See also:

• DEER (O. E. rigor, dfor, a common Teutonic word, meaning a wild animal, cf. Ger. Tier, Du. dier, &c., probably from a root dhus-, to breathe)
• DEER, CHINESE

DEER (O. E. rigor, dfor, a See also:

• COMMON

common See also:

• TEUTONIC
• TEUTONIC (GERMANIC) LANGUAGES

Teutonic word, meaning a See also:

• WILD, JONATHAN (c. 1682-1725)

wild See also:

• ANIMAL
• ANIMAL (Lat. animalis, from anima, breath, soul)

animal, cf. Ger. Tier, Du. dier, &c., probably from a See also:

• ROOT (late O.E. rot, adopted from Scand., cf. Norw. and Swed. rot, Dan. rod; the true O.E. word was wyrt, plant, represented in Ger. Wurz or Wurzel; the ultimate root is the same in both words, and is seen in Lat. radix)
• ROOT, ELIHU (1845– )

root dhus-, to breathe)  , originally the name of one of two See also:

• BRITISH

British See also:

• SPECIES

species, the red-See also:

• DEER (O. E. rigor, dfor, a common Teutonic word, meaning a wild animal, cf. Ger. Tier, Du. dier, &c., probably from a root dhus-, to breathe)
• DEER, CHINESE

deer or the See also:

• FALLOW

fallow-deer, but now extended to all the members of the See also:

• FAMILY

family Cervidae, in the See also:

• SECTION
• SECTION (Lat. sectio, cutting, secare, to cut)

section See also:

• PECORA (plural of Lat. pecus, cattle)

Pecora of the suborder See also:

• ARTIODACTYLA (from Gr. &prws, even, and SatcrVJws, a finger or toe, "even-toed")
• ARTIODACTYLA, PECORA, TYLOPODA

Artiodactyla of the See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order See also:

• UNGULATA

Ungulata . (See PECORA; ARTIODACTYLA and UNGULATA.) Briefly, deer may be defined as Pecora presenting the following characteristics:—either antlers See also:

• PRESENT

present in the male, or when these are absent, the upper canines large and sabre-like, and the lateral metacarpal bones represented only by their See also:

• LOWER

lower extremities . This See also:

• DEFINITION (Lat. definitio, from de-finire, to set limits to, describe)

definition will include the living and also most of the See also:

• EXTINCT

extinct forms, although in some of the latter the lateral metacarpal bones not only retain their lower ends, but are See also:

• COMPLETE

complete in their entire length . The leading characters of antlers are described under PECORA, but these structures may be defined somewhat more fully in the following passage from the present writer's Deer of all Lands: " Antlers are supported on a pair of solid bony processes, or pedicles, arising from the frontal bones of the See also:

• SKULL

skull, of which they See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form an inseparable portion ; and if in a fully adult deer these pedicles be sawn through, they will generally be found to consist of solid, See also:

• IVORY (Fr. ivoire, Lat. ebur)
• IVORY, SIR JAMES (1765-1842)

ivory-like See also:

• BONE (a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages, in many of which it is confined to the shank of the leg, as in the German Bein)
• BONE, HENRY (1755-1834)

bone, devoid of perceptible channels for the passage of See also:

• BLOOD

blood-vessels . The pedicles are always covered with skin well supplied with blood-vessels; and in See also:

• YOUNG
• YOUNG, A
• YOUNG, ARTHUR (1741-1820)
• YOUNG, BRIGHAM (1801-1877)
• YOUNG, CHARLES MAYNE (1777–1856)
• YOUNG, EDWARD (1683–1765)
• YOUNG, JAMES (1811-1883)
• YOUNG, THOMAS (1773-1829)

young deer, or those in which the antlers have been comparatively recently See also:

• SHED

shed, the covering of skin extends over their summits, when they appear as longer or shorter projections on the forehead, according to the species . When the first or a new antler is about to be formed, the summits of these pedicles become See also:

• TENDER

tender, and See also:

• BEAR
• BEAR, BLACK
• BEAR, BROWN
• BEAR, GRIZZLY
• BEAR, ISABELLINE
• BEAR, WHITE

bear small See also:

• VELVET

velvet-like knobs, which have a high temperature, and are supplied by an extra quantity of blood, which commences to See also:

• DEPOSIT (Lat. depositurn, from deponere, to lay down, to put in the care of)

deposit bony See also:

• MATTER

matter . This deposition of bony matter progresses very rapidly, and although in young deer and the adults of some species the resulting antler merely forms a See also:

• SIMPLE

simple spike, or a single See also:

• FORK (Lat. furca)

fork, in full-grown individuals of the See also:

• MAJORITY (Fr. majorite; Med. Lat. majoritas; Lat. major, greater)

majority it assumes a more or less complexly branched structure . All this See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time the growing antler is invested with a skin clothed with exceedingly See also:

• FINE

fine See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short hairs, and is most liberally supplied with blood-vessels; this sensitive skin being called the velvet . Towards the completion of its growth a more or less prominent See also:

• RING (O.E. hring; a word common to Teutonic languages; and probably cognate with the Lat. circus, Gr. KtpKOS or KpLKOS, Skt'. chakra, wheel, circle, cf. also " harangue "); in art, a band of circular shape of varying sizes, made of any material and used f

ring of bone, termed the See also:

• BURR, AARON (1756-1836)

burr or coronet, is deposited at its See also:

• BASE

base just above the junction with the pedicle; this ring tending to constrict the blood-vessels, and thus cut off the See also:

• SUPPLY (through Fr. from Lat. supplere, to fill up)

supply of blood from the antlers . . . " When the antlers are freed from the velvet—a See also:

• PROCESS

process usually assisted by the See also:

• ANIMAL
• ANIMAL (Lat. animalis, from anima, breath, soul)

animal rubbing them against See also:

• TREE (0. Eng. treo, treow, cf. Dan. tree, Swed. Odd, tree, trd, timber; allied forms are found in Russ. drevo, Gr. opus, oak, and 36pv, spear, Welsh derw, Irish darog, oak, and Skr. dare, wood)
• TREE, SIR HERBERT BEERBOHM (1853- )

tree stems or boughs —they have a more or less rugose See also:

• SURFACE

surface, owing to the grooves formed in them by the nutrient blood-vessels . Although a few living species have the antlers in the form of simple spikes in the adult male, in the See also:

• GREAT

great majority of species they are more or less branched; while in some, like the See also:

• ELK

elk and fallow-deer, they expand into broad palmated plates, with tines, or snags, on one or both margins .

In the antlers of the red-deer See also:

• GROUP

group, which form the type of the whole See also:

• SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series, the following names have been applied to their different component parts and branches . The See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

main See also:

• SHAFT
• SHAFT (O. Eng., sceaft, from scafan, to shave; the word is common to Teutonic languages)

shaft is termed the See also:

• BEAM
• BEAM (from the O. Eng. beam, cf. Ger. Baum, a tree, to which sense may be referred the use of " beam " as meaning the rood or crucifix, and the survival in certain names of trees, as horn-beam)

beam; the first or lowest tine the brow-tine; the second the bez-tine; the third the trez-tine, or royal; and the branched portion forming the See also:

• SUMMIT

summit the See also:

• CROWN

crown, or surroyals . , But the antlers of all deer by no means conform to this type; and in certain See also:

• GROUPS
• GROUPS, THEORY

groups other names have to be adopted for the branches . " The antlers of young deer are in the form of simple spikes; and this form is retained in the See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

South See also:

• AMERICAN

American brockets, although the simple antlers of these deer appear due to degeneration, and are not See also:

• PRIMITIVE

primitive types . Indeed, no living deer shows such primitive spike-like antlers in the adult, and it is doubtful whether such a type is displayed by any known extinct form, although many have a simple fork . In the deer of the sambar group, where the antlers never advance beyond a three-See also:

• TINED

tined type, the shedding is frequently, if not invariably, very irregular; but in the majority at least of the species with complex antlers the replacement is See also:

• ANNUAL

annual, the new appendages attaining their full development immediately before the pairing, See also:

• SEASON (0. Fr. seson, seison, mod. saison, Lat. satio, sowing time, the spring, from serere, to sow; in Late Lat. the word is found with its present meaning, the spring being considered as particularly the season of the year)

season . In such species there-is a more or less See also:

• REGULAR

regular annual increase in the complexity of the antlers up to a certain See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period of See also:

• LIFE

life, after which they begin to degenerate." The Cervidae are distributed all over See also:

• EUROPE

Europe, See also:

• ASIA

Asia, See also:

• NORTHERN

Northern See also:

• AFRICA
• AFRICA, ROMAN

Africa and See also:

• AMERICA

America, but are unknown in Africa south of the See also:

• SAHARA

Sahara . They are undoubtedly a group of See also:

• EUROPEAN

European.or See also:

• ASIATIC

Asiatic origin, and obtained an entrance into America at a time when that See also:

• CONTINENT (from Lat. continere, "to hold together "; hence " connected," " continuous ")

continent was connected with Asia by way of See also:

• BERING (BEHRING), VITUS (1680-1741)

Bering Strait . The existing members of the family are classified in the writer's Deer of all Lands as follows: A . Subfamily CERvINAE.—Antlers, with one exception, present in the male; See also:

• LIVER (O. Eng. lifer; cf. cognate forms, Dutch lever, Ger. Leber, Swed. lefver, &c.; the O. H. Ger. forms are libara, lipora, &c.; the Teut. word has been connected with Gr. i'prap and Lat. jecur)

liver without a See also:

• GALL (a word common to many Teutonic languages, cf. Dutch gal, and Ger. Galle; the Indo-European root appears in Gr. xoXi,, and Lat. fel; possibly connected with " yellow," with reference to the colour of bile)
• GALL, FRANZ JOSEPH (1758-1828)

gall-See also:

• BLADDER (from A.S. blaeddre, connected with bl¢wan, to blow, cf. Ger. blase)

bladder; a See also:

• FACE (from Lat. fades, derived either from facere, to make, or from a root fa-, meaning " appear "; cf. Gr. cbatvstv)

face-gland, and a gland-See also:

• PIT (O. E. pytt, cognate with Du. put, Ger. Pfutze, &c., all ultimately adaptations of Lat. puteus, well, formed from root pu-, to cleanse, whence gurus, clean, pure)

pit in the'skull . I . See also:

• REINDEER

Reindeer, Genus Rangifer.—Lateral metacarpal bones represented only by their lower extremities; antlers present in both sexes, complex .

Northern See also:

• PART

part of both hemispheres . II . Elk, Genus Alces.—Lateral metacarpals as in preceding; antlers (as in the following genera) present only in the male, arising at right angles to the median See also:

• LONGITUDINAL

longitudinal See also:

• LINE

line of the skull, and extending at first in the See also:

• PLANE

plane of the forehead, after which, when in their fullest development, they expand into a broad palmation margined with snags . Northern portion of both hemispheres . i . Red-deer Group, Subgenus Cervus.—Antlers rounded, usually with five or more tines, generally including a bez (second), and always a trez (third) ; coat of adult generally unspotted, with a large See also:

• LIGHT

light-coloured disk surrounding the tail; young, spotted . Europe, Northern and Central Asia and See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

North America . 2 . Sika Deer, Subgenus Pseudaxis.—Antlers smaller and simpler, four-tined, with a trez (third), but no bez (second) ; coat of adult spotted, at least in summer, with a See also:

• WHITE
• WHITE, ANDREW DICKSON (1832– )
• WHITE, GILBERT (1720–1793)
• WHITE, HENRY KIRKE (1785-1806)
• WHITE, HUGH LAWSON (1773-1840)
• WHITE, JOSEPH BLANCO (1775-1841)
• WHITE, RICHARD GRANT (1822-1885)
• WHITE, ROBERT (1645-1704)
• WHITE, SIR GEORGE STUART (1835– )
• WHITE, SIR THOMAS (1492-1567)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM ARTHUR (1824--1891)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM HENRY (1845– )
• WHITE, THOMAS (1628-1698)
• WHITE, THOMAS (c. 1550-1624)

white See also:

• AREA

area bordered by See also:

• BLACK
• BLACK, ADAM (1784-1874)
• BLACK, JEREMIAH SULLIVAN (1810–1883)
• BLACK, WILLIAM (1841-1898)

black in the region of the tail, which is also black and white . North-Eastern Asia . 3 . Fallow-deer, Subgenus Dama.—Antlers without a bez, but with a trez-tine, above which the beam is more or less palmated, and generally furnished with numerous snags; coat of adult spotted in summer, See also:

• UNIFORM

uniform in See also:

• WINTER, JOHN STRANGE
• WINTER, PETER (c. 1755-1825)

winter, with black and white markings in the region of the tail similar to those of Pseudaxis; young, spotted .

Mediterranean region, but more widely spread in Europe during the See also:

• PLEISTOCENE

Pleistocene See also:

• EPOCH (Gr. E7roxij, holding in suspense, a pause, from E1rxav, to hold up, to stop)

epoch, and also introduced into many European countries . 4 . Sambar Group, Subgenus Rusa.—Antlers rounded, three tined, with the bez- and trez-tines wanting, and the beam simply forked at the summit; coat either uniform or spotted at all seasons . Indo-See also:

• MALAY

Malay countries and part of See also:

• CHINA

China . 5 . Barasingha Group, Subgenus Rucervus.—Antlers flattened or rounded, without bez- or trez-tine, the beam dichotomously forking, and one or both branches again forked, so that the number of tines is at least four; brow-tine forming a right See also:

• ANGLE (from the Lat. angulus, a corner, a diminutive, of which the primitive form, angus, does not occur in Latin; cognate are the Lat. angere, to compress into a bend or to strangle, and the Gr. ayKOS, a bend; both connected with the Aryan root ank-, to

angle or a continuous See also:

• CURVE (Lat. curvus, bent)

curve with the beam; coat of adult generally more or less uniform, of young spotted . Indo-Malay countries . IV . Muntjacs, Genus Cervulus.—Lateral metacarpals as in Cervus; antlers small, with a brow-tine and an unbranched beam, supported on See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long bony pedicles, continued downwards as convergent ridges on the forehead; upper canines of male large and tusk-like . Indo-Malay countries and China . V . Tufted Muntjacs, Genus Elaphodus.—Nearly related to the last, but the antlers still smaller, with shorter pedicles and divergent frontal ridges; upper canines of male not everted at the tips .

See also:

• TIBET, or THIBET

Tibet and China . VI . See also:

• WATER

Water-deer, Genus Hydrelaphus.—Lateral metacarpals as in Rangifer; antlers wanting; upper canines of See also:

• MALES

males tusk-like and growing from semi-persistent pulps; cheek-See also:

• TEETH (O.E. Eel); plural of tooth, O.E. top)

teeth tall-crowned (hypsodont) ; tail moderate . China . IX . American Deer, Genus Mazama.—Lateral metacarpals as in Rangifer; antlers very variable in See also:

• SIZE

size, forming a marked angle with the plane of the face, without a brow-tine; when consisting of more than a simple prong, dichotomously forked, frequently with a sub-basal snag, and always with the lower prong of the fork projected from the front edge of the beam, in some cases the lower, in others the upper, and in others both prongs again dividing; tail long; tarsal gland generally present; metatarsal gland very variable, both as regards presence and position; vomer dividing the inner See also:

• APERTURE (from Lat. aperire, to open)

aperture of the nostrils in the skull into two distinct See also:

• CHAMBERS (the Fr. chambre, from Lat. camera, a room)
• CHAMBERS, EPHRAIM (d. 1740)
• CHAMBERS, GEORGE (1803-1840)
• CHAMBERS, ROBERT (18oz-1871)
• CHAMBERS, SIR WILLIAM (1726-1796)

chambers . America . t . White-tailed Group, Subgenus Dorcelaphus or Odocoileus.—Antlers large and complex, with a sub-basal snag, and the lower prong more or less See also:

• DEVELOPED

developed at the expense of the upper one; metatarsal gland usually present; tail long or moderate, and hairy below; face very long and narrow; the face-gland small, and the gland-pit in the skull of moderate extent; no upper canines; size generally large . North America to Northern South America . 2 . See also:

• MARSH (O. F. mersc, for merisc, a place full of "meres" or pools; cf. Ger. Meer, sea, Lat. mare)
• MARSH, ADAM (ADAM DE MARISCO) (d. c. 1258)
• MARSH, GEORGE PERKINS (1801-1882)
• MARSH, HERBERT (1757–1839)
• MARSH, NARCISSUS (1638-1713)
• MARSH, OTHNIEL CHARLES (1831-1899)

Marsh-deer Group, Subgenus Blastoceros.—Antlers large and complex, without a sub-basal snag, and the upper prong more developed than the lower one; metatarsal gland absent; tail short; face moderately long; face-gland and gland-pit well developed; upper canines usually present in male .

Size large or rather small . South America . 3 . Guemals, Subgenus Xenelaphus.—Antlers small and simple, forming a single dichotomous fork; metatarsal gland absent; tail short; face moderately long; face-gland and gland-pit well developed; upper canines present in both sexes . Size See also:

• MEDIUM

medium . South America . 4 . Brockets, Subgenus Mazama.—Antlers in the form of simple unbranched spikes; metatarsal, and in one See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case also the tarsal gland absent; tail very short; face elongated; face-gland small and gland-pit deep and triangular; See also:

• HAIR (a word common to Teutonic languages)

hair of face radiating from two whorls; upper canines sometimes present in old males . Size small . Central and South America . X . Genus Pudua.—Skull and metacarpals generally as in Mazama; size very small; hair coarse and brittle; antlers in the form of short, simple spikes; See also:

• CANNON (a word common to Romance languages, from the Lat. canna, a reed, tube, with the addition of the augmentative termination -on, -one)

cannon-bones very short; tail very short or wanting; no whorls in the hair of the face; face-gland moderately large, and gland-pit deep and See also:

• OVAL (Lat. ovum, egg)

oval; tarsal and See also:

• META

meta-tarsal glands wanting; ectocuneiform bone of See also:

• TARSUS (mod. Tersous)

tarsus See also:

• UNITED

united with the naviculocuboid .

South America . B . Subfamily MoscHINAE.—Antlers wanting in both sexes; liver furnished with a gall-bladder; no face-gland or gland-pit . XI . See also:

• MUSK (Med. Lat. muscus, late Gr. µbvXos, possibly Pers. mushk, from Sansk. mushka, the scrotum)

Musk-deer, Genus See also:

• MOSCHUS

Moschus.—Hair coarse and brittle; upper canines of male very long; no tarsal or metatarsal glands or tufts; lateral metacarpals represented by their lower extremities; lateral hoofs very large; tail very short; naked portion of muzzle extensive; male with a large abdominal gland . Central Asia . Of the above, Reindeer and Elk are dealt with in See also:

• SEPARATE

separate articles (qq.v.) . The first or typical group of the genus Cervus includes the red-deer (Cervus elaphus) of Europe and western Asia, of which there are several See also:

• LOCAL

local races, such as the large C. elaphus maral of eastern Europe and See also:

• PERSIA

Persia, which is often partially spotted above and dark-coloured below, the smaller C. e. barbarus of See also:

• TUNISIA (Regency of Tunis)

Tunisia and See also:

• MOROCCO

Morocco, and the still smaller C. e. corsicanus of See also:

• CORSICA (Fr. Corse)

Corsica . The Scandinavian red-deer is the typical form of the species . In all red-deer the antlers are rounded, and show a more or less marked tendency to form a See also:

• CUP (in O.E. cuppe; generally taken to be from Late Lat. cuppa, a variant of Lat. cupa, a cask, cf. Gr. KuaeXXov)

cup at the summit . Wapiti, on the other See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand, show a marked tendency to the flattening of the antlers, with a great development of the See also:

• FOURTH

fourth tine, which is larger than all the others, and the whole of the tines above this in the same plane, or nearly so, this plane being the same as the long See also:

• AXIS (Lat. for " axle ")

axis of the animal . Normally no cup is developed at the summit of the antler .

The tail, too, is shorter than in the red-deer; while in winter the under parts become very dark, and the upper surface often bleaches almost white . The cry of the stags in the breeding season is also different . The typical representative of the group is the North American wapiti C. canadensis, but there are several closely allied races in Central Asia, such as C. canadensis songaricus and C. c. bactrianus, while in See also:

• MANCHURIA

Manchuria the subgroup is represented by C. c. xanthopygus, in which the summer coat is reddish instead of See also:

• GREY, CHARLES GREY, 2ND EARL (1764-1845)
• GREY, HENRY GREY, 3RD EARL (1802-1894)
• GREY, LADY JANE (1537-1554)
• GREY, SIR EDWARD
• GREY, SIR GEORGE (1812–1898)

grey . The hangul (C. cashmirianus) of See also:

• KASHMIR, or CASHMERE

Kashmir is a distinct dark-coloured species, in which the antlers tend to turn in at the summit; while C. yarcandensis, of the See also:

• TARIM

Tarim Valley, See also:

• TURKESTAN
• TURKESTAN, or HAZRET

Turkestan, is a redder animal, with a wholly rufous tail, and antlers usually terminating in a simple fork placed in a transverse plane . Another Asiatic species is the great shou (C. affinis) of the Chumbi Valley, in which the antlers curve forwards in a remarkable manner . Lastly C. albirostris, of Tibet, is easily recognized by its white muzzle, and smooth, whitish, flattened antlers, which have fewer tines than those of the other members of the group, all placed in one plane . The second group of the genus Cervus, forming the subgenus Pseud axis, is typified by the handsome little See also:

• JAPANESE

Japanese deer, or sika, C . (P.) sika, in which the antlers are four-tined, and coveredwith red " velvet " when first grown, while the coat is fully spotted in summer, but more or less uniformly See also:

• BROWN
• BROWN, CHARLES BROCKDEN (1771-181o)
• BROWN, FORD MADOX (1821-1893)
• BROWN, FRANCIS (1849- )
• BROWN, GEORGE (1818-188o)
• BROWN, HENRY KIRKE (1814-1886)
• BROWN, JACOB (1775–1828)
• BROWN, JOHN (1715–1766)
• BROWN, JOHN (1722-1787)
• BROWN, JOHN (1735–1788)
• BROWN, JOHN (1784–1858)
• BROWN, JOHN (1800-1859)
• BROWN, JOHN (1810—1882)
• BROWN, JOHN GEORGE (1831— )
• BROWN, ROBERT (1773-1858)
• BROWN, SAMUEL MORISON (1817—1856)
• BROWN, SIR GEORGE (1790-1865)
• BROWN, SIR JOHN (1816-1896)
• BROWN, SIR WILLIAM, BART
• BROWN, THOMAS (1663-1704)
• BROWN, THOMAS (1778-1820)
• BROWN, THOMAS EDWARD (1830-1897)
• BROWN, WILLIAM LAURENCE (1755–1830)

brown in winter . The most distinctive feature of the deer of this group is, however, the patch of long erectile white hairs on the buttocks, which, although inconspicuous when the animals are quiescent, is See also:

• EXPANDED

expanded into a large chrysanthemum-like bunch when they start to run or are otherwise excited . The patch then forms a guiding See also:

• SIGNAL

signal for the members of the See also:

• HERD (a word common to Teutonic languages; the O. Eng. form was heord; cf. Ger. Herde, Swed. and Dan. hjord; the Sans. ca'rdhas, which shows the pre-Teutonic form, means a troop)

herd when in See also:

• FLIGHT

flight . On the mainland of Manchuria both the typical sika, and a larger -See also:

• RACE

race (C. sika manchuricus), occur . A still larger and finer animal is the See also:

• PEKIN

Pekin sika (C. hortulorum), of northern Manchuria, which is as large as a small red-deer; it is represented in the Yang-tse valley by a local race, C. h. kopschi .

See also:

• FORMOSA
• FORMOSA (called Taiwan by the Chinese, and following them by the Japanese, into whose possession it came after their war with China in 1895)

Formosa possesses a species of its own (C. taevanus), which, in correlation with the perpetual verdure of that See also:

• ISLAND (O.E. ieg =isle, +land')

island, is spotted at all seasons . For the fallow-deer, Cervus [Dama] dama, see FALLOW-DEER . The rusine or sambar group of Cervus, of which the characteristics are given above, comprises a considerable number of long-tailed species with three-tined antlers from the Indo-Malay countries and some parts of China . The largest and handsomest is the sambar of See also:

• INDIA
• INDIA, FRENCH

India (Cervus [Rusa] unicolor), characterized by its massive and rugged antlers . It is represented by a number of local races, mostly of smaller size, such as the Burmese and Malay C. u. equinus, the Formosan C. u. swinhoei, and the Philippine C. u. philippinus and C. u. nigricans, of which the latter is not larger than a See also:

• ROE (or Row), SIR THOMAS (c. 1581—1644)
• ROE, EDWARD PAYSON (1838-1888)

roe-See also:

• BUCK
• BUCK, CARL DARLING (1866– )
• BUCK, DUDLEY (1839-1909)

buck, while the sambar itself is as large as a red-deer . Whether these local phases of a single variable type are best denominated races or species, must be largely a matter of individual See also:

• OPINION (Lat. opinio, from opinari, to think)

opinion . The rusa, or Javan sambar, C . (R.) hippelaphus, is a lighter-coloured and smaller deer than the See also:

• INDIAN

Indian sambar, with longer, slenderer and less rugged antlers . Typically from See also:

• JAVA

Java, this deer is also represented in the See also:

• MOLUCCAS, or SPICE ISLANDS

Moluccas and See also:

• TIMOR
• TIMOR (Timur i Leng, the lame Timur)

Timor, and has thus the most easterly range of the whole tribe . A black coat with white spots distinguishes the Philippine spotted deer, C. aljredi, which is about the size of a roe-buck; while other members of this group are the Calamianes deer of the Philippines (C. culionensis) , the Bavian deer (C. kuhli) from a small island near Java, and the well-known Indian hog-deer or See also:

• PARA
• PARA (officially BELEM; sometimes BELEM DO PARA)

para (C. porcinus), all these three last being small, more or less uniformly coloured, and closely allied species . On the other hand, the larger and handsomer chital, or spotted deer (C. axis), stands apart by its white-spotted fawn-red coat and differently formed antlers . Nearly allied to the preceding is the barasingha or rucervine group (subgenus Rucervus), in which the antlers are of a different and generally more complex See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character .

The typical species is the Indian barasingha or swamp-deer, Cervus (Rucervus) duvauceli, a uniformly red animal, widely distributed in the See also:

• FOREST

forest districts of India . In See also:

• SIAM (known to its inhabitants as Muang Thai)

Siam it is replaced by C . (R.) schomburgki, in which the antlers are of a still more complex type . Finally, we have the thamin, or Eld's deer, C . (R.) eldi, ranging from See also:

• BURMA

Burma to Siam, and characterized by the continuous curve formed by the beam and the brow-tine of the antlers . For the small eastern deer, respectively known as muntjacs (Cervulus) and tufted muntjacs or tufted deer (Elaphodus), see See also:

• MUNTJAC

MUNTJAC; while under WATER-DEER will be found a See also:

• NOTICE

notice of the See also:

• CHINESE, JAPANESE AND

Chinese representative of the genus Hydrelaphus (or Hydro-poles) . The roe-deer, or roe-buck (Capreolus), likewise form the subject of a separate See also:

• ARTICLE (from Lat. articulus, a joint)

article (see ROE-BUCK), as is also the case with Pere See also:

• DAVID
• DAVID (a Hebrew name meaning probably beloved 1)
• DAVID, FELICIEN (1810—1876)
• DAVID, GERARD [GHEERAERT DAVIT], (?=1523)
• DAVID, PIERRE JEAN (1789–1856)
• DAVID, ST (Dewi, Sant)

David's deer, the See also:

• SOLE (Solea)

sole representative of the genus Elaphurus . The American deer include such New See also:

• WORLD

World species as are generically distinct from Old World types . All these differ from the members of the genus Cervus in having no brow-tine to the antlers, which, in See also:

• COMMON

common with those of the roe-deer, belong to what is called the forked type . Including all these deer except one in the genus Mazama (of which the typical representatives are the South American brockets), the North American species constitute the subgenus Dorcelaphus (also known as Cariacus and Odocoileus) . One of the best known of these is the white-tailed deer Mazama (Dorcelaphus) americana, often known as the Virginian deer . It is typically an animal of the size of a fallow-deer, reddish in summer and greyish in winter, with a long tail, which is coloured like the back above but white below, and is carried elevated when the animal is See also:

• RUNNING

running, so as to form with the white of the inner sides of the buttocks a conspicuous " See also:

• BLAZE (A.-S. blaese, a torch)

blaze." A white fetlock-gland with a black centre is also distinctive of this species .

The antlers are large and curve forwards, giving off an upright snag near the base, and several See also:

• VERTICAL (from Lat. vertex, highest point)

vertical tines from the upper surface of the See also:

• HORIZONTAL

horizontal portion . As we proceed south-wards from the northern United States, deer of the white-tailed type decrease steadily in size, till in Central America, See also:

• PERU
• PERU (apparently from Biru, a small river on the west coast of Colombia, where Pizarro landed)

Peru and See also:

• GUIANA (Guyana, Guayana')

Guiana they are represented by animals not larger that a roe-buck . The most convenient See also:

• PLAN
• PLAN (from Lat. planes, flat)

plan appears to be to regard all these degenerate forms as local races of the white-tail, although here again there is . See also:

• ROOM

room for difference of opinion, and many naturalists prefer to See also:

• CALL (from Anglo-Saxon ceallian, a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch kallen, to talk or chatter)

call them species . The large ears, brownand-white face, short, black-tipped tail, and antlers without large basal snag serve to distinguish the See also:

• MULE (Lat. mulus)

mule-deer M . (D.) hemionus, of western North America; while the black tail, M . (D.) columbiana, ranging from British See also:

• COLUMBIA

Columbia to See also:

• CALIFORNIA
• CALIFORNIA, LOWER (Baja California)
• CALIFORNIA, UNIVERSITY OF

California, is a smaller animal, recognizable by the larger and longer tail, which is black above and white below . South America is the See also:

• HOME
• HOME, DANIEL DUNGLAS (1833-1886)
• HOME, EARLS OF

home of the. marsh-deer or guazu, M . (Blastoceros) dichotoma, representing a subgenus in which the complex antlers lack a basal snag, while the hair of the back is reversed . This species is about the size of a red-deer, with a foxy. red coat with black legs . The See also:

• PAMPAS (Span. La Pampa, from a Quichua word signifying a level open space or terrace)

pampas-deer, M . (B.) bezoartica,. of the See also:

• ARGENTINE

Argentine pampas is a much smaller animal, of paler See also:

• COLOUR (Lat. color, connected with celare, to hide, the root meaning, therefore, being that of a covering)

colour, with three-tined antlers . The Chilean and Peruvian See also:

• ANDES

Andes and See also:

• PATAGONIA

Patagonia are the homes of two See also:

• PECULIAR

peculiar deer locally known as guemals (huemals), and constituting the subgenus Xenelaphus, or Hippocamelus .

They are about the size of fallow-deer, and have simply forked antlers . The Chilian species is M . (B.) bisulca and the Peruvian M . (B.) antisiensis . Brockets, of which there are numerous species, such as M. ruufa and M. nemorivaga, are Central and South American deer of the size of roe-bucks or smaller, with simple spike-like antlers, tufted heads and the hair of the face radiating from two whorls on the forehead so that on the See also:

• NOSE (O.Eng. nosu, cf. Dutch neus, Swed. nos, snout; the Aix in Provence. Both at Aix and at Lyons he acquired great connexion with O.Eng. nasu is obscure, cf. Ger. Nase, Lat. pares, distinction by his labours during outbreaks of the plague. In nostrils,

nose the direction is downwards . The smallest of all deer is the Chilian pudu (Pudua pudu), a creature not much larger than a See also:

• HARE
• HARE, SIR JOHN (1844– )

hare, with almost rudimentary antlers . The musk-deer forms the subject of a separate article . For deer in See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general, see R . Lydekker, The Deer of all Lands (See also:

• LONDON

London, '898, '9o8) . (R .