DELIAN See also:

• LEAGUE

LEAGUE, or CONFEDERACY OF See also:

• DELOS

DELOS  , the name given to a See also:

• CONFEDERATION (Fr. confederation, Lat. confoederatio, from foedus, a league, foederare, to form a league)

confederation of See also:

• GREEK
• GREEK, ETRUSCAN AND

Greek states under the leadership of See also:

• ATHENS
• ATHENS ['AN vat, Athenae, modem colloquial Greek `Ath va]

Athens, with its headquarters at See also:

• DELOS

Delos, founded in 478 B.C. shortly after the final repulse of the expedition of the Persians under See also:

• XERXES (the Greek form of the Pers. Khshayarsha; Old Testament Ahasverus, Akhashverosh—i.e. Ahasuerus (q.v.)—with wrong vocalization and substitution of y for v, instead of Akhshavarsh; in Aramaic inscriptions and papyri from Egypt the name is written Khs

Xerxes I . This confederacy, which after many modifications and vicissitudes was finally broken up by the See also:

• CAPTURE (from Lat. capere, to take; Fr. prise maritime; Ger. Wegnahme)

capture of Athens by See also:

• SPARTA (Gr. Eirapril or AaKe5atycav)

Sparta in 404, was revived in 378–7 (the " Second Athenian Confederacy ") as a See also:

• PROTECTION

protection against Spartan aggression, and lasted, at least formally, until the victory of See also:

• PHILIP
• PHILIP (Gr.'FiXtrsro , fond of horses, from dn)^eiv, to love, and limos, horse; Lat. Philip pus, whence e.g. M. H. Ger. Philippes, Dutch Filips, and, with dropping of the final s, It. Filippo, Fr. Philippe, Ger. Philipp, Sp. Felipe)
• PHILIP, JOHN (1775-1851)
• PHILIP, KING (c. 1639-1676)
• PHILIP, LANOGRAVE OF HESSE (1504-1567)

Philip II. of Macedon at Chaeronea . These two confederations have an See also:

• INTEREST

interest quite out of proportion to the significance of the detailed events which See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form their See also:

• HISTORY

history . (See See also:

• GREECE

GREECE: See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

Ancient History.) They are the first two examples of which we have detailed knowledge of a serious See also:

• ATTEMPT (Lat. adtemptare, attentare, to try)

attempt at See also:

• UNITED

united See also:

• ACTION

action on the See also:

• PART

part of a large number of self-governing states at a relatively high level of conscious See also:

• POLITICAL

political development . The first See also:

• LEAGUE

league, moreover, in its later See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period affords the first example in recorded history of self-conscious imperialism in which the subordinate See also:

• UNITS, DIMENSIONS OF
• UNITS, PHYSICAL

units enjoyed a specified See also:

• LOCAL

local See also:

• AUTONOMY (Gr. abr6s, self, and v6pos, law)

autonomy with an organized See also:

• SYSTEM

system, See also:

• FINANCIAL

financial, military and judicial . The second league is further interesting as the pre-See also:

• CURSOR
• CURSOR, LUCIUS PAPIRIUS

cursor of the Achaean and Aetolian Leagues . History.—Several causes contributed to the formation of the first Confederacy of Delos . During the 6th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century B.C . Sparta had come to be regarded as the See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power, not only in the Peloponnese, but also in Greece as a whole, including the islands of the See also:

• AEGEAN

Aegean . The See also:

• PERSIAN
• PERSIAN, SYRIAN, EGYPTIAN AND TURKISH

Persian invasions of See also:

• DARIUS (Pers. Darayavaush; Old Test. Daryavesh)

Darius and Xerxes, with the consequent importance of maritime strength and the capacity for distant enterprise, as compared with that of purely military superiority in the Greek See also:

• PENINSULA
• PENINSULA (Lat. paeninsula, from paene, almost, and insula, an island)

peninsula, caused a considerable loss of See also:

• PRESTIGE

prestige which Sparta was unwilling to recognize . Moreover, it chanced that at the See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time the Spartan leaders were not men of strong See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character or See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general ability . See also:

• PAUSANIAS

Pausanias, the See also:

• VICTOR
• VICTOR, GAIUS JULIUS (4th cent. A.D.)
• VICTOR, SEXTUS AURELIUS

victor of See also:

• PLATAEA, or PLATAEAE

Plataea, soon showed himself destitute of the high qualities which the situation demanded .

See also:

• PERSONAL

Personal cupidity, discourtesy to the See also:

• ALLIES, THOMAS WILLIAM (1813-1903)

allies, and a tendency to adopt the See also:

• STYLE
• STYLE (from Gr. a-6'1ms, a column; a different word from that used in literature, see below)

style and See also:

• MANNERS, CHARLES (1857– )

manners of See also:

• ORIENTAL

oriental princes, combined to alienate from him the sympathies of the Ionian allies, who realized that, had it not been for the Athenians, the See also:

• BATTLE

battle of See also:

• SALAMIS

Salamis would never have been even fought, and Greece would probably have become a Persian satrapy . The Athenian contingent which was sent to aid Pausanias in the task of See also:

• DRIVING (from " to drive," i.e. generally to propel, force along or in, a word common in various forms to the Teutonic languages)

driving the Persians finally out of the Thraceward towns was under the command of the Athenians, See also:

• ARISTIDES
• ARISTIDES ['Apuvrei817s] (c. 530—468 B.C.)
• ARISTIDES, AELIUS
• ARISTIDES, APOLOGY OF
• ARISTIDES, QUINTILIANUS

Aristides and See also:

• CIMON [Kiµwp] (c. 507-449)

Cimon, men of tact and probity . It is not, there-fore, surprising that when Pausanias was recalled to Sparta on the See also:

• CHARGE
• CHARGE (through the Fr. from the Late Lat. carricare, to load in a carrus or wagon; cf. " cargo ")

charge of treasonable overtures to the Persians, the Ionian allies appealed to the Athenians on the grounds of kinship and urgent See also:

• NECESSITY (Lat. necessitas)

necessity, and that when Sparta sent out Dorcis to supersede Pausanias he found Aristides in unquestioned command of the allied See also:

• FLEET

fleet . To some extent the Spartans were undoubtedly relieved, in that it no longer See also:

• FELL
• FELL, JOHN (1625-1686)

fell to them to organize distant expeditions to See also:

• ASIA

Asia See also:

• MINOR
• MINOR (Lat. for smaller, lesser)
• MINOR, ROBERT CRANNELL (1839-1904)

Minor, and this feeling was strengthened about the same time by the treacherous conduct of their See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king See also:

• LEOTYCHIDES

Leotychides (q.v.) in See also:

• THESSALY

Thessaly . In any See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case the inelastic quality of the Spartan system was unable to adapt itself to the spirit of the new See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age . To Aristides was mainly due the organization of the new league and the See also:

• ADJUSTMENT (from late Lat. ad juxtare, derived from juxta, near, but early confounded with a supposed derivation from justus, right)

adjustment of the contributions of the variousallies in See also:

• SHIPS

ships or in See also:

• MONEY

money . His See also:

• ASSESSMENT, (from Lat. assessare, to sit beside, to judge)

assessment, of the details of which we know nothing, was so See also:

• FAIR

fair that it remained popular See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long after the league of autonomous allies had become an Athenian See also:

• EMPIRE

empire . The general affairs of the league were managed by a See also:

• SYNOD
• SYNOD (Gr. vbvobos)

synod which met periodically in the See also:

• TEMPLE
• TEMPLE, FREDERICK (1821-1902)
• TEMPLE, RICHARD
• TEMPLE, SIR RICHARD, BART
• TEMPLE, SIR WILLIAM, BART

temple of See also:

• APOLLO (Gr. 'A2r6XXwv,'Airkkhwv)

Apollo and See also:

• ARTEMIS

Artemis at Delos, the ancient centre sanctified by the See also:

• COMMON

common See also:

• WORSHIP (i.e. " worth-ship," O. Eng. weor8scipe)

worship of the See also:

• IONIANS

Ionians . In this synod the allies met on an equality under the See also:

• PRESIDENCY

presidency of Athens . Among its first subjects of deliberation must have been the ratification of Aristides' assessment . See also:

• THUCYDIDES (OovavMns)

Thucydides See also:

• LAYS

lays emphasis on the fact that in these meetings Athens as. See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head of the league had no more than presidential authority, and the other members were called vivµµaxot (allies), a word, however, of ambiguous meaning and capable of including both See also:

• FREE

free and subject allies . The only other fact preserved by Thucydides is that Athens appointed a See also:

• BOARD (O. Eng. bord)

board called the Hellenotamiae (raµias, steward) to See also:

• WATCH (in O. Eng. wcecce, a keeping guard or watching, from wacian, to guard, watch, wacan, to wake)

watch over and administer the See also:

• TREASURY

treasury of the league, which for some twenty years was kept at Delos, and to receive the contributions (tbopos) of the allies who paid in money .

The league was, therefore, specifically a free confederation of. autonomous Ionian cities founded as a protection against the common danger which threatened the Aegean See also:

• BASIN, or BASON (the older form bacin is found in many of the Romanic languages, from the Late Lat. baccinus or bacchinus, probably derived from bacca, a bowl)
• BASIN, THOMAS (1412—1491)

basin, and led by Athens in virtue of her predominant See also:

• NAVAL

naval power as exhibited in the See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war against Xerxes . Its organization, adopted by the common synod, was the product of the new democratic ideal embodied in the Cleisthenic reforms, as interpreted by a just and moderate exponent . It is one of the few examples of free corporate action on the part of the ancient Greek cities, whose centrifugal yearning for See also:

• INDEPENDENCE
• INDEPENDENCE, DECLARATION OF
• INDEPENDENCE, WAR OF

independence so often proved fatal to the Hellenic See also:

• WORLD

world . It is, therefore, a profound See also:

• MISTAKE (i.e. take amiss)

mistake to regard the history of the league during the first twenty years of its existence as that of an Athenian empire . Thucydides expressly describes the predominance of Athens as i)yeµovia (leadership, headship), not as apxil (empire), and the attempts made by Athenian orators during the second period of the Peloponnesian War to prove that the attitude of Athens had not altered since the time of Aristides are manifestly unsuccessful . Of the first ten years of the league's history we know practically nothing, See also:

• SAVE, or SAVA (Ger. Sau; Hungarian Szdva; Lat. Savus)

save that it was a period of steady, successful activity against the few remaining Persian strongholds in See also:

• THRACE

Thrace and the Aegean (See also:

• HEROD
• HEROD (surnamed THE GREAT)

Herod. i . 106-107, see ATHENS, CIMON) . In these years the Athenian sailors reached a high See also:

• PITCH
• PITCH, MUSICAL

pitch of training, and by their successes strengthened that corporate See also:

• PRIDE, THOMAS (d. 1658)

pride which had been See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born at Salamis . On the other See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand, it naturally came to pass that certain of the allies became weary of incessant warfare and looked for a period of commercial prosperity . Athens, as the chosen See also:

• LEADER, BENJAMIN WILLIAMS (1831– )

leader, and supported no doubt by the synod, enforced the contributions of ships and money according to the assessment . Gradually the allies began to weary of personal service and persuaded the synod to accept a money See also:

• COMMUTATION (from Lat. commutare, to change)

commutation . The Ionians were naturally averse from prolonged warfare, and in the prosperity which must have followed the final rout of the Persians and the freeing of the Aegean from the pirates (a very important feature in the league's policy) a money contribution was only a trifling See also:

• BURDEN, or BURTHEN

burden .

The result was, however, extremely See also:

• BAD, BCD

bad for the allies, whose status in the league necessarily became See also:

• LOWER

lower in relation to that of Athens, while at the same time their military and naval resources correspondingly diminished . Athens became more and more powerful, and could afford to disregard the authority of the synod . Another new feature appeared in the employment of See also:

• COERCION (from Lat. coercere, to restrain)
• COERCION, CONTRACT

coercion against cities which desired to secede . Athens might fairly insist that the protection of the Aegean would become impossible if some of the chief islands were liable to be used as piratical strongholds, and further that it was only right that all should contribute in some way to the See also:

• SECURITY (Lat. securus, free from care, safe)

security which all enjoyed . ` The result was that, in the cases of See also:

• NAXOS

Naxos and See also:

• THASOS

Thasos, for instance, the league's resources were employed not against the Persians but against recalcitrant Greek islands, and that the Greek ideal of See also:

• SEPARATE

separate autonomy was outraged . Shortly after the capture of Naxos (c . 467 B.C.) Cimon proceeded with a fleet of 300 ships (only too from the allies) to the See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south. western and See also:

• SOUTHERN

southern coasts of Asia Minor . Ha ving driven the Persians out of Greek towns in See also:

• LYCIA

Lycia and See also:

• CARIA

Caria, he met and routed the Persians on See also:

• LAND

land and See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

sea at the mouth of the See also:

• EURYMEDON

Eurymedon in See also:

• PAMPHYLIA

Pamphylia . In 463 after a See also:

• SIEGE (0. Fr. sege, siege, mod. siege, seat, ultimately from sedere, to sit, cf. Class. Lat. obsidium, a siege)

siege of more than two years the Athenians captured Thasos, with which they had quarrelled over See also:

• MINING

mining rights in the Strymon valley . It is said (Thuc. i . 'or) that Thasos had appealed for aid to Sparta, and that the latter was prevented from responding only by See also:

• EARTHQUAKE

earthquake and the Helot revolt . But this is both unproved and improbable .

Sparta had so far no See also:

• QUARREL

quarrel with Athens . Athens thus became See also:

• MISTRESS

mistress of the Aegean, while the synod at Delos had become practically, if not theoretically, powerless . It was at this time that Cimon (q.v.), who had striven to maintain a See also:

• BALANCE (derived through the Fr. from the Late Lat. bilantia, an apparatus for weighing, from bi, two, and lanx, a dish or scale)

balance between Sparta, the chief military, and Athens, the chief naval power, was successfully attacked by Ephialtes and See also:

• PERICLES (49o-429 B.C.)

Pericles . During the ensuing years, apart from a brief return to the Cimonian policy, the resources of the league, or, as it has now become, the Athenian empire, were directed not so much against See also:

• PERSIA

Persia as against Sparta, See also:

• CORINTH
• CORINTH, ISTHMUS OF

Corinth, See also:

• AEGINA
• AEGINA (EGINA or ENGIA)

Aegina and See also:

• BOEOTIA

Boeotia . (See ATHENS; SPARTA, &c.) A few points only need be dealt with here . The first years of the land war brought the Athenian empire to its See also:

• ZENITH (from the Arabic)

zenith . Apart from Thessaly, it included all Greece outside the Peloponnese . At the same time, however, the Athenian expedition against the Persians in See also:

• EGYPT

Egypt ended in a disastrous defeat, and for a time the Athenians returned to a See also:

• PHILO
• PHILO, HERENNIUS

philo-Laconian policy, perhaps under the direction of Cimon (see CIMON and PERICLES) . See also:

• PEACE
• PEACE, BREACH OF THE

Peace was made with Sparta, and, if we are to believe 4th-century orators, a treaty, the Peace of See also:

• CALLIAS

Callias or of Cimon, was concluded between the See also:

• GREAT

Great King and Athens in 449 after the See also:

• DEATH

death of Cimon before the walls of See also:

• CITIUM (Gr. Kition)

Citium in See also:

• CYPRUS
• CYPRUS, CHURCH OF

Cyprus . The meaning of this so-called Peace of Callias is doubtful . Owing to the silence of Thucydides and other reasons, many scholars regard it as merely a cessation of hostilities (see CIMON and CALLIAS, where authorities are quoted) . At all events, it is significant of the success of the See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

main See also:

• OBJECT

object of the Delian League, the Athenians resigning Cyprus and Egypt, while Persia recognized the freedom of the maritime Greeks of Asia Minor .

During this period the power of Athens over her allies had increased, though we do not know anything of the See also:

• PROCESS

process by which this was brought about . See also:

• CHIOS

Chios, See also:

• LESBOS (Mytilene, Turk. Midullu)

Lesbos and See also:

• SAMOS

Samos alone furnished ships; all the See also:

• REST (O. Eng. rest, reste, bed, cognate with other Teutonic forms, e.g. Ger. Rast, Riiste, rest, and probably Gothic Rasta, league, i.e. resting or stopping place)

rest had commuted for a money See also:

• PAYMENT (Fr. paiement, from payer, to pay; Lat. pacare, to appease, pax, peace)

payment . This meant that the synod was quite powerless . More-over in 454 (probably) the changed relations were crystallized by the transference (proposed by the Samians) of the treasury to Athens (Corp . Inscr . See also:

• ATTIC (i.e. "in the Attic style ")

Attic. i . 26o) . Thus in 448 B.C . Athens was not only mistress of a maritime empire, but ruled over See also:

• MEGARA

Megara,' Boeotia, See also:

• PHOCIS

Phocis, Locris, See also:

• ACHAEA

Achaea and Troezen, i.e. over so-called allies who were strangers to the old See also:

• PAN (" pasturer ")
• PAN (common in various forms to many Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Pfanne; it is generally taken to be an early adaptation in a shortened form of Lat. patina, shallow bowl or dish, from patere, to lie open)

pan-Ionian See also:

• ASSEMBLY, UNLAWFUL

assembly and to the policy of the league, and was practically equal to Sparta on land . An important event must be referred probably to the See also:

• YEAR

year 451,—the See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law of Pericles, by which citizenship (including the right to See also:

• VOTE

vote in the See also:

• ECCLESIA (Gr. EKKX ria, from Lc, out, and Ka)teiv, to call)

Ecclesia and to sit on paid juries) was restricted to those who could prove themselves the See also:

• CHILDREN, LAW RELATING TO

children of an Athenian See also:

• FATHER

father and See also:

• MOTHER

mother (Ei; aµ4oiv avroiv) . This measure must have had a detrimental effect on the allies, who thus saw themselves excluded still further from recognition as equal partners in a league (see PERICLES) . The natural result of all these causes was that a feeling of antipathy See also:

• ROSE
• ROSE (Rosa)
• ROSE, GEORGE (1744-1818)
• ROSE, HUGH JAMES (1795—1838)
• ROSE, WILLIAM STEWART (1775-1843)

rose against Athens in the minds of those to whom autonomy was the breath of See also:

• LIFE

life, and the fundamental tendency of the Greeks to disruption was soon to prove more powerful than the forces at the disposal of Athens .

The first to secede were the land See also:

• POWERS, HIRAM (1805-1873)

powers of Greece proper, whose subordination Athens had endeavoured to See also:

• GUARANTEE (sometimes spelt " guarantie " or " guaranty "; an O. Fr. form of " warrant," from the Teutonic word which appears in German as wahren, to defend or make safe and binding)

guarantee by supporting the democratic parties in the various states . Gradually the exiled oligarchs combined; with the defeat of Tolmides at Coroneia, Boeotia was finally lost to the empire, and the loss of Phocis, Locris and Megara was the immediate sequel . Against these losses the retention of See also:

• EUBOEA (pronounced Evvia in the modern language)

Euboea, Nisaea and Pegae was no See also:

• COMPENSATION (from Lat. compensare, to weigh one thing against another)

compensation; the land empire was irretrievably lost . The next important event is the revolt of Samos, which had quarrelled with See also:

• MILETUS (mod. Palatia)

Miletus over the See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city of See also:

• PRIENE (mod. Samsun kale)

Priene . The Samians refused the See also:

• ARBITRATION (Lat. arbitrari, to examine or judge)
• ARBITRATION, INTERNATIONAL

arbitration of Athens . The See also:

• ISLAND (O.E. ieg =isle, +land')

island was conqueredwith great difficulty by the whole force of the league, and from the fact that the See also:

• TRIBUTE (Lat. tributurn, a stated payment, contribution)

tribute of the Thracian cities and those in Hellespontine See also:

• DISTRICT

district was increased between 439 and 436 we must probably infer that Athens had to. See also:

• DEAL

deal with a widespread feeling of discontent about this period . It is, however, equally See also:

• NOTICE

notice-able on the one hand that the main See also:

• BODY

body of the allies was not affected, and on the other that the Peloponnesian League on the See also:

• ADVICE (Fr. avis, from Lat. ad, to, and visum, viewed)

advice of Corinth officially recognized the right of Athens to deal with her rebellious subject allies, and refused to give help to the Samians . The succeeding events which led to the Peloponnesian War and the final disruption of the league are discussed in other articles . (See ATHENS: History, and PELOPONNESIAN WAR.) Two important events alone See also:

• CALL (from Anglo-Saxon ceallian, a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch kallen, to talk or chatter)

call for See also:

• SPECIAL

special notice . The first is the raising of the allies' tribute in 425 B.C. by a certain Thudippus, presumably a henchman of See also:

• CLEON (d. 422 B.C.)

Cleon . The fact, though not mentioned by Thucydides, was inferred from See also:

• ARISTOPHANES
• ARISTOPHANES (c. 448–385 B.e.1)

Aristophanes (Wasps, 66o), See also:

• ANDOCIDES

Andocides (de See also:

• PACE (through O. Fr. pas, from Lat. passus, step, properly the stretch of the leg in walking, from pandere, to stretch)
• PACE, RICHARD (c. 1482-1536)

Pace, § 9), See also:

• PLUTARCH
• PLUTARCH (Gr. llXoi rapxos) (c. A.D. 46–120)

Plutarch (Aristides, c . 24), and pseudo-Andocides (Alcibiad .

II); it was proved by the See also:

• DISCOVERY

discovery of the assessment See also:

• LIST (O.E. lisle, a Teutonic word, cf. Dut. lust, Ger. Leiste, adapted in Ital. lista and Fr. lisle)
• LIST, FRIEDRICH (1789-1846)

list of 425–4 (See also:

• HICKS, ELIAS (1748-1830)
• HICKS, HENRY (1837-1899)
• HICKS, WILLIAM (1830-1883)

Hicks and See also:

• HILL
• HILL (0. Eng. hyll; cf. Low Ger. hull, Mid. Dutch hul, allied to Lat. celsus, high, collis, hill, &c.)
• HILL, A
• HILL, AARON (1685-175o)
• HILL, AMBROSE POWELL
• HILL, DANIEL HARVEY (1821-1889)
• HILL, DAVID BENNETT (1843–1910)
• HILL, GEORGE BIRKBECK NORMAN (1835-1903)
• HILL, JAMES J
• HILL, JOHN (c. 1716-1775)
• HILL, MATTHEW DAVENPORT (1792-1872)
• HILL, OCTAVIA (1838– )
• HILL, ROWLAND (1744–1833)
• HILL, SIR ROWLAND (1795-1879)

Hill, Inscrip . 64) . The second event belongs to 411, after the failure of the Sicilian expedition . In that year the tribute of the allies was commuted for a 5% tax on all imports and exports by sea . This tax, which must have tended to equalize the Athenian merchants with those of the allied.cities, probably came into force gradually, for beside the new collectors called 1ropcaral we still find Hellenotamiae (C.I.A. iv . [i.] p.34) . The Tribute.—Only a few problems can be discussed of the many which are raised by the insufficient and conflicting See also:

• EVIDENCE (Lat. evidentia, evideri, to appear clearly)

evidence at our disposal . In the first See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place there is the question of the tribute . Thucydides is almost certainly wrong in saying that the amount of the See also:

• ORIGINAL

original tribute was 46o talents (about £106,000); this figure cannot have been reached for at least twelve, probably twenty years, when new members had been enrolled (Lycia, Caria, Eion, See also:

• LAMPSACUS

Lampsacus) . Similarly he is probably wrong, or at all events includes items of which the tribute lists take no See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account, when he says that it amounted to 600 talents at the beginning of the Peloponnesian War, The moderation of the assessment is shown not only by the fact that it was paid so long without objection, but also by the individual items . Even in 425 Naxos and See also:

• ANDROS, or ANDRO
• ANDROS, SIR EDMUND (1637-1714)

Andros paid only 15 talents, while Athens had just raised an eispkora (income tax) from her own citizens of 200 talents . Moreover it would seem that a tribute which yielded less than the 5% tax of 411 could not have been unreasonable .

The number of tributaries is given by Aristophanes as Imo, but this is greatly in excess of those named in the tribute lists . Some authorities give 200; others put it as high as 290 . The difficulty is increased by the fact that in some cases several towns were grouped together in vne payment (oiwrekels) . These were grouped into five main See also:

• GEOGRAPHICAL

geographical divisions (from 443 to 436; afterwards four, Caria being merged in See also:

• IONIA

Ionia) . Each See also:

• DIVISION (from Lat. dividere, to break up into parts, separate)

division was represented by two elective assessment commissioners (raKrai), who assisted the See also:

• BOULE (Gr. 0ovXi ,, literally " will," " advice "; hence a " council ")

Boule at Athens in the quadrennial division of the tribute . Each city sent in its own assessment before the raKral., who presented it to the Boule . If there was any difference of See also:

• OPINION (Lat. opinio, from opinari, to think)

opinion the See also:

• MATTER

matter was referred to the Ecclesia for See also:

• SETTLEMENT
• SETTLEMENT, ACT OF

settlement . In the Ecclesia a private See also:

• CITIZEN (a form corrupted in Eng., apparently by analogy with " denizen," from O. Fr. citeain, mod. Fr. citoyen)

citizen might propose another assessment, or the case might be referred to the law courts . The records of the tribute are preserved in the so-called See also:

• QUOTA

quota lists, which give the names of the cities and the proportion, one-sixtieth, of their several tributes, which was paid to Athens . No tribute was paid by members of a See also:

• CLERUCHY (Gr. KAripovXia, from KX'gpos, a lot, e'xav, to have)

cleruchy (q.v.), as we find from the fact that the tribute of a city always decreased when a cleruchy was planted in it . This highly organized financial system must have been gradually evolved, and no doubt reached its perfection only after the treasury was transferred to Athens . See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

Government and See also:

• JURISDICTION
• JURISDICTION, CRIMINAL LAW, DIVORCE

Jurisdiction.—There is much difference of opinion among scholars regarding the attitude of imperial Athens towards her allies .

See also:

• GROTE, GEORGE (1794–1871)

Grote maintained that on the whole the allies had little ground for complaint; but in so doing he rather seems to leave out of account the Greek's dislike of See also:

• EXTERNAL

external discipline . The very fact that the See also:

• HEGEMONY (Gr. i7ye,uovia, leadership, from it-yo-Oat, to lead, the leadership especially of one particular state in a group of federated or loosely united states. The term was first applied in Greek history to the position claimed by different individual

hegemony had become an empire was enough to make the new system highly offensive to the allies . No very strong See also:

• ARGUMENT

argument can be based on the paucity of actual revolts . The indolent Ionians had seen the result of See also:

• SECESSION

secession at Naxos and See also:

• REBELLION

rebellion at Thasos; the Athenian fleet was perpetually on guard in the Aegean . On the other hand among the mainland cities revolt was frequent; they were ready to See also:

• REBEL, JOHANN PETER (176o-1826)

rebel Kai 1rapa bbvapw . Therefore, even though Athenian domination may have been highly salutary in its effects, there can be no doubt that the allies did not regard it with See also:

• AFFECTION (Lat. ad, and facere, to do something to, sc. a person)

affection . To See also:

• JUDGE (Lat. judex, Fr. juge)

judge only by the negative evidence of the See also:

• DECREE (from the past participle, decretus, of Lat. decernere)

decree of Aristoteles which records the terms of See also:

• ALLIANCE

alliance of the second confederacy (below), we gather that in the later period at least of the first league's history the Athenians had interfered with the local autonomy of the allies in various ways—an inference which is confirmed by the terms of " alliance " which Athens imposed on See also:

• ERYTHRAE [mod. Litri]

Erythrae, See also:

• CHALCIS

Chalcis and Miletus . Though it appears that Athens made individual agreements with various states, and therefore that we cannot regard as general rules the terms laid down in those which we possess, it is undeniable that the Athenians planted garrisons under permanent Athenian See also:

• OFFICERS

officers (¢pobpapxoi) in some cities . Moreover the practice among Athenian settlers of acquiring land in the allied districts must have been vexatious to the allies, the more so as all important cases between Athenians and citizens of allied cities were brought to Athens . Even on the See also:

• ASSUMPTION, FEAST OF

assumption that the Athenian dicasteries were scrupulously fair in their awards, it must have been peculiarly galling to the self-respect of the allies and inconvenient to individuals to be compelled to carry cases to Athens and Athenian juries . Furthermore we gather from the Aristoteles inscription and from the 4th-century orators that Athens imposed democratic constitutions on her allies; indeed Isocrates (Pang., 106) takes See also:

• CREDIT (Lat. credere, to believe)

credit for Athens on this ground, and the See also:

• CHARTER (Lat. charta, carta, from Gr. Xap-rns, originally for papyrus, material for writing, thence transferred to paper and from this material to the document, in O. Eng. boc, book)

charter of Erythrae confirms the view (cf . Arist .

Polit., vi . 9 1307 b 20; Thuc. viii . 21, 48, 64, 65) . Even though we admit that Chios, Lesbos and Samos (up to 440) retained their oligarchic governments and that Selymbria, at a time (409 B.c.) when the empire was in extremis, was permitted to choose its own constitution, there can be no doubt that, from whatever See also:

• MOTIVE (from Lat. movere, to move)

motive and with what-ever result, Athens did exercise over many of her allies an authority which extended to the most intimate concerns of local See also:

• ADMINISTRATION (Lat. administrare, to serve)

administration . Thus the great attempt on the part of Athens to See also:

• LEAD
• LEAD (pronounced iced)

lead a harmonious league of free Greek states for the See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good of Hellas degenerated into an empire which proved intolerable to the autonomous states of Greece . Her failure was due partly to the commercial See also:

• JEALOUSY (adapted from Fr. jalousie, formed from jaloux, jealous, Low Lat. zelosus, Gr. j'i os, ardour, zeal, from the root seen in '&u', to boil, ferment; cf. " yeast ")

jealousy of Corinth working on the dull antipathy of Sparta, partly to the hatred of See also:

• COMPROMISE (pronounced compromize; through Fr. from Lat. compromittere)

compromise and discipline which was fatally characteristic of Greece and especially of Ionian Greece, and partly also to the lack of tact and See also:

• RESTRAINT (from " to restrain," Lat. restringere, to hold back, prevent)

restraint shown by Athens and her representatives in her relations with the allies . The Second League.—The conditions which led to the second Athenian or Delian Confederacy were fundamentally different, not only in virtue of the fact that the allies had learned from experience the dangers to which such a league was liable, but because the enemy was no longer an oriental power of whose future action there could be no certain anticipation, but Sparta, whose ambitious projects since the fall of Athens had, shown that there could be no safety for the smaller states save in See also:

• COMBINATION (Lat. combinare, to combine)

combination . There can be no reasonable doubt that as soon as the Athenians began to recover from the paralysing effect of the victory of See also:

• LYSANDER (Gr. Abcavdpos)

Lysander and the See also:

• INTERNAL

internal troubles in which they were involved by the government of the See also:

• THIRTY

Thirty, their thoughts turned to the possibility of recovering their lost empire . The first step in the direction was the recovery of their sea-power, which was effected by the victory of See also:

• CONON

Conon at See also:

• CNIDUS (mod. Tekir)

Cnidus (See also:

• AUGUST (originally Sextilis)

August 394 B.C.) . Gradually individual cities which had formed part of the Athenian empire returned to their alliance with Athens, until the Spartans had lost See also:

• RHODES
• RHODES, CECIL JOHN (1853-1902)
• RHODES, JAMES FORD

Rhodes, See also:

• COS
• COS, or STANKO (Ital. Stanchio, Turk. Islan-keui, by corruption from Etc rav KW)

Cos, Nisyrus, Teos, Chios, Mytilene, See also:

• EPHESUS
• EPHESUS, COUNCIL OF

Ephesus, Erythrae, See also:

• LEMNOS (mod. Limnos)

Lemnos, See also:

• IMBROS

Imbros, See also:

• SCYROS

Scyros, See also:

• ERETRIA (mod. Aletria)

Eretria, Melos, See also:

• CYTHERA (mod. Cerigo, but still officially known as Cythera)

Cythera, See also:

• CARPATHUS (Ital. Scarpanto)

Carpathus and Delos . Sparta had only Sestos and See also:

• ABYDOS

Abydos of all that she had won by the battle of See also:

• AEGOSPOTAMI (i.e. " Goat Streams ")

Aegospotami . At the same time no systematic constructive attempt at a renewal of empire can as yet be detected .

Athenian relations were with individual states only, and the terms of alliance were various . Moreover, whereas Persia had been for several years aiding Athens against Sparta, the revolt of the Athenian ally See also:

• EVAGORAS

Evagoras (q.v.) of Cyprus set them at enmity, and with the secession of Ephesus, Cnidus and Samos in 391 and the See also:

• CIVIL

civil war in Rhodes, the See also:

• STAR

star of Sparta seemed again to be in the ascendant . But the whole position was changed by the successes of See also:

• THRASYBULUS

Thrasybulus, who brought over the Odrysian king Medocus and Seuthes of the Propontis to the Athenian alliance, set up a See also:

• DEMOCRACY (Gr. 3np.oKparia, from S)µos, the people, i.e. the commons, and Kparos, rule)

democracy in See also:

• BYZANTIUM

Byzantium and reimposed the old To % See also:

• DUTY (from " due," that which is owing, O. Fr. deu, dil, past participle of devoir; Lat. debere, debitum; cf. " debt ")

duty on goods from the See also:

• BLACK
• BLACK, ADAM (1784-1874)
• BLACK, JEREMIAH SULLIVAN (1810–1883)
• BLACK, WILLIAM (1841-1898)

Black Sea . Many of the island towns subsequently came over, and from See also:

• INSCRIPTIONS (from Lat. inscribere, to write upon)

inscriptions at See also:

• CLAZOMENAE (mod. Kelisman)

Clazomenae (C.I.A. ii . 14b) and Thasos (C.I.A. iv . 11b) we learn that Thrasybulus evidently was deliberately aiming at a renewal of the empire, though the circumstances leading to his death at See also:

• ASPENDUS (mod. Balkis Kale , or, more anciently in the native language, ESTVEDYS (whence the adjective Estvedijys on coins)

Aspendus when seeking to raise money suggest that he had no general backing in Athens . The peace of See also:

• ANTALCIDAS

Antalcidas or the King's Peace (see ANTALe1DAS; SPARTA) in 386 was a See also:

• BLOW, JOHN (1648-1708)

blow to Athens in the interests of Persia and Sparta . Antalcidas compelled the Athenians to give their assent to it only by making himself See also:

• MASTER (Lat. magister, related to tnagis, more, as the corresponding minister is to minus, less; the English form is due partly to the O. Eng. maegister, and partly to O. Fr. maistre, mod. maitre; cf. Du. meester, Ger. Meister, Ital. maestro)

master of the See also:

• HELLESPONT (i.e. " Sea of Helle "; variously named in classical literature `EXX oirov-ros, o "EXXns a6vros, Hellespontum Pelagus, and Rectum Hellesponticum)

Hellespont by stratagem with the aid of See also:

• DIONYSIUS
• DIONYSIUS (c. 432–367 B.C.)

Dionysius the See also:

• ELDER (0. Eng. ellarn; Ger. Holunder; Fr. sureau)
• ELDER (Gr. 1rpev(3iTepos)

Elder of See also:

• SYRACUSE
• SYRACUSE (Gr. Mvpaaovoat; Lat. Syracusae, Ital. Siracusa)

Syracuse . By this peace all the Greek cities on the mainland of Asia with the islands of Cyprus and Clazomenae were recognized as Persian, all other cities except Imbros, Lemnos and Scyros as autonomous . Directly, this arrangement prevented an Athenian empire; indirectly, it caused the sacrificed cities and their kinsmen on the islands to look upon Athens as their See also:

• PROTECTOR

protector . The See also:

• GROSS

gross selfishness of the Spartans, herein exemplified, was emphasized by their capture of the Theban citadel, and, after their See also:

• EXPULSION (Lat. expulsio, from expellere)

expulsion, by the See also:

• RAID

raid upon See also:

• ATTICA

Attica in time of peace by the Spartan Sphodrias, and his See also:

• IMMUNITY (from Lat. immunis, not subject to a munus or public service)

immunity from See also:

• PUNISHMENT (from Lat. punire, to punish, from poena, punishment, Gr. 7rocvil)

punishment at Sparta (summer of 378 B.C.) . The Athenians at once invited their allies to a See also:

• CONFERENCE

conference, and the Second Athenian Confederacy was formed in the archonship of Nausinicus on the basis of the famous decree of Aristoteles .

Those who attended the conference were probably Athens, Chios, Mytilene, Methymna, Rhodes, Byzantium, See also:

• THEBES (anciently &Oat, Thebae, or in poetry sometimes Oif3a, in modern Greek Phiva, or, according to the corrected pronunciation, Thivae)
• THEBES (e 3a1)
• THEBES, ROMANCE OF

Thebes, the latter of which joined Athens soon after the Sphodrias raid . In the See also:

• SPRING (from " to spring," " to leap or jump up," " burst out," O. Eng., springau, a common Teut. word, cf. Ger. springer, possibly allied to Gr. QnrFpxecOac, to move rapidly)

spring of 377 invitations were sent out to the maritime cities . Some time in that year Tenedos, Chios, Chalcis in Euboea, and probably the Euboean cities Eretria, Carystus and See also:

• ARETHUSA

Arethusa gave in their adherence, followed by See also:

• PERINTHUS (Turk. Eski Eregli, old Heraclea)

Perinthus, Peparethus, Sciathus and other maritime cities . At this point Sparta was roused to a sense of the significance of the new confederacy, and the Athenian See also:

• CORN (a common Teutonic word; cf. Lat. granum, seed, grain)
• CORN (fromm Lat. corms, horn)

corn See also:

• SUPPLY (through Fr. from Lat. supplere, to fill up)

supply was threatened by a Spartan fleet of sixty triremes . The Athenians immediately fitted out a fleet under See also:

• CHABRIAS (4th century B.C.)

Chabrias, who gained a decisive victory over the Spartans between Naxos and See also:

• PAROS, or PARO

Paros (battle of Naxos 376 B.C.), both of which were added to the league . Proceeding northwards in 375.Chabrias brought over a large number of the Thraceward towns, including See also:

• ABDERA

Abdera, Thasos and See also:

• SAMOTHRACE (Turk. Semadrek)

Samothrace . It is interesting to notice that a See also:

• GARRISON
• GARRISON, WILLIAM LLOYD (1805-1879)

garrison was placed in Abdera in See also:

• DIRECT

direct contravention of the terms of the new confederacy (See also:

• MEYER, CHRISTIAN ERICH HERMANN VON (18or-1869)
• MEYER, HEINRICH AUGUST WILHELM (1800-1873)
• MEYER, JULIUS LOTHAR (183o-1895)
• MEYER, KONRAD FERDINAND (1825-1898)
• MEYER, VICTOR (1848-1897)
• MEYER, [MARIE] PAUL HYACINTHE (184o- )

Meyer, Gesch. d . Alt., v . 394) . About the same time the successes of See also:

• TIMOTHEUS

Timotheus in the See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

west resulted in the addition to the league of Corcyra and the cities of Cephallenia, and his moderation induced the Acarnanians and Alcetas, the Molossian king, to follow their example . Once again Sparta sent out a fleet, but Timotheus in spite of financial embarrassment held his ground . By this time, however, the alliance between Thebes and Athens was growing weaker, and Athens, being See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short of money, concluded a peace with Sparta (probably in See also:

• JULY

July 374), by which the peace of Antalcidas was confirmed and the two states recognized each other as mistress of sea and land respectively .

Trouble, however, soon arose over Zacynthus, and the Spartans not only sent help to the Zacynthian oligarchs but even besieged Corcyra (373) . Timotheus was sent to relieve the island, but shortness of money compelled him to See also:

• SEARCH, or VISIT AND SEARCH

search for new allies, and he spent the summer of 373 in persuading See also:

• JASON ('Iaacov)

Jason of Pherae (if he had not already joined), and certain towns in Thrace, the See also:

• CHERSONESE, CHERSONESUS

Chersonese, the Propontis and the Aegean to enrol themselves . This delay in sending help to Corcyra was rightly or wrongly condemned by the Athenians, who dismissed Timotheus in favour of See also:

• IPHICRATES

Iphicrates . The expedition which followed produced negative successes, but the See also:

• ABSENCE (Lat. absentia)

absence of any See also:

• POSITIVE (or PORTABLE) ORGAN

positive success and the pressure of financial difficulty, coupled with the defection of Jason (probably before 371), and the high-handed action of Thebes in destroying Plataea (373), induced Athens to renew the peace with Sparta which Timotheus had broken . With the support of Persia an agreement was made by a See also:

• CONGRESS (Lat. congressus, coming together, from congredi; cum, with, and gradus, step)

congress at Sparta on the .basis of the autonomy of the cities, See also:

• AMPHIPOLIS (mod. Yeni Keui)

Amphipolis and the Chersonese being granted to Athens . The Thebans at first accepted the terms, but on the See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day after, realizing that they were thus balked of their pan-Boeotian ambition, withdrew and finally severed themselves from the league . The peace of 371 may be regarded as the conclusion of the first distinct period in the league's existence . The original purpose of the league—the protection of the allies from the ambitions of Sparta—was achieved . Athens was recognized as mistress of the sea; Sparta as the chief land power . The inherent weakness of the See also:

• COALITION (Lat. coalitio, the verbal substantive of coalescere, to grow together)

coalition had, however, become apparent . The See also:

• ENTHUSIASM

enthusiasm of the allies (numbering about seventy) waned rapidly before the financial exigencies of successive See also:

• CAMPAIGNS

campaigns, and it is abundantly clear that Thebes had no interest save the See also:

• EXTENSION (Lat. ex, out ; tendere, to stretch)

extension 9f her power in Boeotia . Though her secession, therefore, meant very little loss of strength, there were not wanting signs that the league was not destined to remain a power in the land .

The remaining history may be broken up into two periods, the first from 371 to 357, the second from 357 to 338 . Throughout these two periods, which saw the decline and final See also:

• DISSOLUTION (from Lat. dissolvere, to break up into parts)

dissolution of the alliance, there is very little specific evidence for its existence . The events seem to belong to the histories of the several cities, and examples of corporate action are few and uncertain . None the less the known facts justify a large number of inferences as to the significance of events which are on the See also:

• SURFACE

surface merely a part of the individual See also:

• FOREIGN

foreign policy of Athens . Period 377–357.—The first event in this period was the battle of See also:

• LEUCTRA

Leuctra (July 371), in which, no doubt to the surprise'of Athens, Thebes temporarily asserted itself as the chief land power in Greece . To counterbalance the new power Athens very rashly plunged into Peloponnesian politics with the ulterior object of inducing the states which had formerly recognized the hegemony of Sparta to See also:

• TRANSFER (from Lat. transferre, to bear across, carry over)

transfer their See also:

• ALLEGIANCE (Mid. Eng. ligeaunce; med. Lat. ligeantia, &c.; the al- was probably added through confusion with another legal term, allegeance, an allegation; the Fr. allegeance comes from the English; the word is formed from " liege," of which the derivatio

allegiance to the Delian League . It seems that all the states adopted this policy with the exception of Sparta (probably) and See also:

• ELIS
• ELIS, or ELEIA
• ELIS, PHILOSOPHICAL SCHOOL OF

Elis . The policy of Athens was mistaken for two reasons: (I) Sparta was not entirely humiliated, and (2) alliance with the land powers of Peloponnese was incalculably dangerous, inasmuch as it involved Athens in enterprises which could not awake the enthusiasm of her maritime allies . This new coalition naturally alarmed Sparta, which at once made overtures to Athens on the ground of their common danger from Thebes . The alliance was concluded in 369 . About the same time Iphicrates was sent to take See also:

• POSSESSION
• POSSESSION (Lat. possessio, possidere, to possess)

possession of Amphipolis according to the treaty of 371 . Some success in See also:

• MACEDONIA

Macedonia roused the hostility of Thebes, and the subsequent attempts on Amphipolis caused the Chalcidians to declare against the league .

It would appear that the old suspicion of the allies was now thoroughly awakened, and we find Athens making great efforts to conciliate Mytilene by honorific decrees (Hicks and Hill, 109) . This suspicion, which was due primarily, no doubt, to the agreement with Sparta, would find See also:

• CONFIRMATION (Lat. confirmatio, from confirmare, to establish, make firm)

confirmation in the subsequent See also:

• EXCHANGE

exchange of compliments with Dionysius I. of Syracuse, Sparta's ally, who with his sons received the Athenian citizenship . It is not clear that the allies officially approved this new friendship; it is certain that it was actually distasteful to them . The same dislike would be roused by the Athenian alliance with See also:

• ALEXANDER
• ALEXANDER (1461-1506)
• ALEXANDER (ALEXANDER OF BATTENBERG) (1857-1893)
• ALEXANDER (ALEXANDER OsxENOVici) (1876-1903)
• ALEXANDER, ARCHIBALD (1772—1851)
• ALEXANDER, FRANCIS (1800—1881)
• ALEXANDER, GEORGE (1858— )
• ALEXANDER, JOHN WHITE (1856- )
• ALEXANDER, JOSEPH ADDISON (18o9—186o)
• ALEXANDER, SIR JAMES EDWARD (1803—1885)
• ALEXANDER, WILLIAM (1824— )
• ALEXANDER, WILLIAM LINDSAY (1808—1884)

Alexander of Pherae (368-367) . The maritime allies naturally had no See also:

• DESIRE

desire to be involved in the quarrels of See also:

• SICILY (Ital. Sicilia)

Sicily, Thessaly and the Peloponnese . In 367 Athens and Thebes sent See also:

• RIVAL

rival ambassadors to Persia, with the result that Athens. was actually ordered to abandon her claim to Amphipolis, and to remove her See also:

• NAVY

navy rrom the high seas The claim to Amphipolis was subsequently affirmed, but the Greek states declined to obeythe See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order of Persia . In 366 Athens lost See also:

• OROPUS

Oropus, a blow which she endeavoured to repair by forming an alliance with See also:

• ARCADIA

Arcadia and by an attack on Corinth . At the same time certain of the Peloponnesian states made peace with Thebes, and some hold that Athens joined this peace (Meyer, Gesch. d . Alt. v . 449) . Timotheus was sent in 366–365 to make a demonstration against Persia . Finding Samos in the hands of Cyprothemis, a servant of the See also:

• SATRAP [Pers. Khshatrapavan, i.e." protector (superintendent) of the country (or district)," Heb. sakhshadrapan, Gr. taerpan-ris (insc. of Miletus, Sitzungsber. Berl. Ak. 1900, 112), E% u3pa7eixav (insc. of Mylasa, Dittenberger, Sylloge, 95), ital. p6. rr

satrap See also:

• TIGRANES, or DIKRAN

Tigranes, he laid siege to it, captured it after a ten months' siege and established a cleruchy .

Though Samos was not apparently one of the allies, this latter action could not but remind the allies of the very dangers which the second confederacy had set out to avoid . The next important event was the serious attempt on the part of See also:

• EPAMINONDAS (c. 418-362)

Epaminondas to See also:

• CHALLENGE (O. Fr. chalonge, calenge, &c., from Lat. calumnia, originally meaning trickery, from calvi, to deceive, hence a false accusation, a " calumny ")

challenge the Athenian naval supremacy . Though Timotheus held his ground the confederacy was undoubtedly weakened . In 362 Athens joined in the opposition to the Theban expedition which ended in the battle of See also:

• MANTINEIA, or MANTINEA

Mantineia (July) . In the next year the Athenian generals failed in the See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north in their attempt to See also:

• CONTROL (Fr. contrdle, older form contre rolle, from Med. Lat. contra-rotulus, a counter roll or copy of a document used to check the original; there is no instance in English of the use of " control " in this, its literal, meaning)

control the Hellespont . In Thessaly Alexander of Pherae became hostile and after several successes even attacked the See also:

• PEIRAEUS, or PIRAEUS (Gr. Hetpaceur)

Peiraeus . See also:

• CHARES

Chares was ordered to make See also:

• REPRISALS (Fr. represailles, from reprendre; Lat. reprehendere, to take back)

reprisals, but instead sailed to Corcyra, where he made the mistake of siding with the oligarchs . The last event of the period was a success, the recovery of Euboea (357), which was once more added to the league . During these fourteen years the policy of Athens towards her maritime allies was, as we have seen, shortsighted and inconsistent . Alliances with various land powers, and an inability to understand the true relations which alone could unite the league, combined to alienate the allies, who could discover no See also:

• REASON (Lat. ratio, through French raison)

reason for the See also:

• EXPENDITURE

expenditure of their contributions on protecting Sparta or Corinth against Thebes . The Evi 3piov of the league is found taking action in several instances, but there is evidence (cf. the expedition of Epaminondas in 363) that there was ground for suspecting disloyalty in many quarters . On the other hand, though the Athenian fleet became stronger and several cities were captured, the league itself did not gain any important voluntary adherents .

The generals were compelled to support their forces by See also:

• PLUNDER

plunder or out of their private resources, and, frequently failing, diverted their efforts from the pressing needs of the allies to purely Athenian See also:

• OBJECTS

objects . Period 357—3.38.—The latent discontent of the allies was soon fanned into hostility by the intrigues of See also:

• MAUSOLUS (more correctly MAUSSOLLUS)

Mausolus, See also:

• PRINCE
• PRINCE (Lat. princeps, from primus capio, " I am the first to take "; Ital. principe, Fr. prince)

prince of Cardia, who was anxious to extend his See also:

• KINGDOM

kingdom . Chios, Rhodes, Cos, Byzantium, Erythrae and probably other cities were in revolt by the spring of 356, and their attacks on loyal members of the confederacy compelled Athens to take the offensive . Chabrias had already been killed in an attack on Chios in the previous autumn, and the fleet was under the command of Timotheus, Iphicrates and Chares, who sailed against Byzantium . The enemy sailed north from Samos and in a battle off Embata (between Erythrae and Chios) defeated Chares, who, without the consent of his colleagues, had ventured to engage them in a See also:

• STORM (in O. Eng..storm, and so in Du. and Low Ger.; in O. H. Ger. and mod. Ger. Sturm; the root is probably that seen in " stir," to rouse, move, disturb, cf. Ger. storen)
• STORM, THEODOR WOLDSEN (1817-1888)

storm . The more cautious generals were accused of corruption in not supporting Chares . Iphicrates was acquitted and Timotheus condemned . Chares sought to replenish his resources by aiding the Phrygian satrap Artabazus against See also:

• ARTAXERXES

Artaxerxes Ochus, but a See also:

• THREAT

threat from the Persian See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

court caused the Athenians to recall him, and peace was made by which Athens recognized the independence of the revolted towns . The league was further weakened by the secession of Corcyra, and by 355 was reduced to Athens, Euboea and a few islands . By this time, moreover, Philip II. of Macedon had begun his career of See also:

• CONQUEST

conquest, and had shattered an embryonic alliance between the league and certain princes of Thrace (Cetriporis), See also:

• PAEONIA

Paeonia (Lyppeius) and See also:

• ILLYRIA

Illyria (Grabus) . In 355 his advance temporarily ceased, but, as we learn from Isocrates and See also:

• XENOPHON

Xenophon, the financial exhaustion of the league was such that its destruction was only a matter of time . Resuming operations in 354, Philip, in spite of temporary checks at the hands of Chares, and the spasmodic opposition of a 12 LEAGUE few See also:

• BARBARIAN (Gr. fap/3apos)

barbarian chiefs, took from the league all its Thracian and Macedonian cities (Abdera, Maronea, Neapolis, Methone.) In 352–351 Philip actually received help from former members of the confederacy .

In 351 See also:

• CHARIDEMUS

Charidemus, Chares and See also:

• PHOCION

Phocion were sent to oppose him, and we find that the contributions of the Lesbian cities were assigned to them for supplies, but no successes were gained . In 349 Euboea and Olynthuswere lost to the league, of which indeed nothing remained but an empty form, in spite of the facts that the expelled Olynthians appealed to it in 348 and that Mytilene rejoined in 347 . In 346 the peace of Philocrates was made between the league and Philip on terms which were accepted by the Athenian Houle . It is very remarkable that, in spite of the powerlessness of the confederacy, the last re-corded event in its history is the steady See also:

• LOYALTY

loyalty of Tenedos, which gave money to Athens about 340 (Hicks and Hill, 146) . The victory of Philip at Chaeronea in 338 finally destroyed the league . In spite of the precautions taken by the allies to prevent the domination of Athens at their expense, the policy of the league was almost throughout directed rather in the interests of Athens . Founded with the specific object of thwarting the ambitious designs of Sparta, it was plunged by Athens into enterprises of an entirely different character which exhausted the resources of the allies without benefiting them in any respect . There is no doubt that, with very few exceptions, the cities were held to their allegiance solely by the See also:

• SUPERIOR

superior force of the Athenian navy . The few instances of its action show that the EuvEi5r ov was practically only a See also:

• TOOL (0. Eng. tdl, generally referred to a root seen in the Goth. taujan, to make, or in the English word " taw," to work or dress leather)

tool in the hands of Athens . The Second League.—The chief See also:

• MODERN

modern See also:

• WORKS

works are G . Busolt, " Der zweite athenische See also:

• BAND

Band " in Neue Jahrbiicher See also:

• FUR (connected with O. Fr. forre, a sheath or case; so " an outer covering ")

fur classische Philologie (supp. vol . Vii., 1873-1875, pp .

641-866), and F . H . See also:

• MARSHALL
• MARSHALL, ALFRED (1842– )
• MARSHALL, JOHN (1755–1835)
• MARSHALL, JOHN (1818-1891)
• MARSHALL, STEPHEN (c. 1594-1655)

Marshall, The Second Athenian Confederacy (1905), one of the See also:

• CAMBRIDGE
• CAMBRIDGE, EARLS AND DUKES OF
• CAMBRIDGE, RICHARD OWEN (1717-1802)

Cambridge See also:

• HISTORICAL

Historical Essays (No. xiii.) . The latter is based on Busolt's monograph and includes subsequent epigraphic evidence, with a full list of authorities . For inscriptions see Hicks and Hill, op. cit., and the Inscriptiones Atticae, vol. ii. pt . 5 . The meagre data given by ancient writers are collected by Busolt and Marshall . (J . M .