven fabric, from texere, to weave)

text is disputed, but the most natural sense seems to be,'" Thou shalt not make unto thee a graven See also:

• IMAGE (Lat. imago, perhaps from the same root as imitari, copy, imitate)

image; (and) to no visible shape in See also:

• HEAVEN (0. Eng. hefen, heofon, heofone; this word appears in O.S. hevan; the High. Ger. word appears in Ger. Himmel, Dutch hemel; there does not seem to be any connexion between the two words, and the ultimate derivation of the word is unknown; the sugges

heaven, &c., shalt thou See also:

• BOW (pronounced " bo ")

bow down, &c." The third commandment might be rendered, " Thou shalt not utter the name of the See also:

• LORD
• LORD (O. Eng. hldford, i.e. hldfweard, the warder or keeper of bread, hlIf, loaf; the word is not represented in any other Teutonic language)
• LORD, JOHN (1810-1894)

Lord thy God vainly," but it is possible that the meaning is that Yahweh's name is not to be used for purposes of sorcery . The See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order of the commandments See also:

• RELATING

relating to See also:

• MURDER

murder, See also:

• ADULTERY (from Lat. adulterium)

adultery and stealing varies in the Vatican text of the See also:

• SEPTUAGINT, THE (Gr. of 0', Lat. LXX.)

Septuagint, viz. adultery, stealing, murder, in Ex.; adultery, murder, stealing, in Deut . The latter is supported by several passages in the New Testament (Rom. xiii .

9; See also:

• MARK
• MARK, CARL (1858– )
• MARK, GOSPEL OF ST
• MARK, ST

Mark x . 19, A.V.; See also:

• LUKE
• LUKE, GOSPEL OF ST

Luke xviii . 20; contrast Matt. xix . 18), and by the " See also:

• NASH, RICHARD (1674-1762)

Nash See also:

• PAPYRUS

Papyrus." 1 It may be added that the See also:

• DOUBLE
• DOUBLE (from the Mid. Eng. duble, the form which gives the present pronunciation, through the Old Er. duble, from Lat. duplus, twice as much)

double See also:

• SYSTEM

system of accentuation of the Decalogue in the Hebrew See also:

• BIBLE
• BIBLE, ENGLISH

Bible seems to preserve traces of the See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient uncertainty concerning the numeration . Divisions of the Decalogue.—The See also:

• DIVISION (from Lat. dividere, to break up into parts, separate)

division current in See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England and See also:

• SCOTLAND
• SCOTLAND, CHURCH OF
• SCOTLAND, EPISCOPAL CHURCH OF

Scotland, and generally among the Reformed (Calvinistic) churches and in the Orthodox Eastern See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

Church, is known as the Philonic division (See also:

• PHILO
• PHILO, HERENNIUS

Philo, de Decalogo, §12) . It is sometimes called by the name of See also:

• ORIGEN (c. 185-c. 254)

Origen, who adopts it in his Homilies on Exodus . On this See also:

• SCHEME (Lat. schema, Gr. oxfjya, figure, form, from the root axe, seen in exeiv, to have, hold, to be of such shape, form, &c.)

scheme the See also:

• PREFACE (Med. Lat. prefatia, for classical praefatio, praefari, to speak beforehand)

preface, Ex. xx . 2, has been usually taken as See also:

• PART

part of the first commandment . The Church of See also:

• ROME
• ROME (Roma)

Rome and the See also:

• LUTHERANS

Lutherans adopt the Augustinian division (Aug., Quaest. super Exod., lxxi.), combining into one the first and second commandments of Philo, and splitting his tenth commandment into two . To gain a clear distinction between the ninth and tenth commandments on this scheme it has usually been See also:

• FELT (cognate with Ger. Filz, Du. vilt, Swed. and Dan. fill; the root is unknown; the word has given Med. Lat. filtrum, " filter ")

felt to be necessary to follow the Deuteronomic text, and make the ninth commandment, Thou shalt not covet thy neighbour's wife .2 As few scholars will now claim priority for the text of Deuteronomy, this division may be viewed as exploded . But there is a third scheme (the Talmudic) still current among the See also:

• JEWS
• JEWS (Heb. Y8hudi, man of Judah; Gr. 'Iovbaiot; Lat. Judaei)

Jews, and not unknown to See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early See also:

• CHRISTIAN
• CHRISTIAN, WILLIAM (1608-1663)

Christian writers, which is still a See also:

• RIVAL

rival of the Philonic view, though less satisfactory . Here the preface, Ex. xx .

2, is taken as the first " word," and the second embraces verses 3-6 . See further Nestle, Expository Times (1897), p . 427 . The decision between Philo and the See also:

• TALMUD

Talmud must turn on two questions . Can we take the preface as a See also:

• SEPARATE

separate " word " ? And can we regard the See also:

• PROHIBITION (Lat. prohibere, to prevent)

prohibition of polytheism and the prohibition of See also:

• IDOLATRY

idolatry as one commandment ? Now, though the Hebrew certainly speaks of ten " words," not of ten " precepts," it is most unlikely that the first word can be different in See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character from those that follow . But the statement " I am the Lord thy God " is either no See also:

• PRECEPT (Lat. praeceptum, a rule, from praecipere, literally to take beforehand, to give rules, instructions or orders)

precept at all, or only enjoins by implication what is expressly commanded in the ' A Hebrew fragment probably of the and See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century A.D., in the University Library, See also:

• CAMBRIDGE
• CAMBRIDGE, EARLS AND DUKES OF
• CAMBRIDGE, RICHARD OWEN (1717-1802)

Cambridge, containing the Decalogue with several variant readings; see S . A . See also:

• COOK
• COOK, ALBERT STANBURROUGH (1853– )
• COOK, EDWARD DUTTON (1829–1883)
• COOK, ELIZA (1818–1889)
• COOK, JAMES (1728-1779)
• COOK, THOMAS (1808-1892)

Cook, Proceed . See also:

• SOC

Soc . Bibl .

See also:

• ARCHAEOLOGY (from Gr. &pxa1a, ancient things, and Xoyos, theory or science)

Archaeology (1903), pp . 34-56; F . C . Burkitt, Jewish Quarterly See also:

• REVIEW (Fr. revue, from revoir, to see again, Lat. re and videre)

Review (1903), pp . 392-408; N . See also:

• PETERS (or PETER), HUGH (1598–166o)
• PETERS, KARL (1856– )

Peters, D. alteste Abschrift d. zehn Gebote (1905) . 2 So, for example, See also:

• AUGUSTINE, SAINT (354-430)
• AUGUSTINE, SAINT (d. c.613)

Augustine, i.e., See also:

• THOMAS
• THOMAS (c. 1654-1720)
• THOMAS (d. 110o)
• THOMAS, ARTHUR GORING (1850-1892)
• THOMAS, CHARLES LOUIS AMBROISE (1811-1896)
• THOMAS, GEORGE (c. 1756-1802)
• THOMAS, GEORGE HENRY (1816-187o)
• THOMAS, ISAIAH (1749-1831)
• THOMAS, PIERRE (1634-1698)
• THOMAS, SIDNEY GILCHRIST (1850-1885)
• THOMAS, ST
• THOMAS, THEODORE (1835-1905)
• THOMAS, WILLIAM (d. 1554)

Thomas, Summa (Prima Secundae, qu. c. See also:

• ART

art . 4), and recently Sonntag and See also:

• KURTZ, JOHANN HEINRICH (1809—1890)

Kurtz . Purely arbitrary is the See also:

• IDEA (Gr. Ibia, connected with i&eiv, to see; cf. Lat. species from specere, to look at)

idea of Lutheran writers (See also:

• GERHARD
• GERHARD, FRIEDRICH WILHELM EDUARD (1795-1867)

Gerhard, Loc. xiii . § 46) that the ninth commandment forbids concupiscentia actualis, the tenth conc. originalis . '9:O 8 words Thou shalt have no other gods before me." Thus to take the preface as a distinct word is not reasonable unless there are cogent grounds for uniting the commandments against polytheism and idolatry . But that is far from being the See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case .

The first precept of the Philonic scheme enjoins monolatry, the second expresses God's spiritual and transcendental nature . Accordingly See also:

• KUENEN, ABRAHAM (1828-1891)

Kuenen does not deny that the prohibition of images contains an See also:

• ELEMENT (Lat. elementum)

element additional to the precept of monolatry, but, following De See also:

• GOEJE, MICHAEL JAN DE (1836—1909)

Goeje, regards the words from " thou shalt not make unto thyself "•down to " the See also:

• WATERS, TERRITORIAL

waters under the See also:

• EARTH
• EARTH (a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Erde, Dutch aarde, Swed. and Dan. jord; outside Teutonic it appears only in the Gr. 'pq'e, on the ground; it has been connected by some etymologists with the Aryan root ar-, to plough, which is seen in
• EARTH, FIGURE OF
• EARTH, FIGURE OF THE

earth " as a later insertion in the See also:

• ORIGINAL

original Decalogue . Unless this can be made out, the Philonic scheme is clearly best, and as such it is now accepted by most scholars . How were the ten words disposed on the two tables ? The natural arrangement (which is assumed by Philo and See also:

• JOSEPHUS, FLAVIUS (c. 37-C. 95?)

Josephus) would be five and five . And this, as Philo recognized, is a division appropriate to the sense of the precepts; for antiquity did not look on piety towards parents as amere precept of probity, part of one's duty towards one's neighbour, . The authority of parents and rulers is viewed in the Old Testament as a delegated divine authority, and the violation of it is akin to See also:

• BLASPHEMY (through the Fr. from Gr. PXaa4o ta, profane language, slander, probably derived from root of )3X

blasphemy (cf . Ex. xxi . 17 and Lev. xx . 9 with Lev. xxiv . 15, 16, and See also:

• NOTE
• NOTE (Lat. nota, mark, sign, from noscere, to know)

note the See also:

• FORMULA
• FORMULA (Lat. diminutive of forma, shape, pattern, &c., especially used of rules of judicial procedure)

formula of See also:

• TREASON (Fr. trahison, Lat. traditio)

treason, r Kings xxi . 13) .

We have thus five precepts of piety on the first table, and five of probity, in negative See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form, on the second, an arrangement which is accepted by the best See also:

• RECENT

recent writers . But the current view of the Western Church since Augustine has been that the precept to See also:

• HONOUR (Lat. honos or lwnor, honoris; in English the word was spelled with or without the u indifferently until the 17th century, but during the 18th century it became fashion-able to spell the word " honor "; Johnson's and Webster's Dictionaries stereoty

honour parents heads the second table . The only See also:

• ARGUMENT

argument of See also:

• WEIGHT

weight in favour of this view is that it makes the amount of See also:

• WRITING
• WRITING (the verbal noun of " to write," O. Eng. writan, to inscribe)

writing on the two tables less unequal, while we know that the second table as well as the first was written on both sides (Ex. xxxii . 15) . But we shall presently see that there may be another way out of this difficulty . Date.—It is much disputed what the original See also:

• COMPASS (Fr. corn pas, ultimately from Lat. cum, with, and passus, step)

compass of the Decalogue was . Did the whole text of Ex. xx . 2-17 stand on the tables of stone ? The See also:

• ANSWER (derived from and, against, and the same root as swear)

answer to this question must start from the reason annexed to the See also:

• FOURTH

fourth commandment, which is different in Deuteronomy . But the See also:

• EXPRESS (through the French from the past participle of the Lat. exprimere, to press out, by transference used of representing objects in painting or sculpture, or of thoughts, &c. in words)

express words " and he added no more," in Dent. v . 22, show that there is no conscious omission by the Deuteronomic See also:

• SPEAKER

speaker of part of the original Decalogue, which cannot therefore have included the reason annexed in Exodus . On the other See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand the reason annexed in Deuteronomy is rather a parenetic addition than an original element dropped in Exodus .

Thus the original fourth commandment was simply " Remember the Sabbath day to keep it See also:

• HOLY

holy." i When this is granted it must appear not improbable that the elucidations of other commandments may not have stood on the tables, and that Nos . 6-9 have survived in their original form . Thus in the second commandment, " Thou shalt not bow down to any visible form," &c., is a sort of explanatory addition to the precept " Thou shalt not make unto thee a graven image." And so the promise attached to the fifth commandment was probably not on the tables, and the tenth commandment may have simply been, " Thou shalt not covet thy neighbour's house," which includes all that is expressed in the following clauses . Such a view gets over the difficulty arising from the unequal length of the two halves of the Decalogue . It is quite another question whether there is any idea in the Decalogue which can be, as old as Moses . It is urged by many critics that Moses cannot have prohibited the See also:

• WORSHIP (i.e. " worth-ship," O. Eng. weor8scipe)

worship of Yahweh by images; for the subsequent See also:

• HISTORY

history shows us a descendant of Moses as See also:

• PRIEST (Ger. Priester, Fr. pretre)

priest in the idolatrous See also:

• SANCTUARY (from the late Lat. sanctuarium, a sacred place)

sanctuary of See also:

• DAN

Dan . There were See also:

• TERAPHIM (A.V. sometimes transcribes, e.g. Judges xvii. 5; xviii. 14 seq.; Hosea iii. 4; sometimes translates " image," r Sam. xix. 13; " idols," Zech. x. 2; idolatry," 1 Sam. xv. 23: R.V. renders consistently "teraphim ")

teraphim in See also:

• DAVID
• DAVID (a Hebrew name meaning probably beloved 1)
• DAVID, FELICIEN (1810—1876)
• DAVID, GERARD [GHEERAERT DAVIT], (?=1523)
• DAVID, PIERRE JEAN (1789–1856)
• DAVID, ST (Dewi, Sant)

David's house, and the worship of Yahweh under the image of a See also:

• CALF
• CALF, THE GOLDEN

calf was the See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state See also:

• RELIGION
• RELIGION, FOLKLORE, CUSTOM

religion of the See also:

• KINGDOM

kingdom of See also:

• EPHRAIM

Ephraim . Even Moses himself is said to have made a brazen See also:

• SERPENT (Lat. serpens, creeping, from serpere; cf. "reptile " from repere, Gr.4 ml-eta)

serpent which, down to See also:

• HEZEKIAH (Heb. for " [my] strength is [of] Yah ")

Hezekiah's See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time, continued to be worshipped at See also:

• JERUSALEM (Heb. ^S0-r, Yerushalaim, pronounced as a dual)
• JERUSALEM, SYNOD OF (1672)

Jerusalem . It is argued from these facts that image-worship went on unchallenged, and that this would not have been possible had Moses forbidden it . The argument is supported by others of See also:

• GREAT

great cogency . Although the See also:

• LITERARY

literary problems of 'the chapters which narrate the See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law-giving on Mt . Sinai are extremelyintricate, it is generally agreed that Ex. xx, cannot be ascribed to the 1 It is generally assumed that the addition in Exodus is from a hand akin to Gen. ii .

2 sqq . ; Ex. xxxi . 17 (P.).See also:

• OLDEST

oldest source, and if, in accordance with many critics, this See also:

• CHAPTER (a shortened form of chapiter, a word still used in architecture for a capital; derived from O. Fr. chapitre, Lat. capitellum, diminutive of caput, head)

chapter is ascribed to the Elohist or Ephraimite school, its See also:

• INCORPORATION (from Lat. incorporare, to form into a body)

incorporation can scarcely be older than the See also:

• MIDDLE

middle of the 8th century, and is probably later .. With this, the condemnation of adultery in Gen. xx . 1-17 (contrast xii . 10-20, See also:

• XXVI

xxvi . 6-11) is in See also:

• HARMONY (Gr. dpµovia, a concord of musical sounds, dpA'ew to join; &plan midi (sc. TeXvil)

harmony, and the prohibition of the worship of the heavenly bodies is aimed at a form of idolatry which is frequently alluded to in the times of the later kings . The lofty See also:

• ETHICS
• ETHICS, SHAFTESBURY, HOBBES

ethics (e.g. tenth commandment) is in itself no See also:

• SOUND
• SOUND, THE (Danish Oresund)

sound criterion, whilst the See also:

• EXTERNAL

external form of the See also:

• LAWS

laws, though characteristic of later codes, need not be taken as See also:

• EVIDENCE (Lat. evidentia, evideri, to appear clearly)

evidence of importance . But the See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general result of a study of the Decalogue as a whole, in connexion with Israelite See also:

• POLITICAL

political history and religion, strongly supports, in fact demands, a See also:

• POST

post-See also:

• MOSAIC (corresponding to Lat. opus musivum, from Gr. µovoeiov, an artificial grotto often decorated with mosaics; the word is only found in the sense of mosaic in late Greek, which generally uses k oXI yrlµa)

Mosaic origin,, and See also:

• MODERN

modern See also:

• CRITICISM
• CRITICISM (from the Gr. KpiTrlS, a judge, Kpivew, to decide, to give an authoritative opinion)

criticism is chiefly divided only as to the approximate date to which it is to be ascribed . The time of See also:

• MANASSEH (7th cent. B.C.)
• MANASSEH (apparently Hebrew for " he who causes to for-get," but see H. W. Hogg, Encyc. Bib., s.v.); in the Bible, a tribe of Israel, the elder but less important of the "sons" of Joseph. Its seat lay to the north of Ephraim, but its boundaries can scarce

Manasseh (cf. especially its contact with See also:

• MICAH
• MICAH (r )

Micah vi . 6-8) has found many adherents, but an earlier See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period, about 750 B.C . (time of See also:

• AMOS
• AMOS, SHELDON (1835–1886)

Amos and See also:

• HOSEA

Hosea), is often held to satisfy the See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

main conditions; the former, however, is probably nearer the mark .

The Decalogue of Exodus xxxiv.—In the See also:

• BOOK

book of Exodus the words written on the tables of stone are nowhere expressly identified with the ten commandments of See also:

• CHAP

chap. xx . In xxv . 16, xxxi . 18, xxxii . 15, we simply read of " the testimony " inscribed on the tables, and it seems to be assumed that its contents must be already known to the reader . The expression " ten words " first occurs in xxxiv . 28, in a passage which relates the restoration of the tables after they had been broken . But these " ten words " are called " the words of the covenant," and so can hardly be different from the words mentioned in the preceding See also:

• VERSE (from Lat. versus, literally a line or furrow drawn by turning the plough, from vertere, and afterwards signifying an arrangement of syllables into feet)

verse as those. in accordance wherewith the covenant was made with See also:

• ISRAEL (Hebrew for " God strives " or " rules "; see Gen. xxxii. 28; and the allusion in Hosea xii. 4)

Israel . And again, the words of ver . 27 are necessarily the commandments which immediately precede in vv . 12-26 . Accordingly many recent critics have sought to show that Ex. xxxiv .

12-26 contains just ten precepts forming a second decalogue.2 These consist not of precepts of social morality, but of several laws of religious observance closely corresponding to the religious and See also:

• RITUAL (from Lat. ritus, a custom, especially a religious rite or custom)

ritual precepts of Ex. xxi.–See also:

• XXIII

xxiii . The number ten is not clearly made. out, and the individual precepts are somewhat variously assigned . They prohibit (1) the worship of other gods, (2) the making of molten images; they ordain (3) the observance of the feast of unleavened See also:

• BREAD

bread, (4) the feast of See also:

• WEEKS, EDWIN LORD (1849-1903)

weeks, (5) the feast of ingathering at the end of the See also:

• YEAR

year, and (6) the seventh-day See also:

• REST (O. Eng. rest, reste, bed, cognate with other Teutonic forms, e.g. Ger. Rast, Riiste, rest, and probably Gothic Rasta, league, i.e. resting or stopping place)

rest; to Yahweh belong (7) the firstlings, and (8) the first-fruits of the See also:

• LAND

land; they forbid also (9) the offering of the See also:

• BLOOD

blood of See also:

• SACRIFICE (from Lat. sacrificium; sacer, holy, and facere, to make)

sacrifice with See also:

• LEAVEN (in Mid. Eng. levain, adapted from Fr. levain, in same sense, from Lat. levamen, which is only found in the sense of alleviation, comfort, levare, to lift up)

leaven, (to) the leaving-over of the See also:

• FAT (O.E. fdett; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dutch vet, Ger. Fett, &c., and may be ultimately related to Greek Irian, and =apos, and Sanskrit pivan)

fat of a feast until the See also:

• MORNING

morning, and (II) the seething of a kid in its See also:

• MOTHER

mother's See also:

• MILK (0. Eng. meoluc; from a common Indo-European root, cf. Lat. mulgere, Gr. ?t dXyetv)

milk . This scheme ignores the command to appear thrice in the year before Yahweh which recapitulates Nos . 3-5, and the See also:

• DECADE (from Gr. Oka, ten)

decade is obtained by omitting No . 6, which some hold to be out of See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place . Others include " none shall appear before me empty-handed " (xxxiv . 2o), and unite Nos . 4-5, 9 and to . C . F . See also:

• KENT
• KENT, EARLS AND DUKES OF
• KENT, JAMES (1763-1847)
• KENT, WILLIAM (1685-1748)

Kent (Beginnings of Heb .

Hist. pp . 183 sqq.) obtains a decalogue from scattered precepts in Ex. xx.–xxiii., which corresponds with Nos . 2, 7, 6, 3 and 5 (in one), 9 and to (in one), 11 above, and adds (a) the See also:

• BUILDING

building of an See also:

• ALTAR (Lat. altare, from alias, high; some ancient etymological guesses are recorded by St Isidore of Seville in Etymologiae xv. 4)

altar of earth (xx . 24), (b) offering from the See also:

• HARVEST (A.S. hcerfest " autumn," O.H. Ger. herbist, possibly through an old Teutonic root representing Lat. car pere, " to pluck ")

harvest and See also:

• WINE (Lat. vinum, Gr. oivos)

wine-See also:

• PRESS (through Fr. presse from Lat. pressare, frequentative of premere, to crush, squeeze, press)

press (xxii . 29), (c) firstlings of animals (xxii . 29 sqq.; cf . No . 7, and xxxiv . 19); (d) prohibition against eating torn flesh (xxii . 31).3 The so-called Yahwist Decalogue in xxxiv. presupposes a rather more See also:

• PRIMITIVE

primitive See also:

• STAGE (Fr. 6/age; from Lat. stare, to stand)

stage in society, partly nomadic and partly agricultural; No . 6 is suitable only for agriculturists and cannot have originated among nomads . The whole may be summed up in a See also:

• SENTENCE (Lat. sententia, a way of thinking, opinion, judgment; vote, sentire, to feel, think)

sentence:—" Worship Yahweh and Yahweh alone, without images, let the worship be See also:

• SIMPLE

simple and in See also:

• ACCORD (from Fr. accorder, to agree)

accord with the old usage; forbear to introduce the practices of your Canaanitish neighbours " (Harper) .

It would seem to represent more precisely a Judaean standpoint (cf. the simpler customs of the See also:

• RECHABITES, or SONS OF RECHAB

Rechabites, q.v.) . 2 So See also:

• HITZIG, FERDINAND (1807-1875)

Hitzig (Ostern find Pfingsten See also:

• IM(K2+a2+h2—2 ah cos 0)

im zweiten Dekalog, See also:

• HEIDELBERG

Heidelberg, 1838), independently of a previous See also:

• SUGGESTION

suggestion of See also:

• GOETHE, JOHANN WOLFGANG VON (1749-1832)

Goethe in 1783, who in turn appears to have been anticipated by an early See also:

• GREEK
• GREEK, ETRUSCAN AND

Greek writer (Nestle, Zeit. See also:

• FUR (connected with O. Fr. forre, a sheath or case; so " an outer covering ")

fur alt-test . Wissenschaft (1904), pp . 134 sqq.) . 3 See also W . E . See also:

• BARNES, ALBERT (1798–1870)
• BARNES, BARNABE (1569 ?–16o9)
• BARNES, JOSHUA (1654-1712)
• BARNES, ROBERT (1495-1540)
• BARNES, SIR EDWARD (1776-1838)
• BARNES, THOMAS (1785-1841)
• BARNES, W
• BARNES, WILLIAM (1800-1886)

Barnes, Journ Theol . See also:

• STUD

Stud . (1905), pp . 557-563 . If such a system of precepts was ever viewed as the basis of the covenant with Israel, it must belong to a far earlier stage of religious development than that of Ex. xx . This is recognized by See also:

• WELLHAUSEN, JULIUS (1844— )

Wellhausen, who says that our decalogue stands to that of Ex. xxxiv. as Amos stood to his contemporaries, whose whole religion See also:

• LAY

lay in the observance of sacred feasts .

To those accustomed to look on the Ten Words written on the tables of stone as the very See also:

• FOUNDATION (Lat. fundatio, from fundare, to found)

foundation of the Mosaic law, it is hard to realize that in ancient Israel there were two opinions as to what these " Words " were . The See also:

• HYPOTHESIS (from Gr. inrorcOivat, to put under; cf. Lat. suppositio, from sub-ponere)

hypothesis that Ex. xxxiv . 10-26 origin-ally stood in a different connexion, and was misplaced at some stage in the redaction of the See also:

• HEXATEUCH

Hexateuch, does not help us, since it would still have to be admitted that the editor to whom we owed the See also:

• PRESENT

present form of the chapter identified this little See also:

• CODE (Lat. codex)

code of religious observances with the Ten Words . Were this the case the editor, to quote Wellhausen, " introduced the most serious See also:

• INTERNAL

internal See also:

• CONTRADICTION, PRINCIPLE OF (principium contradictionis)

contradiction found in the Old Testament." I The Decalogue in Christian See also:

• THEOLOGY

Theology.—Following the New Testament, in which the " commandments " summed up in the law of love are identified with the precepts of the Decalogue (Mark x . 19; Rom. xiii. g; cf . Mark xii . 28 ff.), the ancient Church emphasized the permanent See also:

• OBLIGATION

obligation of the ten commandments as a See also:

• SUMMARY

summary of natural in contradistinction to ceremonial precepts, though the observance of .the Sabbath was to be taken in a spiritual sense (Augustine, De spiritu et litera, xiv.; See also:

• JEROME, JEROME KLAPKA (1859– )
• JEROME, ST (HIERONYMUS, in full EUSEBIUS SOPHRONIUS HIERONYMUS) (c. 340–420)

Jerome, De celebratione Paschae) . The See also:

• MEDIEVAL

medieval theologians followed in the same See also:

• LINE

line, recognizing all the precepts of the Decalogue as moral precepts de lege naturae, though the law of the Sabbath is not of the law of nature, in so far as it prescribes a determinate day of rest (Thomas, summa, Ims IId~, qu. c. art . 3; See also:

• DUNS

Duns, Super sententias, See also:

• LIB

lib. iii. dist . 37) . The most important medieval exposition of the Decalogue is that of Nicolaus de See also:

• LYRA (" The Harp ")

Lyra; and the 15th century, in which the Decalogue acquired See also:

• SPECIAL

special importance in the See also:

• CONFESSIONAL (Late Lat. confessionale, neut. adj. from confessionalis, " pertaining to confession," Fr. confessional, Ital. confessionale)

confessional, was prolific in See also:

• TREATISES

treatises on the subject (See also:

• ANTONINUS, SAINT ANTONIO PIEROZZI

Antoninus of See also:

• FLORENCE
• FLORENCE (Ital. Firenze, Lat. Florentia)

Florence, See also:

• GERSON, JOHN (1363—1429)

Gerson, &c.) . Important theological controversies on the Decalogue begin with the See also:

• REFORMATION
• REFORMATION, THE

Reformation .

The question between the Lutheran (Augustinian) and Reformed (Phioric) division of the ten commandments was mixed up with controversy as to the See also:

• LEGITIMACY

legitimacy of sacred images not designed to be worshipped . The Reformed theologians took the stricter view . The identity of the Decalogue with the eternal law of nature was maintained in both churches, but it was an open question whether the Decalogue, as such (that is, as a law given by Moses to the Israelites), is of perpetual obligation . The Socinians, on the other hand, regarded the Decalogue as abrogated by the more perfect law of See also:

• CHRIST (Gr. X pLQTOS, Anointed)
• CHRIST, WILHELM VON (1831-1906)

Christ; and this view, especially in the shape that the Decalogue is a See also:

• CIVIL

civil and not a moral law (J . D . See also:

• MICHAELIS, JOHANN DAVID (1717-1791)

Michaelis), was the current one in the period of 18th-century See also:

• RATIONALISM (from Lat. rationalis, pertaining to reason, ratio)

rationalism . The distinction of a permanent and a transitory element in the law of the Sabbath is found, not only in See also:

• LUTHER, MARTIN (1483-1546)

Luther and See also:

• MELANCHTHON, FHILIPP (1497–155o)

Melanchthon, but in See also:

• CALVIN, JOHN (1509-1564)

Calvin and other theologians of the Reformed church . The main controversy which arose on the basis of this distinction was whether the See also:

• PRESCRIPTION

prescription of one day in seven is of permanent obligation . It was admitted that such obligation must be not natural but See also:

• POSITIVE (or PORTABLE) ORGAN

positive; but it was argued by the stricter Calvinistic divines that the proportion of one in seven is agreeable to nature, based on the order of creation in six days, and in no way specially connected with anything Jewish . Hence it was regarded as a universal positive law of God . But those who maintained the opposite view were not excluded from the number of the orthodox . The laxer conception found a place in the Cocceian school .

1 The last three sentences of this See also:

• PARAGRAPH

paragraph are taken almost bodily from See also:

• ROBERTSON, FREDERICK WILLIAM (1816-1853)
• ROBERTSON, GEORGE CROOM (1842-1892)
• ROBERTSON, JOSEPH (1810-1866)
• ROBERTSON, THOMAS WILLIAM (1829-1871)
• ROBERTSON, WILLIAM BRUCE (182o-1886)

Robertson See also:

• SMITH
• SMITH, ADAM (1723–1790)
• SMITH, ALEXANDER (183o-1867)
• SMITH, ANDREW JACKSON (1815-1897)
• SMITH, CHARLES EMORY (1842–1908)
• SMITH, CHARLES FERGUSON (1807–1862)
• SMITH, CHARLOTTE (1749-1806)
• SMITH, COLVIN (1795—1875)
• SMITH, EDMUND KIRBY (1824-1893)
• SMITH, G
• SMITH, GEORGE (1789-1846)
• SMITH, GEORGE (184o-1876)
• SMITH, GEORGE ADAM (1856- )
• SMITH, GERRIT (1797–1874)
• SMITH, GOLDWIN (1823-191o)
• SMITH, HENRY BOYNTON (1815-1877)
• SMITH, HENRY JOHN STEPHEN (1826-1883)
• SMITH, HENRY PRESERVED (1847– )
• SMITH, JAMES (1775–1839)
• SMITH, JOHN (1579-1631)
• SMITH, JOHN RAPHAEL (1752–1812)
• SMITH, JOSEPH, JR
• SMITH, MORGAN LEWIS (1822–1874)
• SMITH, RICHARD BAIRD (1818-1861)
• SMITH, ROBERT (1689-1768)
• SMITH, SIR HENRY GEORGE WAKELYN
• SMITH, SIR THOMAS (1513-1577)
• SMITH, SIR WILLIAM (1813-1893)
• SMITH, SIR WILLIAM SIDNEY (1764-1840)
• SMITH, SYDNEY (1771-1845)
• SMITH, THOMAS SOUTHWOOD (1788-1861)
• SMITH, WILLIAM (1769-1839)
• SMITH, WILLIAM (c. 1730-1819)
• SMITH, WILLIAM (fl. 1596)
• SMITH, WILLIAM FARRAR (1824—1903)
• SMITH, WILLIAM HENRY (1808—1872)
• SMITH, WILLIAM HENRY (1825—1891)
• SMITH, WILLIAM ROBERTSON (1846-'894)

Smith's later views (Old Testament in the Jewish Church', pp . 335 seq.) . DE See also:

• CAMP (from Lat. campus, field)

CAMP, See also:

• JOSEPH
• JOSEPH, COMTE DE (1785-1870)
• JOSEPH, FATHER (FRANCOIS LECLERC DU TREMBLAY) (1577-1638)

JOSEPH (1858– ), See also:

• AMERICAN

American portrait and figure painter, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born in See also:

• CINCINNATI

Cincinnati, See also:

• OHIO

Ohio, in 1858 . He was a See also:

• PUPIL (Lat. pupillus, orphan, minor, dim. of pupus, boy, allied to puer, from root pm- or peu-, to beget, cf. "pupa," Lat. for " doll," the name given to the stage intervening between the larval and imaginal stages in certain insects)

pupil of FrankDuveneck and of the Royal See also:

• ACADEMY, GREEK
• ACADEMY, ROYAL

Academy of See also:

• MUNICH (Ger. Munchen)

Munich; became a member of the society of Ten American Painters, and a teacher in the See also:

• SCHOOLS

schools of the See also:

• PENNSYLVANIA
• PENNSYLVANIA, UNIVERSITY OF

Pennsylvania Academy of See also:

• FINE

Fine Arts, See also:

• PHILADELPHIA

Philadelphia, and the See also:

• BOSTON
• BOSTON, THOMAS (1676-1732)

Boston Museum of Fine Arts; and painted important mural decorations in the Philadelphia See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city See also:

• HALL
• HALL (generally known as SCHWABISCH-HALL, tc distinguish it from the small town of Hall in Tirol and Bad-Hall, a health resort in Upper Austria)
• HALL (O.E. heall, a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Halle)
• HALL, BASIL (1788-1844)
• HALL, CARL CHRISTIAN (1812–1888)
• HALL, CHARLES FRANCIS (1821-1871)
• HALL, CHRISTOPHER NEWMAN (1816—19oz)
• HALL, EDWARD (c. 1498-1547)
• HALL, FITZEDWARD (1825-1901)
• HALL, ISAAC HOLLISTER (1837-1896)
• HALL, JAMES (1793–1868)
• HALL, JAMES (1811–1898)
• HALL, JOSEPH (1574-1656)
• HALL, MARSHALL (1790-1857)
• HALL, ROBERT (1764-1831)
• HALL, SAMUEL CARTER (5800-5889)
• HALL, SIR JAMES (1761-1832)
• HALL, WILLIAM EDWARD (1835-1894)

hall .