See also:

• DECEMVIRI (" the ten men ")

DECEMVIRI (" the ten men ")  , the name applied by the See also:

• ROMANS
• ROMANS, EPISTLE TO THE

Romans to any See also:

• OFFICIAL (Late Lat. QJicialis, for class. Lat. apparitor, from officium, office, duty)

official commision of ten . The See also:

• TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title was often followed by a statement of the purpose for which the See also:

• COMMISSION (from Lat. commissio, committere)

commission was appointed, e.g . Xviri legibus scribundis, stlitibus judicandis, sacris faciundis . I . Apart from such qualification, it signified chiefly the temporary commission which superseded all the See also:

• ORDINARY (med. Lat. ordinarius, Fr. ordinaire)

ordinary magistrates of the See also:

• REPUBLIC (Lat. respublica, a commonweal or common-wealth)

Republic from 451 to 449 B.C., for the purpose of See also:

• DRAWING

drawing up a See also:

• CODE (Lat. codex)

code of flaws . In 462 B.C. a See also:

• TRIBUNE (med. Lat. tribune, from classical Lat. tribunal)

tribune proposed that the See also:

• APPOINTMENT, POWER OF

appointment of a commission to draw up a code expressing the legal 'principles of the See also:

• ADMINISTRATION (Lat. administrare, to serve)

administration was necessary to secure for the See also:

• PLEBS (from the root seen in Lat. plenus, full; cf. Gr. 7rXit9os)

plebs a hold over magisterial caprice . Continued agitation to this effect resulted in an agreement in 452 B.C. between See also:

• PATRICIANS (Lat. patricius, an adjectival form from pater, father; not, as some say, from pater and ciere, to call)

patricians and plebeians that decemvirs should be appointed to draw up a code, that during their See also:

• TENURE (Fr. tenure, from Lat. tenere, to hold)

tenure of See also:

• OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")

office all other magistracies should be in See also:

• ABEYANCE (O. Fr. abeance, " gaping")

abeyance, that they should not be subject to See also:

• APPEAL

appeal, but that they should be See also:

• BOUND, or BOUNDARY (from O. Fr. bonde, Med. Lat. bodena or butina, a frontier line)

bound to maintain the See also:

• LAWS

laws which guaranteed by religious sanctions the rights of the plebs . The first See also:

• BOARD (O. Eng. bord)

board of decemvirs (apparently consisting wholly of patricians) was appointed to hold office during 451 B.C.; and the See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man among them was Appius See also:

• CLAUDIUS
• CLAUDIUS [TIBERIUS CLAUDIUS DRUSUS NERO GERMANICUS]
• CLAUDIUS, MARCUS AURELIUS
• CLAUDIUS, MATTHIAS (174o-1815)

Claudius . See also:

• LIVY [Thus L1v1us] (59 B.C.—A.D: 17)

Livy (iii . 32) says that only patricians were eligible . See also:

• MOMMSEN, THEODOR (1817–1903)

Mommsen, however, held that plebeians were legally eligible, though none were actually appointed for 451 . The decemvirs ruled with singular moderation, and submitted to the See also:

• COMITIA

Comitia Centuriata a code of laws in ten headings, which was passed .

So popular were the decemvirs that another board of ten was appointed for the following See also:

• YEAR

year, some of whom, if the extant See also:

• LIST (O.E. lisle, a Teutonic word, cf. Dut. lust, Ger. Leiste, adapted in Ital. lista and Fr. lisle)
• LIST, FRIEDRICH (1789-1846)

list of names is correct, were certainly plebeians . These added two more to the ten laws of their predecessors, thus completing the Laws of the Twelve Tables (see See also:

• ROMAN

ROMAN See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

LAW) . But their See also:

• RULE

rule then became violent and tyrannical, and they See also:

• FELL
• FELL, JOHN (1625-1686)

fell before the fury of the plebs, though for some See also:

• REASON (Lat. ratio, through French raison)

reason, not easily understood, they continued to have the support of the patricians . They were forced to abdicate (449 B.C.), and the ordinary magistrates were restored . II . The judicial board of decemvirs (stlitibus judicandis) formed a See also:

• CIVIL

civil See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

court of See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient origin concerned mainly with questions bearing on the status of individuals . They were originally a See also:

• BODY

body of jurors which gave a See also:

• VERDICT (O. Fr. verdit, Lat. vere dictum, truly said, used in Late Latin in one word with its present significance)

verdict under the See also:

• PRESIDENCY

presidency of the See also:

• PRAETOR (Lat. prae-itor, " he who goes before," "a leader")

praetor (q.v.), but eventually became See also:

• ANNUAL

annual See also:

• MINOR
• MINOR (Lat. for smaller, lesser)
• MINOR, ROBERT CRANNELL (1839-1904)

minor magistrates of the Republic, elected by the Comitia Tributa . IV . Decemvirs were also appointed from See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time to time to See also:

• CONTROL (Fr. contrdle, older form contre rolle, from Med. Lat. contra-rotulus, a counter roll or copy of a document used to check the original; there is no instance in English of the use of " control " in this, its literal, meaning)

control the See also:

• DISTRIBUTION (Lat. distribuere, to deal out)

distribution of the public See also:

• LAND

land (agris dandis adsignandis; see AGRARIAN LAWS) . BtattoxRArxv.—B . G . See also:

• NIEBUHR, BARTHOLD GEORG (1776–1831)
• NIEBUHR, KARSTEN (1733-1815)

Niebuhr, See also:

• HISTORY

History of See also:

• ROME
• ROME (Roma)

Rome (Eng. trans.), 309.et seq .

(See also:

• CAMBRIDGE
• CAMBRIDGE, EARLS AND DUKES OF
• CAMBRIDGE, RICHARD OWEN (1717-1802)

Cambridge, 1832); Th . Mommsen, History of Rome, bk. ii. c . 2, vol. i. pp . 36! et seq . (Eng. trans., new ed., 1894); Romisches Staatsrecht, ii . 6o5 et seq., 714 (See also:

• LEIPZIG

Leipzig, 1887) ; A . H . J . Greenidge, Legal See also:

• PROCEDURE (Fr. procedure, from Lat. procedere, to go for-ward)

Procedure of See also:

• CICERO

Cicero's Time, p . 4o et seq., 263 (See also:

• OXFORD
• OXFORD, EARLS OF
• OXFORD, EDWARD DE VERE, 17TH EARL
• OXFORD, JOHN DE VERE, 13TH EARL OF (1443-1513)
• OXFORD, PROVISIONS OF
• OXFORD, ROBERT DE VERE, 9TH EARL OF (1362-1392)
• OXFORD, ROBERT HARLEY, 1ST

Oxford, 1901); J . Muirhead, Private Law of Rome, p . 73 et seq .

(See also:

• LONDON

London, 1899) ; Pauly-Wissowa, Realencyclopadie, iv . 2256 et seq . (Kiibler) . (A . M .