DEHLI See also:

• DEHLI DELHI

DELHI  or DII.LI, the See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient See also:

• CAPITAL (i.e. capital stock or fund)
• CAPITAL (Lat. caput, head)

capital of the See also:

• MOGUL, MOCHAL, or MIGHAL

Mogul See also:

• EMPIRE

empire in See also:

• INDIA
• INDIA, FRENCH

India, and a See also:

• MODERN

modern See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city which gives its name to a See also:

• DISTRICT

district and See also:

• DIVISION (from Lat. dividere, to break up into parts, separate)

division of See also:

• BRITISH

British India . The city of See also:

• DELHI, DEHLI

Delhi is situated in 28° 38' N., 77° 13' E., very nearly due See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north of Cape See also:

• COMORIN, CAPE

Comorin, and practically in a latitudinal See also:

• LINE

line with the more ancient cities of See also:

• CAIRO
• CAIRO (Arabic Misr-al-Kahira, or simply Misr)

Cairo and See also:

• CANTON
• CANTON (borrowed from the Ital. cantone, a corner or angle)
• CANTON (more correctly KWANG-CHOW Fu)
• CANTON, JOHN (1718-1772)

Canton . It lies in the See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south-See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

east corner of the See also:

• PROVINCE
• PROVINCE (Lat. provincia; perhaps a contraction of providentia)

province of the See also:

• PUNJAB

Punjab, to which it was added in 1858, and abuts on the right See also:

• BANK

bank of the See also:

• RIVER

river See also:

• JUMNA, or JAMUNA

Jumna . Though See also:

• LAHORE

Lahore, the more ancient city, remains the See also:

• OFFICIAL (Late Lat. QJicialis, for class. Lat. apparitor, from officium, office, duty)

official capital of the Punjab, Delhi is historically more famous, and is now more important as a commercial and railway centre . Though the remains of earlier cities are scattered See also:

• ROUND (O. Fr. rond, Lat. rotundus, the Fr. is the source also of Du. rond; Ger., Swed., Dan. and Nor. rond)

round Delhi over an See also:

• AREA

area estimated to See also:

• COVER (from the Fr. convert, from couvrir, to cover, Lat. cooperire)

cover some 45 sq. m., modern Delhi See also:

• DATES

dates only from the See also:

• MIDDLE

middle of the 17th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century, when Shah Jahan rebuilt the city on its See also:

• PRESENT

present site, adding the See also:

• TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title Shah-See also:

• JAHANABAD

jahanabad from his own name . It extends for nearly 24 in. along the right bank of the Jumna from the See also:

• WATER

Water See also:

• BASTION (through the Fr. from late Lat. bastire, to build)

bastion to the See also:

• WELLESLEY
• WELLESLEY, RICHARD COLLEY WESLEY (or WELLESLEY)

Wellesley bastion in the south-east corner, nearly one-third of the frontage being occupied by the river See also:

• WALL (O. Eng. weal, weall, Mid. Eng. wal, wane, adapted from Lat. vallum, rampart; the original O. Eng. word for a wall was wag or tenth)
• WALL, RICHARD (1694-1778)

wall of the See also:

• PALACE (Lat. Palatium, the name given by Augustus to his residence on the Palatine Hill)

palace . The See also:

• NORTHERN

northern wall, famous in the See also:

• SIEGE (0. Fr. sege, siege, mod. siege, seat, ultimately from sedere, to sit, cf. Class. Lat. obsidium, a siege)

siege of Delhi in 1857, extends three-quarters of a mile from the Water bastion to the Shah, commonly known as the Mori, bastion; the length of the See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

west wall from this bastion to the See also:

• AJMERE, or AJMER

Ajmere See also:

• GATE

gate is r m. and of the south wall to the Wellesley bastion again almost exactly the same distance, the whole See also:

• LAND

land See also:

• CIRCUIT (Lat. circuitus, from circum, round, and ire, to go)

circuit being thus 3; M . The See also:

• COMPLETE

complete circuit of Delhi is 51 M . In the north wall is situated the famous See also:

• KASHMIR, or CASHMERE

Kashmir gate, while the Mori or Drain gate, which was built by a Mahratta See also:

• GOVERNOR (from the Fr. gouverneur, from gouverner, O. Fr. governer, Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, to direct, guide)

governor, has now been removed . In the west wall are the Farash Khana and Ajmere See also:

• GATES, HORATIO (1728-1806)

gates, while the See also:

• KABUL

Kabul and Lahore gates have been removed . In the south wall are the Turkman and Delhi gates . The gates on the river See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side of the city included the Khairati and Rajghat, the See also:

• CALCUTTA

Calcutta and Nigambod—both removed; the Kela' gate, and the Hadar See also:

• RAO, SIR DINKAR (1819–1896)
• RAO, SIR T

Rao gate, now closed .

The See also:

• GREAT

great wall of Delhi, which was constructed by Shah Jahan, was strengthened by the See also:

• ENGLISH

English by the addition of a ditch and See also:

• GLACIS

glacis, after Delhi was captured by See also:

• LORD
• LORD (O. Eng. hldford, i.e. hldfweard, the warder or keeper of bread, hlIf, loaf; the word is not represented in any other Teutonic language)
• LORD, JOHN (1810-1894)

Lord See also:

• LAKE
• LAKE, GERARD LAKE, 1ST VISCOUNT (1744-1808)

Lake in 1803; and its strength was turned against the British at the See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time of the See also:

• MUTINY
• MUTINY (from an old verb " mutine," O. Fr. mutin, meutin, a sedition; cf. mod. Fr. emeute; the original is the Late Lat. mota, commotion, from movere, to move)

Mutiny . The imperial palace (1638-1648), now known as the " Fort," is situated on the east of the city, and abuts directly on the river . It consists at present of See also:

• BARE

bare and ugly British See also:

• BARRACKS (derived through the French from the Late Lat. barra, a bar)
• BARRACKS, CAMP

barracks, among which are scattered exquisite gems of See also:

• ORIENTAL

oriental See also:

• ARCHITECTURE (Lat. architectura, from the Gr. ap)(LTEKrwv, a master-builder)

architecture . The two most famous among its buildings are the Diwan-i-Am or See also:

• HALL
• HALL (generally known as SCHWABISCH-HALL, tc distinguish it from the small town of Hall in Tirol and Bad-Hall, a health resort in Upper Austria)
• HALL (O.E. heall, a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Halle)
• HALL, BASIL (1788-1844)
• HALL, CARL CHRISTIAN (1812–1888)
• HALL, CHARLES FRANCIS (1821-1871)
• HALL, CHRISTOPHER NEWMAN (1816—19oz)
• HALL, EDWARD (c. 1498-1547)
• HALL, FITZEDWARD (1825-1901)
• HALL, ISAAC HOLLISTER (1837-1896)
• HALL, JAMES (1793–1868)
• HALL, JAMES (1811–1898)
• HALL, JOSEPH (1574-1656)
• HALL, MARSHALL (1790-1857)
• HALL, ROBERT (1764-1831)
• HALL, SAMUEL CARTER (5800-5889)
• HALL, SIR JAMES (1761-1832)
• HALL, WILLIAM EDWARD (1835-1894)

Hall of Public See also:

• AUDIENCE (from Lat. audire, to hear)

Audience, and the Diwan-i-Khas or Hall of Private Audience . The Diwan-i-Am is a splendid See also:

• BUILDING

building measuring too ft. by 6o ft., and was formerly plastered with chunam and overlaid with See also:

• GOLD
• GOLD [symbol Au, atomic weight 195.7(H = 1),197.2(0 =16)]

gold . The most striking effect now lies in its engrailed See also:

• ARCHES, COURT OF

arches . It was in the See also:

• RECESS (Lat. recessus, a going back, withdrawal, from recedere, to withdraw)

recess in the back wall of this hall that the famous See also:

• PEACOCK (Lat. Pavo, O. Eng. Pawe, Du. pauuw, Ger. Pfau, Fr. Paon)
• PEACOCK, GEORGE (1791–1858)
• PEACOCK, SIR BARNES (1810-189o)
• PEACOCK, THOMAS LOVE (1785-1866)

Peacock See also:

• THRONE

Throne used to stand, " so called from its having the figures of two peacocks See also:

• STANDING

standing behind it, their tails being See also:

• EXPANDED

expanded and the whole so inlaid with sapphires, rubies, emeralds, pearls and other See also:

• PRECIOUS (O. Fr. precios, mod. precieux, Lat. pretiosus, of high value or price, pretium)

precious stones of appropriate See also:

• COLOURS, MILITARY

colours as to represent See also:

• LIFE

life." See also:

• TAVERNIER, JEAN BAPTISTE (1605-1689)

Tavernier, the See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French jeweller, who saw Delhi in 1665, describes the throne as of the shape of a See also:

• BED
• BED (a common Teutonic word, cf. German Bett, probably connected with the Indo-European root bhodh, seen in the Lat. fodere, to dig; so " a dug-out place " for safe resting, or in the same sense as a garden " bed ")

bed, 6 ft. by 4 ft., supported by four See also:

• GOLDEN

golden feet, 20 to 25 in. high, from the bars above which See also:

• ROSE
• ROSE (Rosa)
• ROSE, GEORGE (1744-1818)
• ROSE, HUGH JAMES (1795—1838)
• ROSE, WILLIAM STEWART (1775-1843)

rose twelve columns to support the See also:

• CANOPY (through Fr. canape, from Med. Lat. canapeum, classical conopeum, a mosquito curtain, Gr. K6v(.4, a gnat)

canopy; the bars were decorated with crosses of rubies and emeralds, and also with diamonds and pearls . In all there were to8 large rubies on the throne, and 116 emeralds, but many of the latter had flaws . The twelve columns supporting the canopy were decorated with rows of splendid pearls, and Tavernier considered these to be the most valuable See also:

• PART

part of the throne . The whole was valued at 6,000,000 . This throne was carried off by the See also:

• PERSIAN
• PERSIAN, SYRIAN, EGYPTIAN AND TURKISH

Persian invader See also:

• NADIR (Arabic nadir, " opposite to," used elliptically for nadir-es-semt, "opposite to the zenith ")

Nadir Shah in 1739, and has been rumoured to exist still in the Treasure See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

House of the Shah of See also:

• PERSIA

Persia; but Lord Curzon, who examined the thrones there, says that nothing now exists of it, except perhaps some portions worked up in a modern Persian throne . The Diwan-i-Khas is smaller than the Diwan-i-Am, and consists of a See also:

• PAVILION

pavilion of See also:

• WHITE
• WHITE, ANDREW DICKSON (1832– )
• WHITE, GILBERT (1720–1793)
• WHITE, HENRY KIRKE (1785-1806)
• WHITE, HUGH LAWSON (1773-1840)
• WHITE, JOSEPH BLANCO (1775-1841)
• WHITE, RICHARD GRANT (1822-1885)
• WHITE, ROBERT (1645-1704)
• WHITE, SIR GEORGE STUART (1835– )
• WHITE, SIR THOMAS (1492-1567)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM ARTHUR (1824--1891)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM HENRY (1845– )
• WHITE, THOMAS (1628-1698)
• WHITE, THOMAS (c. 1550-1624)

white See also:

• MARBLE (from Lat. marmor, Gr. pApµapos, shining stone)

marble, in the interior of which the See also:

• ART

art of the Moguls reached the perfection of its See also:

• JEWEL, JOHN (1522-1571)

jewel-like decoration .

On a marble See also:

• PLATFORM (Fr. plateforme, i.e. ground plan)

platform rises a marble pavilion, the See also:

• FLAT (a modification of O. Eng. flet, an obsolete word of Teutonic origin, meaning the ground beneath the feet)

flat-coned roof of which is supported on a See also:

• DOUBLE
• DOUBLE (from the Mid. Eng. duble, the form which gives the present pronunciation, through the Old Er. duble, from Lat. duplus, twice as much)

double See also:

• ROW, JOHN (c. 1525—1580)

row of marble pillars . The inner See also:

• FACE (from Lat. fades, derived either from facere, to make, or from a root fa-, meaning " appear "; cf. Gr. cbatvstv)

face of the arches, with the spandrils and the pilasters which support them, are covered with See also:

• FLOWERS, ARTIFICIAL

flowers and foliage of delicate See also:

• DESIGN (Fr. desiin, drawing; Lat. designare, to mark out)

design and dainty See also:

• EXECUTION (from Lat. ex-sequor, exsecutus, follow or carry out)

execution, crusted in See also:

• GREEN, A
• GREEN, ALEXANDER HENRY (1832—1896)
• GREEN, DUFF (1791—1875)
• GREEN, JOHN RICHARD (1837—1883)
• GREEN, MATTHEW (1696-1737)
• GREEN, THOMAS HILL (1836-1882)
• GREEN, VALENTINE (1739–1813)
• GREEN, WILLIAM HENRY (.1825–1900)

green See also:

• SERPENTINE

serpentine, See also:

• BLUE (common in different forms to most European languages)

blue lapis lazuli and red and See also:

• PURPLE

purple See also:

• PORPHYRY (IlopcPisptos) (A.D. 233-c. 304)

porphyry . During the See also:

• LAPSE (Lat. lapses, a slip or departure)

lapse of years many of these stones were picked from their setting, and the See also:

• SILVER

silver See also:

• CEILING (from a verb " to ceil," i.e. to line or cover; of disputed etymology, but apparently connected with Fr. ciel, Lat. caelum, sky)

ceiling of flowered patterns was pillaged by the See also:

• MAHRATTAS

Mahrattas; but the inlaid See also:

• WORK

work was restored as far as possible by Lord Curzon . It is in this hall that the famous inscription " If a See also:

• PARADISE (Gr. lrap6BEwos)

paradise be on the face of the See also:

• EARTH
• EARTH (a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Erde, Dutch aarde, Swed. and Dan. jord; outside Teutonic it appears only in the Gr. 'pq'e, on the ground; it has been connected by some etymologists with the Aryan root ar-, to plough, which is seen in
• EARTH, FIGURE OF
• EARTH, FIGURE OF THE

earth, it is this, it is this, it is this," still exists . It is given in Persian characters twice in the panels over the narrow arches at the ends of the middle hall, beginning from the east on the north side, and from the west at the south side . At the time of the Delhi See also:

• DURBAR

Durbar held in See also:

• JANUARY

January 1903 to celebrate the See also:

• PROCLAMATION (Lat. proclamare, to make public by announcement)

proclamation of See also:

• EDWARD

Edward VII. as See also:

• EMPEROR (Fr. empereur, from the Lat. imperator)

emperor of India these two halls were used as a dancing-See also:

• ROOM

room and supper-room, and their full beauty was brought out by the electric See also:

• LIGHT

light shining through their marble See also:

• GRILLE

grille-work . The native city of Delhi is like most other cities in India, a huddle of mean houses in mean streets, diversified with splendid mosques . The Chandni Chauk (" silver See also:

• STREET
• STREET, GEORGE EDMUND (1824-1881)

street "), the See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal street of Delhi, which was once supposed to be the richest street in the See also:

• WORLD

world, has fallen from its high See also:

• ESTATE (through O. Fr. estat, mod. flat, from Lat. status, state, condition, position, stare, to stand)

estate, though it is still a broad and imposing See also:

• AVENUE (the past participle feminine of Fr. avenir, to come to)

avenue with a double row of trees See also:

• RUNNING

running down the centre . During the course of its See also:

• HISTORY

history it was four times sacked, by Nadir Shah, Timur, Ahmad Shah and the Mahrattas, and its roadway has many times run with See also:

• BLOOD

blood . Now it is the See also:

• ABODE (from " abide," to dwell, properly " to wait for ," to bide)

abode of the jewellers and See also:

• IVORY (Fr. ivoire, Lat. ebur)
• IVORY, SIR JAMES (1765-1842)

ivory-workers of Delhi, but the jewels are seldom valuable and the See also:

• CARVING

carving has lost much of its old delicacy . A See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short distance south of the Chandni Chauk the Jama Masjid, or Great See also:

• MOSQUE (through Fr. mosquie; Span. mezquila, from Arab. masjid, sajada, to adore)

Mosque, rises boldly from a small rocky See also:

• EMINENCE (Lat. eminentia)

eminence . It was erected in 1648-1650, two years after the royal palace, by Shah Jahan .

Its front See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

court, 450 ft. square, and surrounded by a See also:

• CLOISTER (Lat. claustrum; Fr. cloitre; Ital. chiostro; Span. claustro; Ger. Kloster)

cloister open on both sides, is paved with See also:

• GRANITE (adapted from the Ital. granite, grained; Lat. granum, grain)

granite inlaid with marble, and commands a See also:

• FINE

fine view of the city . The mosque itself, a splendid structure forming an oblong 261 ft. in length, is approached by a magnificent See also:

• FLIGHT

flight of See also:

• STONE
• STONE (0. Eng. shin; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Stein, Du. steen, Dan. and Swed. sten; the root is also seen in Gr. aria, pebble)
• STONE, CHARLES POMEROY (1824-1887)
• STONE, EDWARD JAMES (1831-1897)
• STONE, FRANK (1800-1859)
• STONE, GEORGE (1708—1764)
• STONE, LUCY [BLACKWELL] (1818-1893)
• STONE, MARCUS (184o— )
• STONE, NICHOLAS (1586-1647)

stone steps . Three domes of white marble rise from its roof, with two tall minarets at the front corners . The interior of the mosque is paved throughout, and the walls and roof are lined, with white marble . Two other mosques in Delhi itself deserve passing See also:

• NOTICE

notice, the Kala Masjid or See also:

• BLACK
• BLACK, ADAM (1784-1874)
• BLACK, JEREMIAH SULLIVAN (1810–1883)
• BLACK, WILLIAM (1841-1898)

Black Mosque, which was built about 1380 in the reign of Feroz Shah, and the Moti Masjid or See also:

• PEARL
• PEARL, THE

Pearl Mosque, a tiny building added to the palace by See also:

• AURANGZEB (1618-1707)

Aurangzeb, as the emperor's private See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place of See also:

• PRAYER (from Lat. precari, entreat; Ital. pregaria, Fr. priere)
• PRAYER, BOOK OF COMMON

prayer . It is only 6o ft. square, and the domes alone are seen above the red See also:

• SANDSTONE

sandstone walls until the opening of two small fine See also:

• BRASS
• BRASS (O. Eng. braes)

brass gates . To the west and north-west of Delhi considerable suburbs cluster beyond the walls . Here are the tombs of the imperial See also:

• FAMILY

family . That of See also:

• HUMAYUN (15o8-1556)

Humayun, the second of the Mogul See also:

• DYNASTY (Gr. &vvaareta, sovereignty, the position of a hevnori7r, lord, ruler, from SuvaaBay to be able, Suvaµas, power)

dynasty, is a See also:

• NOBLE, SIR ANDREW (1832- )

noble building of rose-coloured sandstone inlaid with white marble . It lies about 3 M. from the city, in a terraced See also:

• GARDEN (from O. Fr. garden, mod. Fr. jardin; this, like our words " garth," a paddock attached to a building, and " yard," comes from a Teutonic word for an enclosure which appears in Gothic as gards and O. H. Ger. gart, cf. Dutch gaarde and Ger. .garten)

garden, the whole surrounded by an embattled wall, with towers and four gateways . In the centre stands a platform about 20 ft. high by 200 ft. square, supported by arches and ascended by four flights of steps . Above, rises the See also:

• MAUSOLEUM

mausoleum, also a square, with a great See also:

• DOME (Lat domus, house; Ital. duomo, cathedral)

dome of white marble in the centre .

About a mile to the west is another burying-ground, or collection of tombs and small mosques, some of them very beautiful . The most remarkable is perhaps the little See also:

• CHAPEL

chapel in See also:

• HONOUR (Lat. honos or lwnor, honoris; in English the word was spelled with or without the u indifferently until the 17th century, but during the 18th century it became fashion-able to spell the word " honor "; Johnson's and Webster's Dictionaries stereoty

honour of a celebrated Mussulman See also:

• SAINT (lat. sanctus, " holy ")

saint, See also:

• NIZAM

Nizam-ud-din, near whose See also:

• SHRINE (Lat. scrinium, a case or chest for books, hence a casket; from scribere, to write, Fr. ecrin, Ital. scrigno)

shrine the members of the imperial family, up to the time of the Mutiny, See also:

• LIE, JONAS LAURITZ EDEMIL (1833—1908)
• LIE, MARIUS SOPHUS (1842–1899)

lie buried, each in a small enclosure surrounded by lattice-work of white marble . Still farther away, some to m. south of the modern city, amid the ruins of old Delhi, stands the Kutb Minar, which is supposed to be the most perfect See also:

• TOWER (Lat. turris; Fr. tour, clocker; Ital. torre; Ger. Thurm)

tower in the world, and one of the seven architectural wonders of India . The Minar was begun by Kutbud-din Aibak about A.D . 1200 . The two See also:

• TOP (cf. Dan. top, Ger. Topf, also meaning pot)

top storeys were rebuilt by Feroz Shah . It consists of five storeys of red sandstone and white marble . The purplish red of the sandstone at the See also:

• BASE

base is finely modulated, through a See also:

• PALE (through Fr. pal, from Lat. palms, a stake, for paglus, from the stem pag- of pangere, to fix; " pole " is from the same original source)

pale See also:

• PINK

pink in the second See also:

• STOREY (equivalents are Fr. etage, Ital. piano, Ger. Stock)

storey, to a dark See also:

• ORANGE
• ORANGE (Citrus Aurantium)
• ORANGE, HOUSE OF

orange at the See also:

• SUMMIT

summit, which harmonizes with the blue of an See also:

• INDIAN

Indian See also:

• SKY (M. Eng. skie, cloud; O. Eng. skua, shade; connected with an Indo-European root sku, cover, whence " scum," Lat. obscurus, dark, &c.)

sky . Dark bands of Arabic See also:

• WRITING
• WRITING (the verbal noun of " to write," O. Eng. writan, to inscribe)

writing round the three See also:

• LOWER

lower storeys contrast with the red sandstone . The height of the See also:

• COLUMN (Lat. columna)

column is 238 ft . The See also:

• PLINTH (Gr. ir)^fvOos, a square tile)

plinth is a See also:

• POLYGON (Gr. rroXus, many, and ywvia, an angle)

polygon of twenty sides . The See also:

• BASEMENT

basement storey has the same number of faces formed into See also:

• CONVEX

convex flutes which are alternately angular and semicircular .

The next has semicircular flutes, and in the third they are all angular . Then rises a See also:

• PLAIN (O. Fr. plain, from Lat. plenum)

plain storey, and above it soars a partially fluted storey, the See also:

• SHAFT
• SHAFT (O. Eng., sceaft, from scafan, to shave; the word is common to Teutonic languages)

shaft of which is adorned with bands of marble and red sandstone . A bold projecting See also:

• BALCONY (Ital. balcone from balco, scaffold; cf. O. H. Ger. balcho, beam, Mod. Ger. Balken, Eng. balk)

balcony, richly ornamented, runs round each storey . After six centuries the column is almost as fresh as on the See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day it was finished . It stands in the south-east corner of the See also:

• OUTER

outer court of the mosque erected by Kutb-ud-din immediately after his See also:

• CAPTURE (from Lat. capere, to take; Fr. prise maritime; Ger. Wegnahme)

capture of Delhi in 1193 . The design of this mosque is See also:

• MAHOMMEDAN

Mahommedan, but, the wonderfully delicate ornamentation of its western See also:

• FACADE

facade and other remaining parts is See also:

• HINDU

Hindu . In the inner courtyard of the mosque stands the See also:

• IRON [symbol Fe, atomic weight 55.85 (0=16)]

Iron See also:

• PILLAR (0. Fr. piler, Mod. pilier, Late Lat. pilare, from pila, column)

Pillar, which is probably the most ancient See also:

• MONUMENT (Lat. monumentum or monumentum; from monere, to advise, bring to mind, remind; the German equivalent is Denkmal)

monument in the neighbourhood of Delhi, dating from about A.D . 400 . It consists of a solid shaft of wrought iron some r6 in. in See also:

• DIAMETER (from the Cr. &a, through, µErpov, measure)

diameter and 23 ft . 8 in. in height, with an inscription eulogizing Chandragupta See also:

• VIKRAMADITYA

Vikramaditya . It was brought, probably from See also:

• MUTTRA, or MATHURA

Muttra, by Anang See also:

• PAL, KRISTO DAS (1839–1884)

Pal, a See also:

• RAJPUT

Rajput See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief of the Tomaras, who erected it here in 1052.1 Among the modern buildings of Delhi may be mentioned the Residency, now 'occupied by a See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government high school, and the See also:

• PROTESTANT

Protestant See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

church of St See also:

• JAMES
• JAMES (Gr. 'IlrKw,l3or, the Heb. Ya`akob or Jacob)
• JAMES (JAMES FRANCIS EDWARD STUART) (1688-1766)
• JAMES, 2ND EARL OF DOUGLAS AND MAR(c. 1358–1388)
• JAMES, DAVID (1839-1893)
• JAMES, EPISTLE OF
• JAMES, GEORGE PAYNE RAINSFOP
• JAMES, HENRY (1843— )
• JAMES, JOHN ANGELL (1785-1859)
• JAMES, THOMAS (c. 1573–1629)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (1842–1910)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (d. 1827)

James, built at a See also:

• COAST (from Lat. costa, a rib, side)

coast of £ro,000 by See also:

• COLONEL (derived either from Lat. column, Fr. colonne, column, or Lat. corona, a crown)

Colonel See also:

• SKINNER, JAMES (1778-1841)
• SKINNER, JOHN (1721-1807)

Skinner, an officer well known in the history of the East India See also:

• COMPANY

Company . About See also:

• HALF

half-way down the Chandni Chauk is a high See also:

• CLOCK

clock-tower .

Near it is the See also:

• TOWN

town hall, with museum and library . Behind the Chandni Chauk, to the north, lie the See also:

• QUEEN
• QUEEN (O.E. cwen, wife, related to "quean," O.E. cwene, a hussy; cf. Gr. yvvi7: from root gan-, to produce; cf. genus, " kin," &c.)

Queen's Gardens; beyond them the " city lines " stretch away as far as the well-known rocky See also:

• RIDGE (a word. common to many Teutonic languages, meaning " back," whether of a man or an animal, cf. German Rucke)
• RIDGE, WILLIAM PETT (1864- )

ridge, about a mile outside the town . From the summit of this ridge the view of the station and city is very picturesque . The principal See also:

• LOCAL

local institution until 1877 was the Delhi See also:

• COLLEGE (Collegium)

College, founded in 1792 . It was at first exclusively an oriental school, supported by the voluntary contributions of Mahommedan gentlemen, and managed by a See also:

• COMMITTEE (from commute, an Anglo-Fr. past participle of commettre, Lat. committere, to entrust; the modern Fr. equivalent comite is derived from the Eng.)

committee of the subscribers . In 1829 an English See also:

• DEPARTMENT (Fr. departement, from departir, to separate into parts)

department was added to it; and in 1855 the institution was placed under the See also:

• CONTROL (Fr. contrdle, older form contre rolle, from Med. Lat. contra-rotulus, a counter roll or copy of a document used to check the original; there is no instance in English of the use of " control " in this, its literal, meaning)

control of the Educational Department . In the Mutiny of 1857 the old 1 See the See also:

• PAPER
• PAPER (Fr. papier, from Lat. papyrus)

paper by V . A . See also:

• SMITH
• SMITH, ADAM (1723–1790)
• SMITH, ALEXANDER (183o-1867)
• SMITH, ANDREW JACKSON (1815-1897)
• SMITH, CHARLES EMORY (1842–1908)
• SMITH, CHARLES FERGUSON (1807–1862)
• SMITH, CHARLOTTE (1749-1806)
• SMITH, COLVIN (1795—1875)
• SMITH, EDMUND KIRBY (1824-1893)
• SMITH, G
• SMITH, GEORGE (1789-1846)
• SMITH, GEORGE (184o-1876)
• SMITH, GEORGE ADAM (1856- )
• SMITH, GERRIT (1797–1874)
• SMITH, GOLDWIN (1823-191o)
• SMITH, HENRY BOYNTON (1815-1877)
• SMITH, HENRY JOHN STEPHEN (1826-1883)
• SMITH, HENRY PRESERVED (1847– )
• SMITH, JAMES (1775–1839)
• SMITH, JOHN (1579-1631)
• SMITH, JOHN RAPHAEL (1752–1812)
• SMITH, JOSEPH, JR
• SMITH, MORGAN LEWIS (1822–1874)
• SMITH, RICHARD BAIRD (1818-1861)
• SMITH, ROBERT (1689-1768)
• SMITH, SIR HENRY GEORGE WAKELYN
• SMITH, SIR THOMAS (1513-1577)
• SMITH, SIR WILLIAM (1813-1893)
• SMITH, SIR WILLIAM SIDNEY (1764-1840)
• SMITH, SYDNEY (1771-1845)
• SMITH, THOMAS SOUTHWOOD (1788-1861)
• SMITH, WILLIAM (1769-1839)
• SMITH, WILLIAM (c. 1730-1819)
• SMITH, WILLIAM (fl. 1596)
• SMITH, WILLIAM FARRAR (1824—1903)
• SMITH, WILLIAM HENRY (1808—1872)
• SMITH, WILLIAM HENRY (1825—1891)
• SMITH, WILLIAM ROBERTSON (1846-'894)

Smith in the See also:

• JOURNAL
• JOURNAL (through Fr. from late Lat. diurnalis, daily)

Journal of the Royal See also:

• ASIATIC

Asiatic See also:

• SOC

Soc . (1897), p . 13 . 956 college was plundered of a very valuable oriental library, and the building completely destroyed .

A new college was founded in 1858, and was affiliated to the university of Calcutta in 1864 . The old college attained to great celebrity as an educational institution, and produced many excellent scholars, but it was abolished in 1877, in See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order to concentrate the See also:

• GRANT (from A.-Fr. graunter, O. Fr. greanter for creanter, popular Lat. creantare, for credentare, to entrust, Lat. credere, to believe, trust)
• GRANT, ANNE (1755-1838)
• GRANT, CHARLES (1746-1823)
• GRANT, GEORGE MONRO (1835–1902)
• GRANT, JAMES (1822–1887)
• GRANT, JAMES AUGUSTUS (1827–1892)
• GRANT, ROBERT (1814-1892)
• GRANT, SIR ALEXANDER
• GRANT, SIR FRANCIS (1803-1878)
• GRANT, SIR JAMES HOPE (1808–1895)
• GRANT, SIR PATRICK (1804-1895)
• GRANT, U
• GRANT, ULYSSES SIMPSON (1822-1885)

grant available for higher-class See also:

• EDUCATION

education upon the Punjab University at Lahore . The Ridge, famous as the British base during the siege of Delhi during the Mutiny, in 1857, is a last outcrop of the Aravalli Hills which rises in a steep escarpment some 6o ft. above the city . At its near'st point on the right of the British position, where the Mutiny Memorial now stands, the Ridge is only 1200 yds. from the walls of Delhi; at the Flagstaff Tower in the centre of the position it is a mile and a half away; and at the See also:

• LEFT

left near the river nearly two See also:

• MILES, NELSON APPLETON (1839— )

miles and a half . It was behind the Ridge at this point that the See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

main portion of the British See also:

• CAMP (from Lat. campus, field)

camp was pitched . The Mutiny Memorial, which was erected by the See also:

• ARMY
• ARMY (from Fr. armee, Lat. armata)

army before Delhi, is a rather poor specimen of a See also:

• GOTHIC

Gothic See also:

• SPIRE

spire in red sandstone, while the memorial tablets are of inferior marble . Next to the Ridge the point of most See also:

• INTEREST

interest to every English visitor to Delhi is See also:

• NICHOLSON, HENRY ALLEYNE (1844-1899)
• NICHOLSON, JOHN (1822-18J7)
• NICHOLSON, WILLIAM (1753-1815)
• NICHOLSON, WILLIAM (1784-1844)

Nicholson's See also:

• GRAVE

grave, which lies surrounded by an iron railing in the Kashmir gate See also:

• CEMETERY (Gr. Korrsnri7pwv, from Hoiµav, to sleep)

cemetery . The Kashmir gate itself bears a slab recording the gallant See also:

• DEED (in O. Eng. dead, from the stem of the verb " to do ")

deed of the party under Lieutenants D . C . See also:

• HOME
• HOME, DANIEL DUNGLAS (1833-1886)
• HOME, EARLS OF

Home and P . Salkeld, who blew in the gate in broad day-light on the day that Delhi was taken by See also:

• ASSAULT (from Lat. ad, to or on, and saltare, to leap)

assault . The See also:

• POPULATION (Lat. populus, people; populare, to populate)

population of Delhi according to the See also:

• CENSUS (from Lat. censere, to estimate or assess; connected by some with centum, i.e. a count by hundreds)

census of 19o1 was 208,575, of whom 88,46o were Mahommedans and 114,417 were See also:

• HINDUS

Hindus .

The city is served by five different See also:

• RAILWAYS

railways, the East Indian, the Oudh & See also:

• ROHILKHAND

Rohilkhand, the See also:

• RAJPUTANA

Rajputana-See also:

• MALWA

Malwa & Bombay-See also:

• BARODA

Baroda, the See also:

• SOUTHERN

Southern Punjab, and the North-Western, and occupies a central position, being 940 M. from See also:

• KARACHI, or KURRACHEE

Karachi, 950 from Calcutta, and 96o from Bombay . Owing to the advantages it enjoys as a See also:

• TRADE (O. Eng. trod, footstep, from tredan, to tread; in M. Eng. the forms teed, trod and trade appear, the last in the sense of a beaten track)
• TRADE, BOARD OF

trade centre, Delhi is recovering much of the prominence which it lost at the time of the Mutiny . It has See also:

• SPINNING (from O. Eng. spinnen, to spin, cf. Ger. spinnen, &c., the Teut. root is seen, to draw out, cf. span, spider)

spinning-See also:

• MILLS, JOHN (d. 1736)
• MILLS, ROGER QUARLES (1832– )

mills and other mills worked by See also:

• STEAM
• STEAM (0. Eng. steam, vapour, smoke, cf. Du. steam; the origin is unknown)

steam . The principal manufactures are gold and silver See also:

• FILIGREE (formerly written filigrann or filigrane; the Ital. filigrana, Fr. filigrane, Span. filigrana, Ger. Drahtgefiecht)

filigree work and See also:

• EMBROIDERY (M.E. embrouderie, from O. Fr. embroder, Mod. Fr. broder)

embroidery, See also:

• JEWELRY (O. Fr. jouel, Fr. joyau, perhaps from joie, joy; Lat. gaudium; retranslated into Low Lat. jocale, a toy, from jocus, by misapprehension of the origin of the word)

jewelry, muslins, shawls, glazed pottery and See also:

• WOOD, ANTHONY A2 (1632-1695)
• WOOD, JOHN GEORGE (1827—1889)
• WOOD, MRS HENRY [ELLEN] (1814—1887)
• WOOD, SEARLES VALENTINE (1798—188o)

wood-carving . The DISTRICT OF DELHI has an area of 1290 sq. m . It consists of a See also:

• STRIP

strip of territory on the right or west bank of the Jumna river, 75 M. in length, and varying from 15 to 233 M. in breadth . Most of the district consists of hard and stony See also:

• SOIL

soil, depending upon See also:

• IRRIGATION (Lat. in, and rigare, to water or wet)

irrigation, which is supplied by the Western Jumna See also:

• CANAL
• CANAL (from Lat. canalis, " channel " and " kennel " being doublets of the word)

canal, the See also:

• ALI

Ali Mardan canal and the See also:

• AGRA

Agra canal . The principal crops are See also:

• WHEAT
• WHEAT (Triticum)

wheat, See also:

• BARLEY (Hordeum sativum)

barley, See also:

• SUGAR

sugar-See also:

• CANE

cane and See also:

• COTTON
• COTTON (Fr. coton; from Arab. qutun)
• COTTON, CHARLES (163o–1687)
• COTTON, GEORGE EDWARD LYNCH (1813–1866)
• COTTON, JOHN (1585–1652)
• COTTON, SIR ROBERT BRUCE

cotton . When Lord Lake See also:

• BROKE, or BROOKE, ARTHUR (d. 1563)
• BROKE, SIR PHILIP BOWES VERE, BART

broke the Mahratta See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power in 18o3, and the emperor was taken under the See also:

• PROTECTION

protection of the East India Company, the present districts of Delhi and See also:

• HISSAR

Hissar were assigned for the See also:

• MAINTENANCE (Fr. maintenance, from maintenir, to maintain, support, Lat. manu tenere, to hold in the hand)

maintenance of the royal family, and were administered by a British See also:

• RESIDENT

resident . In 1832 the See also:

• OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")

office of resident was abolished, and the See also:

• TRACT (from Lat. tractare, to treat of a matter, through Provencal tractat and Ital. trattato)

tract was annexed to the North-Western Provinces . After the Mutiny in 1858 it was separated from the North-Western Provinces and annexed to the Punjab . The population in 1901 was 689,039 .

The DrvIslox OF DELHI stretches from See also:

• SIMLA

Simla to Rajputana, and is much broken up by native states . It comprises the seven districts of Hissar, See also:

• ROHTAK

Rohtak, See also:

• GURGAON

Gurgaon, Delhi, See also:

• KARNAL

Karnal, See also:

• UMBALLA

Umballa and Simla . Its See also:

• TOTAL

total area is 15,393 sq. m., and in 190r the population was 4,587,092 . History.—According to legends, which may or may not have a substantial basis, Delhi or its immediate neighbourhood has from time immemorial been the site of a capital city . The neighbouring See also:

• VILLAGE

village of Indarpat preserves the name of Indraprashta, the semi-mythical city founded, according to the Sanscrit epic Mahabharata, by Yudisthira and his See also:

• BROTHERS, RICHARD (1757-1824)

brothers, the five Pandavas . Whatever its dim predecessors may have been, however, the actual history of Delhi dates no further back than the 11th century A.D., when Anangapala (Anang Pal), a chief of the Tomara See also:

• CLAN (Gaelic clann, O. Ir. cland, connected with Lat. planta, shoot or scion, the ancient Gaelic or Goidelic substituting k for p)

clan, built the Red Fort, in which the Kutb Minar now stands; in 1052 the same chief removed the famous Iron Pillar from its See also:

• ORIGINAL

original position, probably at Muttra, and set it up among a See also:

• GROUP

group of temples of which the materials were after-wards used by the Mussulmans for the construction of the great Kutb Mosque . About the middle of the 12th century the Tot-See also:

• TIARA (Gr. -papa)

tiara' dynasty was overthrown by Vigraha-See also:

• RAJA

raja (Visala-See also:

• DEVA (mod. Chester)
• DEVA (Sanskrit " heavenly ")

deva, Bisal Deo), the Chauhan See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king of Ajmere, who from inscribed records discovered of See also:

• LATE

late years appears to have been a See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man of consider-able culture (see V . A . Smith, See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

Early Hist. of India, ed . 1908, p . 356) . His See also:

• NEPHEW

nephew and successor was Prithwi-raja (Prithiraj, or Rai Pithora), lord of Sambhar, Delhi and Ajmere, whose fame as See also:

• LOVER, SAMUEL (1797-1868)

lover and See also:

• WARRIOR

warrior still lives in popular See also:

• STORY, JOHN (c. 1510-1571)
• STORY, JOSEPH (1779-1845)
• STORY, ROBERT HERBERT (1835-1907)
• STORY, WILLIAM WETMORE (1819—1895)

story .

He was the last Hindu ruler of Delhi . In 1191 came the invasion of Mahommed of See also:

• GHOR, or GHUR

Ghor . Defeated on this occasion, Mahommed returned two years later, overthrew the Hindus, and captured and put to See also:

• DEATH

death Prithwi-raja . Delhi became henceforth the capital of the Mahommedan Indian empire, Kutb-ud-din (the See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general and slave of Mahommed of Ghor) being left in command . His dynasty is known as that of the slave See also:

• KINGS, FIRST AND SECOND BOOKS OF

kings, and it is to them that old Delhi owes its grandest remains, among them Kutb Mosque and the Kutb Minar . The slave dynasty retained the throne till 1290, when it was subverted by Jalal-ud-din Khilji . The most remarkable monarch of this dynasty was See also:

• ALA

Ala-ud-din, during whose reign Delhi was twice exposed to attack from invading hordes of Moguls . On the first occasion Ala-ud-din defeated them under the walls of his capital; on the second, after encamping for two months in the neighbourhood of the city, they retired without a See also:

• BATTLE

battle . The house of Khilji came to an end in 1321, and was followed by that of Tughlak . Hitherto the See also:

• PATHAN

Pathan kings had been content with the ancient Hindu capital, altered and adorned to suit their tastes . But one of the first acts of the founder of the new dynasty, Ghias-ud-din Tughlak, was to erect a new capital about 4 M. farther to the east, which he called Tughlakabad . The ruins of his fort remain, and the See also:

• EYE
• EYE (O. Eng. edge, Ger. Auge; derived from an Indo-European root also seen in Lat. oc-ulus, the organ of vision (q.v.)

eye can still trace the streets and lanes of the See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long deserted city .

Ghias-uddin was succeeded by his son Mahommed b . Tughlak, who reigned from 1325 to 1351, and is described by See also:

• ELPHINSTONE, MOUNTSTUART (1779-1859)
• ELPHINSTONE, WILLIAM (1431-1514)

Elphinstone as " one of the most accomplished princes and most furious tyrants that ever adorned or disgraced human nature." Under this monarch the Delhi of the Tughlak dynasty attained its utmost growth . His successor Feroz Shah Tughlak transferred the capital to a new town which he founded some miles off, on the north of the Kutb, and to which he gave his own name, Ferozabad . In 1398, during the reign of Mahmud Tughlak, occurred the Tatar invasion of Timurlane . The king fled to See also:

• GUJARAT

Gujarat, his army was defeated under the walls of Delhi, and the city surrendered . The town, notwithstanding a promise of protection, was plundered and burned; the citizens were massacred . The invaders at last retired, leaving Delhi without a government, and almost without inhabitants . At length Mahmud Tughlak regained a fragment of his former See also:

• KINGDOM

kingdom, but on his death in 1412 the family became See also:

• EXTINCT

extinct . He was succeeded by the Sayyid dynasty, which held Delhi and a few miles of surrounding territory till 1444, when it gave way to the house of See also:

• LODI

Lodi, during whose See also:

• RULE

rule the capital was removed to Agra . In 1526 See also:

• BABER

Baber, See also:

• SIXTH

sixth in descent from Timurlane, invaded India, defeated and killed See also:

• IBRAHIM

Ibrahim Lodi at the battle of See also:

• PANIPAT

Panipat, entered Delhi, was proclaimed emperor, and finally put an end to the Afghan empire . Baber's capital was at Agra, but his son and successor, Humayun, removed it to Delhi . In 1540 Humayun was .defeated and expelled by Sher Shah, who entirely'rebuilt the city, enclosing and fortifying it with a new wall .

In his time Delhi extended from where Humayun's See also:

• TOMB (Gr. Tuµ/3a, Tuµ(3os, probably allied to Lat. tumulus, literally a swelling, tumere, to swell)

tomb now is to near the southern gate of the modern city . In 1555 Humayun, with the assistance of Persia, regained the throne; but he died within six months, and was succeeded by his son, the illustrious See also:

• AKBAR, AKHBAR

Akbar . During Akbar's reign and that of his son See also:

• JAHANGIR, or JEHANGIR (1569-1627)

Jahangir, the capital was either at Agra or at Lahore, and Delhi once more See also:

• FELL
• FELL, JOHN (1625-1686)

fell into decay . Between 1638 and 1658, however, Shah Jahan rebuilt it almost in its present See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form; and his city remains substantially the Delhi of the present time . The imperial palace, the Jama Masjid or Great Mosque, and the restoration of what is now the western Jumna canal, are the work of Shah Jahan . The Mogul empire rapidly expanded during the reigns of Akbar and his successors down to Aurungzeb, when it attained its See also:

• CLIMAX, JOHN (c. 525–600 A.D.)

climax . After the death of the latter monarch, in 1707, came the decline . Insurrections and See also:

• CIVIL

civil See also:

• WARS

wars on the part of the Hindu tributary chiefs, Sikhs and Mahrattas, broke out . Aurungzeb's successors became the helpless See also: