See also:

• JEAN

JEAN See also:

• ANDRE, JOHN (1751-178o)

ANDRE See also:

• JEAN ANDRE DELUC (1727–1817)

DELUC (1727–1817)  , Swiss geologist and meteorologist, See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born at See also:

• GENEVA
• GENEVA (Fr. Geneve, Ger. Genf, Ital. Ginevra, Late Lat. Gebenna, though Genava in good Latin)
• GENEVA, LAKE OF

Geneva on the 8th of See also:

• FEBRUARY

February 1727, was descended from a See also:

• FAMILY

family which had emigrated from See also:

• LUCCA (anc. Luca)
• LUCCA, BAGNI DI (Baths of Lucca, formerly Bagno a Corsena)

Lucca and settled at Geneva in the 15th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century . His See also:

• FATHER

father, See also:

• FRANCOIS (1558-1614)

Francois See also:

• DELUC, JEAN ANDRE (1727–1817)

Deluc, was the author of some publications in refutation of See also:

• MANDEVILLE, BERNARD DE (1670-1733)
• MANDEVILLE, GEOFFREY DE (d. 1144)

Mandeville and other rationalistic writers, which are best known through See also:

• ROUSSEAU, JACQUES (1633-1693)
• ROUSSEAU, JEAN BAPTISTE (1671-1741)
• ROUSSEAU, JEAN JACQUES (1712-1778)
• ROUSSEAU, PIERRE ETIENNE THEODORE (1812–1867); French painter of the Barbizon school, was born in Paris on the 15th of April 1812, of a bourgeois family which included one or two artists. At first he received a business training, but soon displayed aptitu

Rousseau's humorous See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account of his ennui in See also:

• READING

reading them; and he gave his son an excellent See also:

• EDUCATION

education, chiefly in See also:

• MATHEMATICS (Gr. /saBnµar1Kil, Sc. vOcvn or E7rlQTt'µn; from p iN.La, "learning" or "science ")

mathematics and natural See also:

• SCIENCE (Lat. scientia, from scire; to learn, know)

science . On completing it he engaged in See also:

• COMMERCE
• COMMERCE (Lat. commercium, from, cum, together, and rnerx, merchandise)

commerce, which principally occupied the first See also:

• FORTY

forty-six years of his See also:

• LIFE

life, without any other interruption than that which was occasioned by some journeys of business into the neighbouring countries, and a few scientific excursions among the See also:

• ALPS

Alps . During these, however, he collected by degrees, in See also:

• CONJUNCTION (from Lat. conjungere, to join together)

conjunction with his See also:

• BROTHER

brother See also:

• GUILLAUME
• GUILLAUME, JEAN BAPTISTE CLAUDE EUGENE (1822-1905)

Guillaume See also:

• ANTOINE, ANDRE (1858- )

Antoine, a splendid museum of See also:

• MINERALOGY

mineralogy and of natural See also:

• HISTORY

history in See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general, which was afterwards increased by his See also:

• NEPHEW

nephew J . See also:

• ANDRE, JOHN (1751-178o)

Andre Deluc (1763–1847), who was also a writer on See also:

• GEOLOGY (from Gr. yp7, the earth, and Abyor, science)

geology . He at the same See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time took a prominent See also:

• PART

part in politics . In 1768 he was sent to See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris on an See also:

• EMBASSY

embassy to the duc de See also:

• CHOISEUL, CESAR
• CHOISEUL, ETIENNE FRANCOIS

Choiseul, whose friendship he succeeded in gaining . In 1770 he was nominated one of the See also:

• COUNCIL (Lat. concilium, from cum, together, and the root cal, to call)

Council of Two See also:

• HUNDRED

Hundred . Three years later unexpected reverses in business made it advisable for him to quit his native See also:

• TOWN

town, which he only revisited once for a few days . The See also:

• CHANGE (derived through the Fr. from the Late Lat. cambium, cambiare, to barter; the ultimate derivation is probably from the root which appears in the Gr. «a urmu', to bend)

change was welcome in so far as it set him entirely See also:

• FREE

free for scientific pursuits, and it was with little regret that he removed to See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England in 1773 . He was made a See also:

• FELLOW

fellow of the Royal Society in the same See also:

• YEAR

year, and received the See also:

• APPOINTMENT, POWER OF

appointment of reader to See also:

• QUEEN
• QUEEN (O.E. cwen, wife, related to "quean," O.E. cwene, a hussy; cf. Gr. yvvi7: from root gan-, to produce; cf. genus, " kin," &c.)

Queen See also:

• CHARLOTTE

Charlotte, which he continued 976 to hold for forty-four years, and which afforded him both leisure and a competent income . In the latter part of his life he obtained leave to make several See also:

• TOURS

tours in See also:

• SWITZERLAND

Switzerland, See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France, See also:

• HOLLAND
• HOLLAND, CHARLES (1733–1769)
• HOLLAND, COUNTY AND PROVINCE OF
• HOLLAND, HENRY FOX, 1ST BARON (1705–1774)
• HOLLAND, HENRY RICH, 1ST EARL OF (1S9o-,649)
• HOLLAND, HENRY RICHARD VASSALL FOX, 3RD
• HOLLAND, JOSIAH GILBERT (1819-1881)
• HOLLAND, PHILEMON (1552-1637)
• HOLLAND, RICHARD, or RICHARD DE HOLANDE (fl. 1450)
• HOLLAND, SIR HENRY, BART

Holland and See also:

• GERMANY
• GERMANY (Ger. Deutschland)

Germany .

In Germany he passed the six years from 1998 to 1804; and after his return he undertook a See also:

• GEOLOGICAL

geological tour through England . When he was at See also:

• GOTTINGEN

Gottingen, in the beginning of his See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German tour, he received the compliment of being appointed honorary See also:

• PROFESSOR (the Latin noun formed from the verb profiteri, to declare publicly, to acknowledge, profess)

professor of See also:

• PHILOSOPHY (Gr. gthos, fond of, and vo4 (a, wisdom)

philosophy and geology in that university; but he never entered upon the active duties of a professorship . He was also a correspondent of the See also:

• ACADEMY, GREEK
• ACADEMY, ROYAL

Academy of Sciences at Paris, and a member of several other scientific associations . He died at See also:

• WINDSOR
• WINDSOR (properly NEw WINDSOR)

Windsor on the 7th of See also:

• NOVEMBER (Lat. novem, nine)

November 1817 . His favourite studies were geology and See also:

• METEOROLOGY (Gr. JerEwpa, and hb'yos, i.e. the science of things in the air)

meteorology . The situation of his native See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country had naturally led him to contemplate the peculiarities of the See also:

• EARTH
• EARTH (a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Erde, Dutch aarde, Swed. and Dan. jord; outside Teutonic it appears only in the Gr. 'pq'e, on the ground; it has been connected by some etymologists with the Aryan root ar-, to plough, which is seen in
• EARTH, FIGURE OF
• EARTH, FIGURE OF THE

earth's structure, and the properties of the See also:

• ATMOSPHERE (Gr. fir µ6r, vapour; orkaipa, a sphere)

atmosphere, as particularly displayed in mountainous countries, and as subservient to the measurement of heights . According to See also:

• CUVIER, GEORGES LEOPOLD CHRETIEN FREDERIC DAGOBERT, BARON (1769-1832)

Cuvier, he ranked among the first geologists of his See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age . His See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal geological See also:

• WORK

work, Lettres physiques et morales sur See also:

• LES

les montagnes et sur l'histoire de la terre et de l'homme, first published in 1778, and in a more See also:

• COMPLETE

complete See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form in 1779, was dedicated to Queen Charlotte . It dealt with the See also:

• APPEARANCE (from Lat. apparere, to appear)

appearance of mountains and the antiquity of the.human See also:

• RACE

race, explained the six days of the See also:

• MOSAIC (corresponding to Lat. opus musivum, from Gr. µovoeiov, an artificial grotto often decorated with mosaics; the word is only found in the sense of mosaic in late Greek, which generally uses k oXI yrlµa)

Mosaic creation as so many epochs preceding the actual See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state of the globe, and attributed the See also:

• DELUGE, THE (through the Fr. from Lat. diluvium, flood, diluere, to wash away)

deluge to the filling up of cavities supposed to have been See also:

• LEFT

left void in the interior of the earth . He published later an important See also:

• SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series of volumes on geological travels in the See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north of See also:

• EUROPE

Europe (1810), in England (1811), and in France, Switzerland and Germany (1813) . These were translated into See also:

• ENGLISH

English . Deluc's See also:

• ORIGINAL

original experiments See also:

• RELATING

relating to meteorology were valuable to the natural philosopher; and he discovered many facts of considerable importance relating to See also:

• HEAT (0. E. haktu, which like " hot," Old Eng. hat, is from the Teutonic type haita, hit, to be hot; cf. Ger. hitze, heiss; Dutch, hitte, heet, &c.)

heat and moisture .

He noticed the disappearance of heat in the thawing of See also:

• ICE (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Eis)

ice about the same time that J . See also:

• BLACK
• BLACK, ADAM (1784-1874)
• BLACK, JEREMIAH SULLIVAN (1810–1883)
• BLACK, WILLIAM (1841-1898)

Black founded on it his ingenious See also:

• HYPOTHESIS (from Gr. inrorcOivat, to put under; cf. Lat. suppositio, from sub-ponere)

hypothesis of latent heat . He ascertained that See also:

• WATER

water was more dense about 4o° F . (4° C.) than at the temperature of freezing, expanding equally on each See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side of the maximum; and he was the originator of the theory, afterward readvanced by See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John See also:

• DALTON
• DALTON, JOHN (1766-1844)

Dalton, that the quantity of aqueous vapour contained in any space is See also:

• INDEPENDENT

independent of the presence' or See also:

• DENSITY (Lat. densus, thick)

density of the See also:

• AIR (from an Indo-European root meaning " breathe," " blow ")
• AIR, or ASBEN

air, or. of any other elastic fluid . His Recherches sur les modifications de l'atmosphere (2 vols . 4to, Geneva, 1772; 2nd ed., 4 vols . 8vo, Paris, 1784) contains many accurate and ingenious experiments upon moisture, evaporation and the indications of hygrometers and thermometers, applied to the See also:

• BAROMETER (from Gr. (3apoc, pressure, and µETpov, measure)

barometer employed in determining heights . In the Phil . Trans., 1773, appeared his account of a new See also:

• HYGROMETER (Gr. hypos, moist, L Tpov, a measure)

hygrometer, which resembled a See also:

• MERCURIAL

mercurial thermometer, with an See also:

• IVORY (Fr. ivoire, Lat. ebur)
• IVORY, SIR JAMES (1765-1842)

ivory bulb, which See also:

• EXPANDED

expanded by moisture, and caused the See also:

• MERCURY
• MERCURY (MERCU1uus)
• MERCURY (symbol Hg, atomic weight = 2oo)

mercury to descend . The first correct rules ever published for measuring heights -by the barometer were those he gave in the Phil . Trans., 1771, p . 158 .

His Lettres sur'l'histoire physique de la terre (8vo, Paris, 1798), addressed to Professor See also:

• BLUMENBACH, JOHANN FRIEDRICH (1752–1840)

Blumenbach, contains an See also:

• ESSAY, ESSAYIST (Fr. essai, Late Lat. exagium, a weighing or balance; exigere, to examine; the term in general meaning any trial or effort)

essay on the existence of a General Principle of Morality . It also gives an interesting account of some conversations of the author with See also:

• VOLTAIRE, FRANCOIS MARIE AROUET DE (1694–1778)

Voltaire and Rousseau . Deluc was an ardent admirer of See also:

• BACON
• BACON (through the O. Fr. bacon, Low Lat. baco, from a Teutonic word cognate with " back," e.g. O. H. Ger. pacho, M. H. Ger. backe, buttock, flitch of bacon)
• BACON, FRANCIS (BARON VERULAM, VISCOUNT ST ALBANS) (1561-1626)
• BACON, JOHN (1740–1799)
• BACON, LEONARD (1802–1881)
• BACON, ROGER (c. 1214-c. 1294)
• BACON, SIR NICHOLAS (1509-1579)

Bacon, on whose writings he published two See also:

• WORKS

works—Bacon tel qu'il est (8vo, See also:

• BERLIN
• BERLIN, CONGRESS AND TREATY OF
• BERLIN, ISAIAH (1725–1799)

Berlin, 1800), showing the See also:

• BAD, BCD

bad faith of the See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French translator, who had omitted many passages favourable to revealed See also:

• RELIGION
• RELIGION, FOLKLORE, CUSTOM

religion, and Precis de la philosophic de Bacon (2 vols . 8vo, Paris, 1802), giving an interesting view of the progress of natural science . Lettres sur le Christianisme (Berlin and See also:

• HANOVER
• HANOVER (Ger. Hannover)

Hanover, 18o1, 1803) was a controversial See also:

• CORRESPONDENCE
• CORRESPONDENCE (from med. scholastic Lat. correspondentia, corrcspondere, compounded of Lat. cum, with, and respond ere, to answer; cf. Fr. correspondance)

correspondence with Dr See also:

• TELLER, WILHELM ABRAHAM (1734-1804)

Teller of Berlin in regard to the Mosaic See also:

• COSMOGONY (from Gr. K6Qµos, world and yiyvevGay to be born)

cosmogony . His Truitt elementaire de geologic (8vo, Paris, 18og, also in English, by de la Fite, the same year) was principally intended as a refutation of the Vulcanian See also:

• SYSTEM

system of See also:

• HUTTON, CHARLES (1737-1823)
• HUTTON, JAMES (1726-1797)
• HUTTON, RICHARD HOLT (1826-1897)

Hutton and See also:

• PLAYFAIR, JOHN (1748-1819)
• PLAYFAIR, LYON PLAYFAIR

Playfair, who deduced the changes of the earth's structure from the operation of See also:

• FIRE (in O. Eng. f j'r; the word is common to West German languages, cf. Dutch vuur, Ger. Feuer; the pre-Teutonic form is seen in Sanskrit pu, pavaka, and Gr. irup; the ultimate origin is usually taken to be a root meaning to purify, cf. Lat. purus)

fire, and attributed a higher antiquity to the See also:

• PRESENT

present state of the continents than is required in the Neptunian system adopted by Deluc after D . See also:

• DOLOMIEU

Dolomieu . He sent to the Royal Society, in1809, a See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long See also:

• PAPER
• PAPER (Fr. papier, from Lat. papyrus)

paper on separating the chemical from the See also:

• ELECTRICAL
• ELECTRICAL (or ELECTROSTATIC) MACHINE

electrical effect of the See also:

• PILE

pile, with a description of the electric See also:

• COLUMN (Lat. columna)

column and aerial See also:

• ELECTROSCOPE

electroscope, in which he advanced opinions so little in unison with the latest discoveries of the See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day, that the council deemed it inexpedient to admit them into the Transactions . The paper was afterwards published in See also:

• NICHOLSON, HENRY ALLEYNE (1844-1899)
• NICHOLSON, JOHN (1822-18J7)
• NICHOLSON, WILLIAM (1753-1815)
• NICHOLSON, WILLIAM (1784-1844)

Nicholson's See also:

• JOURNAL
• JOURNAL (through Fr. from late Lat. diurnalis, daily)

Journal (See also:

• XXVI

xxvi.), and the dry column described in it was constructed by various experimental philosophers . This dry pile or electric column has been regarded as his See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief See also:

• DISCOVERY

discovery . Many other of his papers on subjects kindred to those already mentioned are to be found in the Transactions and in the Philosophical See also:

• MAGAZINE

Magazine . See Philosophical Magazine (November 1817) .